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Godfather

"The Godfather" opens very slowly, with just one man speaking, in low key lighting. The low key lighting creates a very mysterious and tense atmosphere. With the light only shown on the man's face, the background is almost completely black, accenting the dramatic and intimidating tone of the entire film. The very slow and precise zoom out in the opening explains to the audience that there is something about to be introduce, something very important. Although the film does open with the man talking to Don Corleone, rather than Don Corleone himself, it is made clear that Don Corleone is the main character of the film through the use of the zoom out. The zooming out stops once Don Corleone enters the frame, and the next shot shows Don Corleone and the rest of the office. It is made even more clear that Don Corleone is the main character/character with the most power in the film due to the lighting and blocking of the shot. The light coming from behind Don Corleone's face, which is from the window, along with the low key lighting, highlights Don Corleone. In addition, the characters are all facing Don Corleone, presenting Don Corleone as literally the center of attention. The ending scene of "The Godfather" is another scene composed of interesting mise-en-scene elements. The ending scene starts with a deep focus shot, presenting Kay in the front and Michael in the back. Although Kay is in the front of the shot, Michael is the one who is in focus. Furthermore, even though both Michael and Kay are in the shot, the two characters are spread incredibly far apart from each other, creating a mood of disconnection. The long distance between Kay and Michael, along with Michael being the character in focus, creates a wanting to see more of Michael. This longing for a closer view of Michael is answered by a cut away to a medium shot of the room that Michael is in. The shot shows three other characters surround themselves around Michael, once again presenting that Michael is the center of attention. The lighting within this scene is also pretty minimal. Although there is a long hallway between Kay and Michael, the hallway has almost no lights on it, and most of the lighting in the entire scene comes from the window behind Michael and in front of Kay. In its entirety, "The Godfather" has a very foreboding mood. The lighting is operated very precisely, which usually only shows the characters and their faces, and leaves the rest of the setting minimally lit. The camera angles vary from first person, which presents the scene as if you are there, observing everything that is going on, to a more distant point of view, as if you were stealthily watching the characters in action while trying not get caught. The placement of the characters in scenes is also used very purposefully. The staging of the characters in each scene conveys to the audience who is the main character of the scene/film. Usually, the main character will be sitting down, while everyone else is standing up, or the main character will be at the center of the group of people.

Warner Bros

1. 1914 - Warner Bros Feature Distribution 2. 1917 - MY FOUR YEARS IN GERMANY was first nationally syndicated film 3. The President was Harry Warner 4. Studio Boss was Jack Warner 5. First National Studios is the Burbank studios- they are rich enough to buy First National 6. Gangsters & working class heroes - ethnic working neighborhood; street lives 7. Busby Berkeley musicals - people struggling to survive during GD 8. Their films appealed to the working class 9. Warner Bros was the most democratic, Roosevelt believers of the Big Five 10. Their theaters placed in urban areas and downtown 11. They are famous for fast moving films 12. They took lower budget films and they are good quality, less color, more speed 13. They involved synchronizing sound film / vitaphone > The Jazz Singer(1927) Warners (over 500 theaters) • Theaters - Pennsylvania & New Jersey • Studios - Sunset Blvd in Hollywood & the Burbank Studios Warner Bros Stars • Bette Davis • Humphrey Bogart • James Cagney • Edward G. Robinson • Errol Flynn - picks up the swashbuckling mantle -Fairbanks -historical heroes Warner Bros • 1927 The Jazz Singer • 1928 The Singing Fool • 1930 Little Caesar • 1931 Public Enemy • 1932 42nd Street • 1933 Footlight Parade Warner Bros • 1935 Captain Blood • 1938 Advs of Robin Hood • 1939 The Roaring 20's -summing up gangster era • 1941 Sgt York, High Sierra, Maltese Falcon • 1942 Casablanca - award • 1946 Mildred Pierce • 1956 The Searchers -western -John Wayne 1. a lot of films touching on the war during World War II 2. tough guy films in the 40s 3. fast-moving, topical films Warner Talent • Michael Curtiz (Yankee Doodle Dandee) -director -all key projects in 30s/40s/50s -action films -Casablanca -camera always moving • Raoul Walsh - -man's man -he-man -eye patch Looney Tunes & Merrie Melodies belonged to Warner Brothers. • Chuck Jones • Tex Avery • Bugs Bunny • Daffy Duck • Tweety • Road Runner (Disney: Silly Symphonies) -much like the live action stars of Warner Brothers; tough-talking, wisecracking smart alecks (as opposed to the cute, cuddly characters at Disney)

Cinerama 1952-1962 3D Film Widescreen Stereophonic Sound Blockbusters

1. 1952 Sept THIS IS CINERAMA - Corporation that gives wide image (3 camera strapped together shooting 3 side by side images), = 3 screens together horizonally 2. 1955 CINERAMA HOLIDAY - New travel on documentary 3. 1962 WONDERFUL WORLD OF THE BROTHERS GRIMM - Kid musical • 1962 HOW THE WEST WAS WON - Last year of Cinerama when released Hollywood fiction story telling films - After this, closed down - With Cinerama, could only show in 25 theaters - Cinerama too specialized, could not play in regular theaters •Cinerama Dome in Hollywood opened in 1963 (never showed Cinerama films in their firstrun) 3D Film 1. Films having height, depth, width = volume of 3D 2. 2 images as far as your eyes are, projected through 2 separate projectors; 3. 1951 BWANA DEVIL - independent film by producer Arch Oboler rented theater in LA, makes a fortune, UA distributed it after converting theaters to 3D 4. 1953 HOUSE OF WAX 5. 1954 DIAL M FOR MURDER -Alfred Hitchcock = first A level film maker released when 3D era is over 6. Box office is dropping off for 3D films by 1954 7. In film 3D era, had to do a lot of aligning - If things go wrong, out sync = turn off - Don't like to wear glasses; pay extra - Films were not good quality Widescreen 1. Anamorphic lens - Makes image wider 2. Cinemascope - brand name to widescreen movie 3. Aspect Ratio - Ratio of the height to the width of image -rectangular - 4 units of width, to 3 units to height - Academy ratio used in all movies till early 50s 4. 1:37 to 1 - Academy Radio 5. 2.35 to 1 - Wider image, more immerse - Anamorphic wide screen - A Bug's Life 6. 1.85 to 1 a. Non anamorphic wide screen b. Zenuck told others in Hollywood to loan scope lens to reduced rate - Wanted to make this industry standard - MetroScope - WarnerScope films c. For more intimate stories 7. 20th Century Fox used Widescreen as one of the first companies a. Wants to introduce wide screen process b. Acamorphic wide screen: take pictures & use lens to distort it on film - First developed in WWI by French military (tank) -anamorphic lens for screen 8. 1953 THE ROBE - First cinema scope film - Needed to lens, not new camera 9. Zanuck wanted Cinemascope to become industry standard, lent other studios the technology - critique: distortion of the image → Panavision gets rid of that problem 70mm Film - 2x as wide film 1. More expensive, special equipment, special projectors in theaters/booths 2. 1955 Mike Todd, Todd AO - 70 mm production format -rent out equipment - Shot Around the World in 80 Days 3. 70mm release prints - Had extra soundtrack capabilities - Extra multi track audio 4. Super Panavision 5. Paramount's Vista Vision • Stereophonic Sound 1. Magnetic recording first found by Nazi Germans -record on metal wires - Magnetic soundtrack w/ high fidelity 2. High Fidelity Stereophonic Sound 3. 1995 modern digitical soundtrack - Optical & magnetic soundtrack sent away Blockbusters 1. Hollywood go for Blockbuster content -big screen, big scale meeting - Block booking is over 2. Frozen foreign profits (Hollywood could only use profits from box office in the country; wages were lower in Europe) 3. casts of 1000's, exotic locations - Hollywood had money - Hire 1000 extras ; scenic backgrounds ; using up all frozen foreign funds 4. Event releases 5. Road shows and long runs

Hollywood Today - Time Warner - Turner

1. 1989 merger b/c Time Incorporated (biggest publishers in America, magaizines Time, People, Life, books) & WB = Time Warner Synergy! Paid cable 2. Batman - Animated TV series -animated features - Graphic novels of making of Batman -sequels -ancillary markets for mass media - Real example of how to create successful film -becomes a tent pole franchise, exploit not just for month but also years to come -important part of culture - Saturation release, batman was huge, music tie ins. Some of the best were the animated films due to synergy. Was a big hit 3. 1996 Time Warner acquires Turner Broadcasting - Commercially sponsored cable - brought in tnthbo and stuff - Sports franchises brought in. was the largest stock holder 4. 2000 AOL Time Warner merger - Peak of dotcom bubble -America Online was valued in 90s, Americans entering world wide web - By 2001, value of dotcom plunge - Bad mistake for TW to merge with AOL - Bad badbad mistake, so embarrassed about the aol connection. The ads were not good 5. The Matrix - Immediately produce two sequals for trilogy - Lord of the Rings -most successful film - Green Lantern wasn't successful - - Watchman no buzz

Walt Disney

1. First animator to incorporate synchronized sound -Steamboat Willie 2. Columbia distributed his films, then UA 3. First film maker with three strip technicolor -win academy awards in 1930s -Disney left UA, adopted by RKO -Micky, Donald, Pluto cartoons • 1938 Snow White - First feature length animated cartoon - 2nd biggest hit -1st: gone with the wind • 1940 Fantasia • 1941 Dumbo • 1942 Pinocchio • 1950 Cinderella - 1928 first synchronized animation - RKO distributes his mickey mouse shorts and what not... and the films above "Fort Apache" by John Ford (big hit for Apache)

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

1. In 1924, Marcus Loew bought Metro Pictures Corporation and Goldywn Pictures to provide a steady supply of films for his large Loew's Theaters chain.(vertical integration) 2. When Loew died in 1927, Nicholas Schenck was studio executive and Loew's president for next 30 years. He was a powerful person in the movie. Under Schenck's leadership, the studio produced a great quantity of films. 3. Louis B. Mayer was a studio boss 4. Irving Thalberg was head of production and He set an example for the rest of Hollywood as how to manage a motion picture company. 5. In 1969, Kirk Kerkorian purchased MGM. 6. MGM, was the only film studio to have a financial health during GD because they had a much smaller theater chain and due to their lack of investment in opening theaters through the US they didn't suffer as great of losses as their competitors. 7. Producers dominated entity in Hollywood - conservative 8. MGM had the most starts and pioneered the all star films. They didn't produce B films. 9. If Paramount was sophistication, MGM exemplifies middle-class family values (ie. Lassie the dog, cute kids, cute families) 10. most top-down with rigid hierarchy 11. most conservative (Republican) of the studios 12. directors had the least freedom (creative directors not really going to MGM as a result) Loew's Theaters (approximately 100 theaters) • New York - profitable, • Ohio • Loew's State Providence, RI 1940 -Loew's Palace, Washington, DC, 1920 -Loew's Kings Theater, Brooklyn • MGM Studios, Culver City 1. Only theater chains in the 1930s that did not adopt candy counter; didn't need it MGM Filmmakers • Writer Frances Marion - one of the most respected writers in Hollywood • Cinematographer William Daniels • Directors King Vidor & George Cukor • Producer Arthur Freed & Director Vincente Minnelli - musicals required a ton of specialized, talented people; Singing in the Rain; best picture Oscar for "GiGi" MGM Stars - "Most stars than in heaven"; biggest star pool of the studios • Greta Garbo • Joan Crawford • Lionel Barrymore • Wallace Beery • Spencer Tracy - biggest star at MGM... The king of the box office... • Clark Gable - MGM almost never loans him out and best picture Oscar winner MGM Musical Stars • Judy Garland • Gene Kelly • Mickey Rooney • Fred Astaire MGM's Films • 1925 The Big Parade • 1925 Ben Hur • 1932 Grand Hotel • 1932 Dinner at 8 • 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty • 1939 Wizard of Oz • 1943 Mrs. Miniver • 1944 Meet Me in St Louis • 1952 Singin in the Rain • 1959 Ben Hur - wins best picture • 1968 2001-A Space Odyssey - They made lots of musical films. MGM 1. Hearst Metrotone News (newsreel) 2. Hal Roach Shorts (Comedy series) - the little rascals 3. Hanna & Barbera Cartoons (Tom & Jerry and Scooby Doo) 1. Tom & Jerry 2.1950s, short animations let go 3. After leaving MGM, Flintstones, Scooby Doo in the 60s/70s -independent

PARAMOUNT

1. Paramount was headed by Adolph Zukor 2. 1912- Famous players and 1914 - Hodkinson & paramount 3. They buy Hodkinson's debt and these two companies merged in 1916 that led to Paramount 4. The main producer at Paramount in the early 20th century was Jesse Lasky 5. The main Director was Cecil B. Demille 6. Pickford, Fairbanks, Valentino 7. Paramount lost a ton of money during the Great depression investing in theaters and needs receivership to get out of bankruptcy in1933. 8. Barney Balaban became new president of Paramount in 1936-1964 9. Studio Boss is Y. Frank Freeman 10. In 1966, a conglomerate takeover by Gulf & Western 11. Paramount has the largest theater chains 12. They made the classy films for classy audiences, 13. European actors and directors took sophisticated comedies, 14. Sympathy for creative directors, certain amount of freedom. Paramount Theaters 1. Paramount first run theaters are in Chicago, Mid West, South, New England, and Canada. 2. Paramount has over 1000+ theaters, so biggest theater chains at that time. 3. Oakland Paramount 193 still exist and is some Egyptian mosaics decorate the theater; now mostly used for operas and music concerts. It has giant lobby, Air conditioning system. 4. The blue parking lot section with a sky backdrop to make ocean scenes, but not using it much anymore, so that's going to be replaced with a building; most of "The Artist" was shot on the back lot; it is around Melrose and Santa Monica Blvd Paramount Directors Ernst Lubitsch (1892-1947) • 1926 So This Is Paris (WB) • 1929 The Love Parade • 1932 One Hour With You • 1932 Trouble in Paradise • 1933 Design for Living • 1939 Ninotchka (MGM) • 1940 The Shop Around the Corner (MGM) 1. He shows Paramount's "classiness" from his movies 2. Sex musical comedies Paramount Directors Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959) • 1914 THE SQUAW MAN • 1915 THE CHEAT • 1920 WHY CHANGE YOUR WIFE • 1923 THE 10 COMMANDMENTS • 1927 KING OF KINGS • 1934 CLEOPATRA • 1949 SAMSON & DELILAH • 1952 THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH • 1955 THE 10 COMMANDMENTS 1. He was directed many hits for Paramount from the advent of the company Paramount Directors Josef von Sternberg 1894-1969 • 1927 Underworld • 1928 The Docks of New York • 1930 The Blue Angel • 1930 Morocco • 1932 Blonde Venus • 1934 The Scarlet Empress • 1935 The Devil is a Woman- 1. He made pre-code sex dramas and usually starring role was Marlene Dietrich Paramount Directors Preston Sturges 1898-1957 • 1940 The Great McGinty • 1941 The Lady Eve • 1941 Sullivan's Travels • 1944 The Miracle at Morgan's Creek • 1944 Hail the Conquering Hero- 1. He was the one of Paramount's greatest writers and writes romantic & screwball comedies. It does only original screenplays that he himself writes 2. He became a director / writer in 1940 (Paramount made him a director) Paramount Directors Billy Wilder 1906-2002 • 1944 Double Indemnity • 1945 The Lost Weekend • 1948 A Foreign Affair • 1950 Sunset Boulevard • 1953 Stalag 17 • 1954 Sabrina 1. He was a great writer of romantic comedies who becomes a director in 1944 2. He took serious movies and film noir Paramount's Famous Players - Clara Bow - Marlene Dietrich - Gary Cooper - Mae West - Claudette Colbert - Fred MacMurray - Alan Ladd 1. Paramount loved to bring folks who already had a following from other forms of mass media (ie. Broadway) but it also has own homegrown Hollywood stars (like MacMurry or Ladd). -Bob Hope and Bing Crosby 1. We think of Crosby as a radio star or crooner, but he's also a movie star! A few romantic comedies and serious pictures 2. Bob Hope was a Broadway and radio comedian, but became a big movie star at Paramount! 3. Paramount pairs the two up every year or two (the "road" films"... ie. "Road to Rio") 4. They made huge money making comedies Paramount's Big Hits • 1922 The Covered Wagon • 1927 Wings • 1932 She Done Him Wrong • 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls • 1944 Going My Way • 1949 Samson & Delilah • 1954 Rear Window • 1955 The 10 Commandments • 1958 Vertigo • 1972 The Godfather • 1974 Chinatown • 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark • 1997 Titanic Paramount Program 1. Fleischer Cartoons (Betty Boop, Popeye, Superman) 2. Paramount News 3. Live Action Shorts (often big band musical)

R.K.O.

1. RCA chief David Sarnoff founded RKO and the Photo phone which is the sound-on-film technology. 2. Keith-Albee-Orpheum(KAO) and Joseph P. Kennedy's film booking offices (FBO) merged in 1928. RCA's David Sarnoff needed a customer for its photo phone and therefore approached FBO to use it in their studios. After this, he needed a string of exhibition venues so he approached KAO. 3. Theaters - New York 4. Radio City Music Hall 5. In 1935, Floyd Odlum took over RKO when RCA let it go to prevent bankruptcy. 6. In 1948, Floyd Odlum sold the company to Howard Hughes - Howard Hughes ran company into the ground -not a great movie producer -company fell apart, sell pieces of it 7. General Tire's final move into entertainment was the acquisition of RKO Radio Pictures from Howard Hughes in 1955 for $25 million. 8. Company closes by 1957 -end production & distribution 9. RKO back lots - 40 acres in Culver City -King Kong - RKO Movie Ranch in Encino •Theaters - RKO Keith's, Richmond Hil, NY - RKO Orpheum, St Paul, MN - RKO Palace, Columbus, Ohio - RKO Franklin, Bronx, NY 1941 -double Bill RKO Radio Pictures • Katharine Hepburn • Robert Mitchum -tough guys -crime pictures • Robert Ryan • Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers -musical and dance team -stylish in 30s Radio Pictures • 1931 Cimarron • 1933 King Kong • 1933 Little Women • 1935 Top Hat • 1936 Swing Time • 1941 Citizen Kane • 1945 Bells of St Mary's • 1946 Notorious • 1946 Best Years of Our Lives • 1946 It's a Wonderful Life • 1947 Out of the Past RKO Filmmakers • Merian C. Cooper • Orson Welles • Nicholas Ray - director in 1950s; makes really socially conscious films - ie. "youth on the loose" • Val Lewton • Jacques Tourneur - many units to make B movies - make some low budget, horror films; more psychological horror (in people's head; we don't actually see anything) • Lupe Velez - The Mexican Spitfire -stereotypes of fiery Latina - The Falcon - George Sanders & Tome Conway - Never succeed for newsreels

Hollywood & World War II

1. The Home Front - movies were good for the "home front" morale - lots of things were being rationed (ie. gas, food items; goods like new cars not even available) but not movies! - distraction from worries of modern world but also source of information -some subject matters regulated or off limits 2. The success of popular entertainment - all forms of mass entertainment boomed - radio, magazines, movies, etc. - either escaping from their problems or how they were getting their news (to find more about the war) - no television yet -> seeing news of the war in the movies - WWII completely made US getting out from the depression. - Hollywood allowed to continue making films and almost every company in Hollywood came back to profit. Hollywood's Biggest Years: 1941-1946 1. the companies began using longer runs, delayed releases, and troop screenings. 2. Long runs - Hollywood began to have longer runs than 1 week (6weeks or more) - Normally only played for 1 week then moved on to second run - played movies at 1st run theaters longer to make more money. -Hollywood producing less films (less than 50) 3. Delayed release - Would delay releases if they felt the movie would not be good at that particular time because it was irrelevant - (no topical content and Delayed release for up to 2 years; second priority to war films) 4. Troop screenings - show movies unreleased to public to front line troops thereby cementing interest in troops returning home Regal Theater, Chicago - 1941 Adults 44 cents and children 10cents Hollywood Filmmakers at War 1. Frank Capra "Why We Fight" - explain American different perspectives to train soldiers; propaganda films that each last 1 hr, 7 films altogether -Original footage, clips from Hollywood films / German newsreels / American newsreels / animation -informative of the war situation & propaganda 2. John Ford "Battle of Midway" - Color film for the US Navy -battle footage -wins Oscar for best short documentary award 3. John Huston "Battle of San Pietro" - combat film about fighting in Italy and beginning of cinema verite 4. William Wyler "Memphis Belle" - Gregg Toland and Wyler flew over Germany with bomber mission, filmed in Technicolor Hollywood's War Effort 1. made 100s of war Training Films - How to fly a plane, drive a tank 2. World War II in newsreels - all newsreel theaters (MGM, Fox, Paramount) 3. War Bond tours - Carole Lombard died in a plane crash returning from a war bond tour - Selling war bonds / war stamps = loaning government money - government pays back with interest -Raising millions of dollars 4. The USO - United Service Organization - Entertains US troops during the war - Stars participated in tours 5. The Hollywood Canteen - servicemen only nightclub → based on Stage Canteen in NY; founded by Bette Davis and John Garfield; free for servicemen, free food and drinks, entertainment provided by Hollywood stars and Pin up girls Hollywood Victory Caravan (1942) : Hollywood Canteen - Travel to sell war bonds at theaters World War II in Films 1. The Office of War Information - OWI -Roosevelt were concerned about how information and propaganda was reaching the American public about the war -impact of media? - Regulate how news reached w/ public -newspapers/magazines/radio/movies - Run by Elmer Davis - Office in Hollywood to regulate war content of Hollywood films - Reduce heroics / stereotyping of the enemy (create more realistic view of the war) - show Germany/Japanese as easily defeated = false portrait, give an inaccurate view on the public 2. Office of Inter-American Affairs - OIAA - Latin America remained neutral -attraction in Latin America ; Mussolini style dictator - Raw materials: oil & uranium -needed Latin America to keep it from Germany/Jap - Nelson Rockefeller in charge 3. The Good Neighbor Policy - portraying Latin and South Americans in a positive fashion in films - Let's keep Germany/Jap out of America - Asked to make more Latin American films ; incorporate Latin American themes 4. Carmen Miranda - Of brazil -first Latin American star in films 5. Orson Welles in Brazil - RKO sends best director to Rio to make a film about carnival but it becomes a disaster (grossly overspending, brought home, footage never used, never made another film for RKO and had bad relations with studios from then on; some footage made into a documentary that you can still find) - recut his film The Magnificent Andersons (1942) while he's abroad, his career is over when he returns to Hollywood 6. Pro-Soviet Hollywood Films - US enters 1941 as allies w/ Soviet; but Hitler took over - During the period of alliance in 41-45, Hollywood asked to make pro-soviet film that endorsed alliance - Written by Hollywood communists - 1943 The North Star - after Hitler turns against Russia, the Soviet Union aligns with the US - 1943 Mission to Moscow - after the war these films come back to hunt the screenwriters / directors of these films - Song of Russia - Days of Glory

Fox

1. William Fox vs. The Edison Trust - Great New York Film case come because When Marcus Lowe (William Fox's main rival) died in 1927, Fox offered to buy the Loew Family's holdings, which included MGM. Loew's family agreed, however Louis B. Mayer did not and fought back. 2. 1927 Fox Movietone News (optical sound system) - First sound newsreels which became most popular/successful news reels 3. Fox Theaters-Western US 4. 1930 - Fox forced out because jail for jury tampering 5. 1930s - Fox in bankruptcy - During the whole court case drama, Fox took a hard hit during the 1929 stock market crash causing the company to go into bankruptcy and placed it into receivership with the bank, so Fox ended up in bankruptcy. 6. Fox had more than 500 chains of theaters Twentieth Century-Fox • 1935 - 20th Century - Fox survived through a merger between Fox Film and Twentieth century pictures in 1935 - Darryl F. Zanuck and Joseph Schenck founded Twentieth Century Pictures in 1935. - Darryl F. Zanuck was a studio executive and producer (gangster and musical films) who established himself at Warner Bros. and became their right hand man in the late 1920s. When the studios imposed a 50% salary cut during GD, he decided to create his own production company with Joseph Schenck - Joseph Schenck was the president and Darryl F. Zanuck was the studio boss - 20th century tried to produce 10-12 films per year and distributed through United Artists. - Ask for a better deal from United Artists (Chaplin and Pickford); United Artists resistant to this, don't want to give them more control/ownership of United Artists Fox Studios • Sunset & Western - Deluxe Laboratories • Movietone City - West LA built in 1926/ now called Century City • Century City • Fox Theaters - west of the Rocky Mountains • Fox Egyptian, SD CA • San Francisco Fox Fox Stars 1. Theda Bara (original teen vamp) 2. Tom Mix 3. Janet Gaynor - won the first best actress in Oscar by1927 4. Will Rogers - comedy and rope tricks; makes fun of political parties; becomes a big star at Fox. He was killed in a plane crash at the time of the merger 5. Shirley Temple - Zanuck realizes little girl, Shirley Temple was cleaning out box office → picks her up for Fox (No. 1 female in the box office at 1935/6); 20th Century-Fox Stars 1. Shirley Temple replaces Mae West; her films weren't very expensive, very popular, Fox wouldn't lend her out (ie. Wouldn't give MGM Temple to play Dorothy in Wizard of Oz) and everyone knew that the clock was ticking on Temple as she grew older; had 5 years to create a star roster 2. Tyrone Power 3. Betty Grable 4. Henry Fonda 5. Marilyn Monroe Fox Films • 1915 A Fool There Was • 1926 What Price Glory • 1927 Sunrise • 1927 7th Heaven • 1935 Steamboat Round the Bend • 1939 Young Mr Lincoln • 1940 The Grapes of Wrath • 1941 How Green Was My Valley - used so many nostalgic films set in the past that people joked it should be called "19th Century Fox" 20th Century-Fox Films • 1944 Laura • 1946 My Darling Clementine • 1947 Gentleman's Agreement - Anti Semitism • 1950 All About Eve • 1950 No Way Out -first African American straight film • 1965 The Sound of Music • 1977 Star Wars John Ford 1894-1973 • 1917 Straight Shooting • 1924 The Iron Horse • 1934 The Lost Patrol -RKO • 1935 Steamboat Round the Bend • 1935 The Informer -RKO • 1939 Stagecoach -UA • 1939 Young Mr Lincoln • 1940 The Grapes of Wrath • 1941 How Green Was My Valley - Never signed exclusive contracts, but came back to Fox 20th Century- Fox 1. Directors Henry King, 2. Otto Preminger - Tough crime pictures of the post War period (film noir) - social commentary films and film noirs - controversial figure; he and Zanuk hated each other 3. Joseph L. Mankiewicz -had been a writer at MGM -younger brother of Herman Mankiewicz (Citizen Kane writer) -Fox allows him to direct his films as well as produce and write them -A Letter to Three Wives, All About Eve -flashback sequences • Music by Alfred Newman - (composer of the fanfare) • Writer Nunnally Johnson • Writer Philip Dunne Fox Shorts • Fox Movietone News (Best in Hollywood) • Terrytoons (Worst in Hollywood- Paul Terry > Mighty Mouse = Mickey Mouse + Superman)

How did independent production and talent agencies become more powerful during the decline of the studio system? Use specific examples of relevant companies, people, and their strategies.

After Paramount Consent degree, Hollywood system broke down -separated distribution and production from exhibition Actors left -need to rent out lots -shorter contracts - Actors created production companies to avoid higher income taxes independent production companies o More powers to stars and directors as opposed to producers o Lew Wasserman & MCA -Jules Stein created it in Chicago Start w/ Jimmy Stewart o Actors wanted this benefit Talent agencies gaining power in highlight of studio system -grabbing stars, writers, collection of talent o Started packaging movies -arrange actors, writers, directors, sell it to studios for higher price & get percentage of profit MCA buys Universal for backlot o Creates own production company o Dominant group in Hollywood o Robert F Kennedy stops this -too much monopoly 1963 Kennedy: keep production company or keep your talent agency o Wasserman keep Universal (production) & divided the talent agency so not big competition

Citizen Kane vs Casablanca

Citizen Kane is directed by Orson Welles in 1941 and Casablanca is directed by Michael Curtiz in 1942. These movies have some similarities about the theme of isolation and lighting. In Citizen Kane, the cinematography techniques show the isolation. When Kane was young, he was playing alone in the snow outside. The camera is shooting him through a window. He looks very happy, but this scene implies that he is going to separate from his family and his home. In this film, Welles makes him alone all the time. Leland leaves Kane, and he barricades himself in his fortress with Susan. However, Susan leaves him. Finally, he dies alone. Similarly, Michael shows the theme of isolation through Rick, who is the main character in Casablanca. After Rick meets Ilsa, Rick drinks in his cafe alone. At the end of the scene, Victor and Ilsa say goodbye to Rick and leaves Casablanca. Rick is alone again and he never looks back a plane. Also, the space between Rick and the other two characters (Louis and Heinrik) shows the isolation. Casablanca and Citizen Kane both have a personal feel, however, this ambiance is achieved with different techniques. The Curtis shooting style allows for a personal narrative to unfold. The audience feels as if they are more involved with the film because of the cinematography and the shot selection. Welles achieves a personal feel with the actual layout of the narrative. The audience is drawn into the story because of their urge to figure out the "rosebud" mystery. Also, because Citizen Kane is shot using a series of flashbacks, Welles creates a film that follows different time periods of Kane's life. The audience sees him grow from his humble beginnings into the big businessman he becomes. In addition, the Welles's film is completely focused on Kane. There are few scenes where Kane is not the main focus. In fact, almost every single dialogue in the flesh backs has him as the focus. Where as in Casablanca, Rick is not always seen in every shot; he does not have that same sense of dominant control like Kane had in his life. Rick has to avoid the ever-present Nazi forces in Europe, showing him as a pawn in a larger scheme of things. In the beginning Kane is a modest and humble man, which is paralleled by his clothing attire. He dresses more "average Joe" in the beginning of his career. Near the end of the movie we see a more pompous and arrogant Kane, which is reflected again with more aristocratic clothing. Rick Blaine is almost always seen wearing his trademark white tuxedo. This symbolizes his purity and goodness among all the evil and corruption, which are represented by darker shades of clothing. The differences in cinematography create different styles seen in the two films. Where Welles emphasized deep focus cinematography and a combination of close, medium, and far shots, Curtiz uses more focused shots directing the audience. In Citizen Kane Welles allows deep focus shots to naturally play to their strength. Welles allows his audience to focus on what they choose rather than be obliged to with medium and close up shots

Disney - ABC Sony Columbia Universal - GE/NBC

Disney - ABC 1. Conglomeratized itself 2. 1984-2005 Michael Eisner from Paramount 3. Disneyland in France, Japan, Hong Kong -Disney stores for merchandising 4. 1984 Touchstone - live action - X rated films 5. 1989 The Little Mermaid a. Revive feature animation b. Musical new animated feature = new beginnings for Disney - Princesses - Beauty & the Beast, Lion King, Aladdin, Tarzan, Mulan , Hercules - Direct video sequels -TV series -merchandising - Broadway musical plays w/ Lion King & Beauty and the Beast - Franchise alive c. Decline since Sleeping Beauty in 1959 -more success with live action films like Mary Poppins 6. Disney Channel 1984 - 2005 michael Eisner which did a good job with Disney 7. DISNEY STORES - great merchandise 8. Appeals to kids and introduced more adult stuff touchstone - films R rated 9. 1989 prepared and opend up again the animation division - more beautiful pictures and musicals 10. Bought ABC - Radio stations & sports franchises in 90s 11. Pirates of the Carribbean 12. 1995 Pixar, purchased 2006 disney bought them - Computer creation of animated features -Disney = distributor for Pixar - Bug's Life, Monsters Inc, Finding Nemo, Toy Story - Bringing Pixar creative team into Disney & changed Disney culture 13. Miramax a. Disney bought Miramax -films won film festivals b. Sundance winner: Sex, Lies, & Videotape c. Academy award winners d. The Weinstein Brothers unhappy @ Disney - let go to create Weinstein Company - Small indie hit path 14. Bought Marvel Entertainment - Iron Man 3, the Avengers, Thor, Ant-Man - appeals to boys! NOT GIRLS 15. Bought Lucasfilm / Star Wars 2012 disney - George lucas is biggest stock holder of Disney - Star Tours @ Disneyland YAY star wars Sony Columbia 1. 1982 Coca Cola take over columbia 2. 1986 Columbia buys Merv Griffin Co (Wheel of Fortune; Jeopardy) acq 3. 1989 Sony buys Columbia - Time Warner - Sony thinking synergy b/w electronic hardware & software - Not really digital revolution yet - 4. THE WIND RISES -Only US citizens could hold broadcast station licenses -Sony owned Japanese, so couldn't get TV stations & radio networks - Spiderman, Easy A, Friends with Benefits 5. 1990 Sony purchases MGM Culver City lot 6. Screengems - pitched at the core audience to males mostly teenagers and stuff, some with friends with benefits Universal - GE/NBC 1. Weakest NBC Universal 2. MCA -Lew Wasserman - Global entertainment begun, Lew sells MCA to Matsushita - gotta beat Sony - When TV was booming, Matsushita cashed out, sold to Seagram of canada - the synergy wasn't present and he didn't see it 3. Seagram = Canadian based liquor company - Then went to the vevendi company water company 4. General Electric / NBC - General Electric acquired Universal, already had NBC great opportunity for synergy 5. Comcast 2010 bought nbc universal - Player in cable TV - Fast & Furious 6. Monsters - The Mummy 1999 - Recreate universal monsters -The Scorpian King - The Wolf Man recently was not a big hit Franchise Properties • Stars - Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, Robert Downey Jr, Julia Roberts • Serial Characters - Batman, Spiderman, James Bond • SF Worlds - Star Trek, Star Wars, X-Men • Multipart sagas - Lord of the Rings, Matrix, Pirates of the Caribbean, Harry Potter Current Filmmakers • Tim Burton • Steven Soderbergh • Coen Bros • Clint Eastwood • Peter Jackson • Quentin Tarantino • Robert Rodriguez Modern Filmmakers 1990s Digital Hollywood • Digital Editing - 1990's • Digital Production - End of film • Digital Distribution & Exhibition Worldwide digital screens: 2006=6000, 2010=16000(9000 3D) 2012=26000 out of 39000 US screen digital Jan 2014 - Paramount distribution all digital May 2014 - 37000 out of 40000 US screens digital • Digital Cinema Distribution coalition - 2013 After New Hollywood - Theatrical film traditional declines - Over the top - by passes traditional distribution - Netflix & Amazon producing / financing content

Ethnic Cinema

Ethnic Cinema 1. "all colored cast" race movies - By late teens/early 20s, attempts to make all African American cast films - The Johnson brothers made the Lincoln Motion Picture Company in 1920s - Films targeted towards African American audiences - Shorts & multi reel films, including Westerns 2. Oscar Micheaux - Enters film business round 1919 - Didn't get any interest in Hollywood - Made his own movies; filmed his own novels - Made super low budget AA films - Distribute them himself, showing them from theater to theater - Made them in many different genres -gangster, musical, typically melodrama 3. B Westers feature Herbert Jeffrey 4. Mom & Dad (1945) made by Krober Babb - Exploitation films and sex education film - Get a hold of films to advertise that's different, take them personally around the country & showing them - Motion picture footage of actual childbirth - Rents theaters, & promotes films personally - Showed them for men and women separately - Legend in exploitation films - In 40s/50s, everyone had seen it at special screening -important

Describe the relationship between the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and the American film industry. What factors, events, people led these two institutions to come together? What were the effects?

Government encouraged films of 1st amendment o Humphrey Bogart o Liberal stars o Should just say something in court, not just be silent -unwilling to answer any questions o Hated for naming names HUAC founded to prosecute communists, specifically Hollywood 10 o Jailed for year o List expanded beyond the ten o 1959 Otto Priminger hired Dalton Trumbo -1st actor where blacklist fell apart Douglas hired him a year later As cold war started, McCarthy's red scare Lasted until the 90s

The Atomic Age was the Peak & Decline of the Studio Era 1946 - The Box Office Peak • 1947 Network TV • 1947 HUAC • 1948 Paramount Consent Decree - Back from the war, big audience for the films

Hollywood & American Politics - Appeal to different politics = communism 1. 1930s Popular Front & Stalin - Great Depression brought greatest crisis capitalism ever faced - Under popular front policy, communist parties around the world entered into alliances with groups as way of gaining power - Communist party in mid 1930s took anti-fascist stand - Artists joined Communist Party, because Stalin was the only person standing up to Hitler 2. Hollywood Guilds & Unions were allegedly pro-communist 3. 1938 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) - House of Un-American Activities basically looked for communists in everyday aspects of American private life. Strongly influenced who could and couldn't work in Hollywood 4. 1939 Hitler-Stalin alliance begins WWII - To attack Poland & begin war - American communists left communist parties -now fascists & communists were allies 5. Summer 1941 Anti Interventionist Hearings - US is still neutral, Battle in American society occurred : Interventionists: many anti-Nazi / pro-British people (President Roosevelt falls into this category); others anti-British and anti-Roosevelt or isolationist/anti-interventionist (lead by Charles Lindbergh who was pro-German) - Summer 1941 Anti Interventionist Hearings targeted Hollywood who allegedly tried to usher the US into a war; 6. Dec 1941 Pearl Harbor - Debate about where US should lie - As part of war effort, told labor unions around area, don't go on strikes -no antagonism with management; labor unions asked not to rebel - ends the interventionist stand labor management issues: below the line workers • The Mob, IATSE, & Roy Brewer (International Alignment of Theatrical Stage Employees) Nationwide union that organized workers in Hollywood & locals who represented projectionists in motion picture theaters - Dominant union had become corrupted -Chicago mob had gotten control of Chicago projectionist local of IATSE - Two Chicago mobsters were leaders of IATSE - Hollywood was told to pay several mil to Chicago mob - In 1940, sent mobsters to jail 7. Roy Brewer & IATSE - Roy Brewer took over IATSE after the mob leaders were put on trial - Brewer was extremely anti-mob/anti-corruption/anti-communist - Kept workers in Hollywood from striking 8. Herbert Sorrell & the CSU (conference of Studio Unions, leftist, strike oriented union) - Organized people of pre-production cast - Production folks stayed with IATSE - Antagonistic strike union - Picketing all studios - labor struggle: more radical unions vs. antileftist unions, during the war Roosevelt urged unions to keep peace 1947 HUAC Investigation into Communism in Hollywood 1. after the war anticommunist forces come back full force 2. Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals(Barbara Stanwyck, Sam Wood, Walt Disney) kept corruption & communism & fascism out of Hollywood - Made pro-Soviet films 3. After the war the organization becomes fervently anti-Soviet Union, invites HUAC to come to Hollywood and investigate particularly Hollywood writers that are allegedly procommunist, hearings take place in Washington, DC. Their goals were destroying liberal, leftist core and prevent liberal films 4. Our enemies weren't the fascists they were the communists 5. Oct 1947 - The Hollywood Ten - Begins series of hearings, called three groups of witnesses to testify (1)-Friendly witnesses(members of MPA): felt communist has influenced movies (2)-Leadership of Hollywood (house of moguls): Jack Warner (I don't agree with communism at all) - Jack Warner argues that Hollywood is producer-oriented, thus writers have little say what goes up on the screen - unfriendly witnesses thought HUAC was trying to prevent freedom of speech - Try to score political propaganda to bash Hollywood (3)The targets: leading communists - The Hollywood 10 -led by John Howard Lawson - John Howard Lawson convinces the other 9 to say nothing - Called before HUAC: were asked "have you ever been a communist?" - each of the 10 were tried for contempt of congress, sentenced to 1 year in jail blacklisted afterwards 6. Attempted to lecture the committee: I have right to think whatever I want 7. they had Been blacklisted -no one would employ them 8. Committee for the First Amendment tried to intervene in the meetings (Bogart, Lauren Bacall, John Huston, Billy Wilder) - Key figure: Humphrey Bogart - Included many people in Hollywood - Communists shouldn't be convicted for their ideas - Could not defend the Hollywood 10 9.Committee for the First Amendment had to return to Hollywood (they had advised the 10 to make their statement because they were willing to defend their political position); Hollywood leadership is also horrified: want to please the audience, threat of boycott > box office results were going down, Federal Government is going after Hollywood for the violation of the Anti-Sherman Act → Waldorf statement: moguls promise not to employ communists, blacklisted Hollywood 10 The Cold War in Hollywood 1947-1959 1. The Blacklist - Terrible time in Hollywood because of Hollywood Ten 2. 1951 HUAC hearings - Naming names - blacklist expands to include others who have had any communist connections Peak era of anti-communism - Joseph McCarthy accusing even the army - Conducted hearings, some in Hollywood, some in DC - Ask people to confess names 3. 1959 Otto Preminger hires Dalton Trumbo - Blacklist is broken - blacklist remains in place until Otto Preminger hires Dalton Trumbo in 1959 to write a film for him, others also work with blacklisted personnel Paramount Consent Decree 1. 1938 US Attorney Thurman Arnold begins Dept of Justice lawsuits a. It broke up studio system b. In mid 30s, Roosevelt had dept justice step back from anti-trust c. In 1938, began attacks on different business sectors, suing companies for monopolistic / oligopolistic practices - American motion picture companies -Big 5 & Little 3 sued - Independent theater owners complained about block booking, & Hollywood favored its first run theaters - they can never have the highest prices and newest movies d. 1940 Hollywood majors went in to discuss with dept of justice -justice back off if consent to certain changes - Reduce block booking from 50 films to 5 films -promise to other theaters first run films - By the end of WWII, Hollywood majors were still dominant e. By 1944, reinstated all the law suits f. Press Truman continued the law suits g. 1947 the box office starts to fall off; cases reach court in 1948 2. 1948 US Supreme Court Decision a. Justice Douglas -against Hollywood's monopolistic practices b. 1948 Paramount asks, what to do? No more block booking - Theaters booked one at a time -End of studio system & reverses vertical integration -break into two companies 3. 1948 Paramount, RKO Consent Decrees - Lost theater chain and Paramount is divided into 2 companies (theaters and production) 4. 1950 Warners, Fox -same consent decree / split 5. 1955 Loew's-MGM - MGM separated from Loew's - vertical integration was abandoned 6. End of Hollywood control -Big 5 & Little 3 no longer separate now that no one has theater chains - Can't tie weak films to strong films Impact of Divestiture 1948- 1. Theater chains now separate entities 2. Decrease in productions - Used to make 50 films/yr in each studio - Now didn't have a film every week - 20~25 films/year 3. Decline of long term contracts 4. Reduce overhead and layoffs (to independent producers or TV shows) 5. Studio lots rented - Idle space -studios began renting space out to one another & independent producers; use lots Rise of Independent Production 1. Capital gains tax lower than income tax - During WWII, income tax much higher in 1940s - Capital gains tax: tax on business profits - 1945 major stars/writers/producers began to create their own production companies -so when you hire, production company co -produce & make business profit 2. Independent production companies develop projects 3. Producer/director/star has more control of projects and career - Took control of money - Much more participants in creation in film, rather than just acting in front of camera MCA (Music Corporation of America) & Lew Wasserman 1913-2002 1. Talent Agency founded by Jules Stein in Chicago to represent dance bands 2. Jules Stein - Represented dance fans in Chicago night club - Taking on actors - By 1930s, set up offices in Hollywood - By 40s, agency in Hollywood - led by Lew Wasserman 3. Points of the gross lead agent Lew Wasserman: Universal wants to hire James Stewart for 2 films in 1950 (Harvey, Henry Koster 1950; Winchester '73, Anthony Mann, 1950) > Universal was worried because he hadn't starred in a hit movie since before the war, Wasserman argued that the studio should grant him points of the gross instead of a high salary (if the film flops Stewart wouldn't get much, but if the films make money both the studio and Stewart would be rewarded), both films are successful 4. Everyone on A-list Hollywood; Wasserman had opened up new door to money 6. Packaging - The agency would put together the film -show script to director, find stars - Bring package to studio, just need to make the film (pay 10% agency fee, & want 10 or 20% of packaging fee) - Made agencies powerful - Wasserman also represented Hitchcock and packaged his TV show 7. Wasserman created company called Revue for TV shows 8. By 1959, Revue buys Universal pictures because needed stages/lots/Universal City - Becomes leader in Hollywood in production of TV series - Run Universal until 1990s 9. Attorney General Kennedy - Dept of Justice - Biggest agency in Hollywood; biggest employer - Biggest TV producer Universal or biggest talent agency MCA -pick one - Chose Universal, broke MCA into 13 pieces 10. 1963 MCA Agency sold UA & Arthur Krim 1910-1994 1. UA is in financial trouble even during WWII, not enough independent productions, so RKO & Universal offered much better deals for independent producers - Pickford had ended her career in 1933 and became a recluse - Chaplin wasn't very successful anymore, was called before HUAC, but decided to leave the country and liquidated his American assets - Chaplin and Pickford decide to revitalize the company by offering it to anyone who can turn the company's fate around 2. 1951 Arthur Krim & Robert Benjamin - Pickford & Chaplin sell UA -if you can turn UA around, we can sell it as a bargain - Krim & Benjamin understood entertainment law/contract law; worked on Wall Street & understood flow of capital - worked for Eagle Lion; knew American movie business, particularly learned distribution - Krim as head of UA; had one year to turn company around - Krim redefines business model: into production financing & distribution a. Gives distribution contract & make money b. Set up production money to help you finish film c. Then we'll distribute film 4. Production Financing & Distribution - production financing and distribution become the main focus of companies, UA becomes the prestige studio for independent films; Krim left UA (studio tanked with Days of Heaven), founds Orion Pictures - UA had big hits - High Noon & the African Queen - James Bond -Pink Panther Crime Pictures - Film Noir • Hardboiled detective fiction • German expressionism - Shadows -low key lighting style, rain, darkness -pessimistic view of the world and story structure: flashbacks. B movie Noirs: shot on location • 40's social change - Idealism was destroyed in 40s • Femme fatale - The deadly woman -bringing men to their doom • end of Film Noir in 1955 • 1941 THE MALTESE FALCON Huston • 1944 LAURA Preminger • 1944 DOUBLE INDEMNITY Wilder • 1944-6 THE BIG SLEEP Hawks Crime Pictures • 1945 SCARLET STREET Lang • 1946 THE KILLERS Siodmak • 1947 LADY FROM SHANGHAI Welles • 1947 OUT OF THE PAST Tourneur • 1947 PURSUED Walsh • 1948 RAW DEAL Mann • 1950 GUN CRAZY Lewis

Hollywood 1960-1972 Blockbusters & Conglomerates The Hollywood Slump "Black Exploitation"

Hollywood 1960-1972 Blockbusters & Conglomerates The Hollywood Slump 1. No more block booking -people only watching a couple films a couple times a year 2. Boom & bust o Flop films losing more than ever o Hit films successful Studio era stars - final films 1960-1981 • Clark Gable • Gary Cooper • Cary Grant • James Cagney • Fred Astaire • Bette Davis • Joan Crawford Studio era directors - final films 1964-1981 • John Ford • Howard Hawks • Alfred Hitchcock • Vincente Minnelli • Otto Preminger • Raoul Walsh • George Cukor • Orson Welles End of the Studio Era Filmmakers •Zenuck , Jack Warner, Adolf Zukor, Blockbuster Hits - Just needed one big hit films, set for the rest of the films • 1964 MARY POPPINS • 1965 SOUND OF MUSIC • 1965 DOCTOR ZHIVAGO Blockbuster Flops 1. 1963 CLEOPATRA - Took years, costs so much - No matter how well it did, never going to be economic success 2. 1964 FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE - Paramount hit hard - Remade as Gladiator 3. By mid 60s, crapshoot -rollercoaster, up and down - Top managers gone - Leadership crisis Conglomerate takeover of Hollywood 1. Replace leaders 2. Undervalued assets in Hollywood 3. Western takes over Paramount 4. Conglomerate: new business a. Old: in early 20s, vertical integration -Ford making Model T Ford on assembly lines - Expanded horizontally & vertically -bought tire companies, rubber plantations, acquired Lincoln brand, introducd Mercury b. New: conglomerates involved in diff businesses -but unconnected -businesses in ups and downs at different times - Claim to introduce modern business structure practices to run things efficiently - Bought businesses if undervalued -if they could identity undervalued assets to cash in - 1. Undervalued asset TV rights: buy now, expensive in future - 2. California Real Estate 5. 1966 Gulf + Western -- Paramount - Auto parts 6. 1967 Transamerica -- UA - Insurance company buys UA 7. 1969 Kinney -- Warners - Funeral homes 8. 1969 Kirk Kerkorian -- MGM - Charter airliners buy MGM 9. Disney did not sell out to conglomerate - Involved in businesses who had no connections Holllywood Slump 1968-1972 1. Worst years for Hollywood -could not get real budget successful hit -lost connection to audience 2. Big budget flops 3. TV revenue cutback - TV networks pull back - Ratings for films on TV leveling off - Began offering 400,000 a title - Hollywood depended on TV films 4. Exhibition decline - Classic theaters rotting away & decaying - Weren't maintained / cleaned up - Sound system were lousy - Chopped a theater into boxes = terrible, bad seating, no fun to see movies Conglomerates react 1. Treated movie companies as any other failing business 2. Cut back production budgets - Cut back on big budget films -low budget crops 3. Sell off studio properties - Cash in undervalued assets - Ranches, valleys malls, state parks - Century City built on 20th Fox backlot 4. MGM - Announced to sell costume & props w/ price tags 5. Appeal to youth audience a. Late 60s hits - WB: Bonnie & Clyde 1967 - UA: The Graduate 1967 - Columbia: Easy Rider 1969 -teen exploitation films b. Target audience -after losing family audience c. If under 30, desperate for anybody to connect to youth culture d. Young Hollywood - As Hollywood is casting out, looking for audience : youth & counter culture - Also, urban African American audience! o Lower budget films -urban crime drama o Detroit & Cleaveland o Selling out of the house o Are still people who want to see movies e. After Easy Rider - Low budget for counter culture didn't really produce anything great - No more Easy Rider "Black Exploitation" 1. Period when dozens were predominantly African American cast - Mostly urban crime dramas - Able to make money in early 70s - Some movies had crossover appeal - Moved into horrors 2. Melvin Van Peebles - shot without permits, nonunion crew, 16mm; wave of urban crime dramas 3. Gordon Parks

Hollywood Oligopoly Hollywood Major Hollywood Studio Hollywood Star

Hollywood Oligopoly The government declared the Big 5 was oligopoly that they were not totally Competitive. 1. Big 5 own regional first run theater chains - First run determines the success of films - They owned 15% of theaters in the US. 2. Big 5 cooperate to reach a national audience 3. Theaters required 100+ films/year - However, big studios only made about 50 films per year. 4. Big 5 share films to fill the screens. - They shared the films and collaborated instead of block booking. 5. Little 3 - Universal, Columbia, UA- supply "B" & independent films - The big 5 can't make B movies with their big stars. - They were symbiotic relationship with the big studios. Hollywood Major 1. Producer Distributor Exhibitor 2. Distribution & Exhibition New York based - Production in LA 3. New York Headquarters determines budget, type & quantity of films. Hollywood Studio 1. Hollywood had production lots, back lots & ranches - They had own fire department and water towers. - They tried to be mini-city, so no one had to leave. - They reused the false front sets in different films. - They had ranches in Malibu, Santa Monica, and SFV for more wild scenery. - The ranches became the state parks or housing department by the end of 20th century. 2. Studio Boss - They were all powerful figures on the studio lot, but not necessarily owners of the company - They were communicators to NYC. They were like a constant stream of telegram. - Everything had to be cleared by NYC offices first, so they asked them first. - They supervised contracts with the stars, unions, and guilds. 3. Head of Production - It focused on making 50 films per year. - 10 to 15 Producers underneath the head of production. - Each of them had responsibility for 4 to 5 films and have a specialty of genres (Ex. Western, Romance, and Action) 4. Story Dept - Story department had the dozens of screenwriters. - They would buy and read many books and stories that sometimes before they were actually published. - The ideas came about those reading the stories turned to screenplay writers to begin writing the script. - The department maintained offices in NY, London, and LA. Hollywood Star 1. Star System - The star system was the method of creating, promoting and exploiting movie stars in Classical Hollywood cinema. - Studios would select promising young actors and glamorize and create persona's for them - The audiences could see their favorite stars in a new film essentially each month. - In the by the late 10s and early 20s, there aren't enough "natural" stars (ie. Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin), so Hollywood develops its own star-making apparatus (ie. Cosmetic surgery or training for Signing/dancing/acting -> puts them in a bunch of films in their 1st year -> check fan mails, ask exhibitors about buzz, look at reviews, etc. tried to see if there were any roles they fit in and if the studio made a lot of stuff with those roles; those picked up got a bigger salary and bigger parts and you'd be stereotyped in "your role") 2. Long Term Option Contract - Studios would collect large numbers of young people who were rising to prominence or talented, they would then sign them long term option contracts, studios would wait and see if the actors/actresses make them money. Then signed to a 7 year contract and given bonus each year they aren't dropping. - Stars were very important, and every studio has sub stars. MGM had 70~80 stars. - Studio signed by directors and writers, too. - The salary level of stars was very well, but they had to work hard. - There's no percentage of the profits. (No profits from the success of the film) - Not in contract: creative choice in your projects -you didn't choose what movies you worked in, who would write/direct your films 3. Publicity Dept - The role of Publicity Dept was the using singing lessons, make up, cosmetic surgery, etc. make their actors and actress, stars. - They put stars in various roles to test it out. - Studios evaluate profit and fan mail, and see what talents they could exploit. - Hollywood the 3rd biggest news source due to star publicity. - Tagging - Olivia stayed away for two years from the studio - Sued Warner Bros - Wont b/c ruled that personal services/contract could not extend more than seven years

Hollywood moves into Television Production Television Production Theatrical Films on TV

Hollywood moves into Television Production 1. Did TV show live -low budget -too methodical? Labor intensive 2. 1951 I LOVE LUCY Desilu - CBS makes sitcom -contract w/ Desilu - Instead of using one camera for one shot, act out on stage, having 3 camera running on stage; 2 side shots, 1 wide shot - Working more quickly & cheaply - Broadcast on CBS TV Network = top network in America, passes NBC - Made money off of re-runs; discover re-runs - make extra money off of commercial advertising 3. 1952 DRAGNET Mark VII Prods owned by Jack Webb - Strip it down to bare essentials - Medium close ups against blank back drops - Dramatic show about LAPD cops, "just the facts, man" → cheap to shoot 4. 1953 FATHER KNOWS BEST - Columbia - Specialized in low budget films - Produced family sitcom - Did children's program = Adventures of RinTinTin 5. 1955 ABC TV Network collaborates with Disney: a. Pushes Hollywood into TV b. ABC 3rd place struggling against NBC & CBS c. In 50s, no longer market for theatrical shorts for Disney -feature animated films successful in 40s, but expensive in 50s & labor intensive d. First modern theme park Disneyland in 1955 e. Disney produces 90 min TV show every Sunday - For 1/3, run old animated cartoons since 20s -Mickey Mouse & Donald Duck - 1/3 Walt Disney himself talking about latest projects of Disney empire (6 minutes of promotional footage in the show) - Multipart series B Westerns - Davy Crockett -frontier Western segments exploded in popularity - Runs 20 years on network TV 6. 1956 Fox, MGM, & WB had 90 minute shows a. 1/3 footage from old movies b. 1/3 walk around the lot c. 1/3 cheaply shot material - Usually Westerns - Shows all flopped -only lasted one year d. Didn't have good mix of programming & appeal to kids 7. 1957 low budget Western series became the rage - ½ hour Western Television Production • Columbia Screen Gems • Paramount - Star Trek (in 1960s they buy Desilu, Star Trek was a Desilu production) • MCA Universal • Warner Bros Television Theatrical Films on TV 1. Ancillary market 2. Hollywood said wouldn't sell movies to TV b/c people would stop going - B Movie studios sell their films first to TV stations 3. 1955 Dec RKO sells films to TV - Sold RKO to the General Tire & Rubber Company ; conglomerate owning broadcasting TV Stations - Selling movies - Profit of 10,000-15,000 a title 4. 1956 Majors sell back catalog of films into TV syndication - All other Hollywood majors sell movies market by market to highest bidder = extra money per title - Beginning with independent stations - Bought hundreds of old movies - Show movies all day and night 5. 1961 NBC Saturday Night at the Movies - NBC bought movies for the first time - Paid Fox 100,000/150,000 a title -rights to films increased - Showing Hollywood movies in prime time - Licensing fees ↑ - Lew Wasserman from Universal - NBC will pay close to 1 mil to Universal to make a new movie 6. 1966 BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI - new level in licensing fees, $1 Mio per play; Ford Company bought all the commercial space 7. 1966 World Premiere Made for TV Movies - Melodrama subjects 8. 1971 BRIAN'S SONG - Made for TV Movies comes out - Based on true stories -about current advances (NFL logistics) -issue of race relations 9. 1977 The Mini-series a. Roots from ABC b. Radical programming idea -Roots= 12 hours long, 8 consecutive nights c. Fascination with genealogy & African American history d. By 82-83, so many mini series that weren't that good e. Ratings began to fall off ; became rare f. In 90s, revived by cable TV g. Late 90s, transformation where TV movie & mini-series morphed into cable series - New episodes every week - Things happen, things change 10. Sitcom - New episode every week -no change in things -same actors 11. Mini Series - Told story -beginning, middle, end - Consecutive nights -difference in lengths Filmmakers of the 1940's-1960's Alfred Hitchcock 1899-1980 • 1940 REBECCA • 1943 SHADOW OF A DOUBT • 1945 SPELLBOUND • 1946 NOTORIOUS • 1948 ROPE • 1951 STRANGERS ON A TRAIN • 1954 REAR WINDOW • 1958 VERTIGO • 1959 NORTH BY NORTHWEST • 1960 PSYCHO Vincente Minnelli 1903-1986 • 1944 MEET ME IN ST LOUIS • 1948 THE PIRATE • 1950 FATHER OF THE BRIDE • 1951 AN AMERICAN IN PARIS • 1952 THE BAD & THE BEAUTIFUL • 1953 THE BAND WAGON • 1956 LUST FOR LIFE • 1957 SOME CAME RUNNING • 1958 GIGI Otto Preminger 1906-1986 • 1944 LAURA • 1953 THE MOON IS BLUE • 1955 MAN WITH A GOLDEN ARM • 1959 ANATOMY OF A MURDER • 1960 EXODUS • 1962 ADVISE & CONSENT Billy Wilder 1906 - 2002 • 1944 DOUBLE INDEMNITY • 1945 THE LOST WEEKEND • 1950 SUNSET BLVD • 1955 THE 7 YEAR ITCH • 1957 WITNESS FOR THE PROSECUTION • 1959 SOME LIKE IT HOT • 1960 THE APARTMENT

What defines a "major studio" from a "minor" studio? Name the "Big 5" and the "Little 3." Compare & contrast their structure, types of production, and position.

Major: vertically integrated & had exhibition chains o Biggest productions, oligopoly -consent of degrees = distribution o Paramount Consent Degree: separated studios from theater chains o MGM o Paramount o WB, o 20th Century Fox o RKO Minor: Columbia, UA, Universal o Typically started from poverty row -Columbia stayed on poverty row -Universal moved up o Columbia Made mostly B movies o UA Mainly distribution B movies from Paramount under the table o Universal Specialized in horror movies Hollywood Slump o Making all these changes o Big budget films B films o Had to start selling movies led to conglomerates o EARLY SIXTIES o Changes in production method o Which led to New Hollywood • New Hollywood • First new Hollywood movie: Easy Rider •

Hollywood & Television color

Network TV in the US 1947 1. By 1939 TV was here -RCA set up stations, sold TV sets 2. 1941 as WWII starts, TV is pulled back from being commercialized - Didn't want to waste money on TV - Scramble to develop radar sets, improve TV - After end of WWII in 1947, reauthorized TV = birth of American TV 3. RCA sets up NBC TV network 4. CBS sets up CBS 5. TV more convenient than watching movies 6. TV expands in 1947 cause for drop off of box office: 7. Could only get station license if part of anti-trust [paramount consent decree] - Every Hollywood company could not build up networks and could not get station license due to their indictment in the Anti Sherman Act. Studios Response: 1 Differentiating the Theatrical Product - Black & white TV on small screen, Poor quality sound, and Most TV shows done quick & dirty / low budget - they invented color film (hand-tinting in silent era, color filters in Teens and Twenties, toned stock (effects black part of stock, sepia effect),) 2. Herbert Kalmus founded Technicolor - 2 color Technicolor - dichroic filters - black & white record of green/red light of the film - Kalmus financed first Technicolor film in 1922 "The Toll of the Sea", expensive process so studios oftentimes only filmed one reel in color, so Shown 2~3 movies a year 3. 3 Strip Technicolor - Red, Green, Blue - Split into 3 different color pathways (red, green, blue; negative dye cyan magenta yellow) more complicated - Record each 3 on separate records - Expensive; had to book Technicolor equipment - first feature film Becky Sharp (Rouben Mamoulian, 1934); only small amount of films was made in this format, mostly A movies 1950 Eastman color 1. Shared all their patents - Eastman color negative monopak film produced only 16mm negative - Eastman Kodak & Technicolor agreed that : Technicolor would buy all raw stock; in exchange for Kodak would never release 35 mm to Hollywood . - In 1950, Kodak was free to release 35 mm negative film ; easier to use, use in any camera • 1967 All color films • 1969 TV full color • Chemical Eastman color fades - Like ditransfer prints, fades over time - By 80s/90s. come up with lower fade stocks • Dye transfer Technicolor prints (1934-1974) & B&W negatives do not fade

• Republic • Monogram

Republic 1. Making over 400 movies in classic era 2. Herbert J. Yates founded Republic - Consolidated processed film for low budget film companies • Nat Levine 4. Mascot & Monogram - Eagle 5. "B" Westerns - featuring singing cowboys 6. Serials - From comic books/strips/radio shows - Batman, Zorro, Fu Manchu - Transitioned from Mascot to Republic = The Phantom Empire; made Gene Autry a star - In 1950s, market for B movies/Westerns closes up - Goes back to consolidated film laboratories - John Wayne made films Republic • Gene Autry - Gene Autry made tons of singing cowboy films • Roy Rogers & Dale Evans - Made more cowboy singing • John Wayne • 1949 SANDS OF IWO JIMA • 1952 THE QUIET MAN • Republic Serials Monogram 1. Founded in 1930 by W.Ray Johnston & Trem Carr 2. Lone Star westerns 3. In 1935, turned company over& became part of Republic 4. In 1940, made new Monogram & brought back Trem Carr as head of production 5. The Bowery Boys movies - Comedy gang based on dead end kids of 1930s 6. By 1950s, stop making B movies & becomes distributor of independent foreign productions - Change name to Allied Artists - Distributed Caberet -only film to get academy award nominations 7. PRC - Producers Releasing Corp - As cheap as possible -rip things off of horror/crime films 8. Eagle Lion - Low budget company

The New Hollywood 1972-1985 Distribution, Marketing, Ancillary Markets Marketing to the Modern Audience The Multiplex Home Vido

The New Hollywood 1972-1985 Distribution, Marketing, Ancillary Markets 1972 THE GODFATHER 1. Bestselling novel 2. Return of Hollywood values 3. Popular genre 4. Brando & Pacino 5. Francis Ford Coppola -filmmakers 6. Biggest hit in Paramount history in 2 months The Modern Blockbuster • 1974 THE EXORCIST • 1975 JAWS - played during the summer • 1976 ROCKY • 1977 STAR WARS Marketing to the Modern Audience 1. Advertising - TV commercials - Hollywood switched to TV commercials, right before & on the weekend -effective 2. Distribution - the wide release - the wide release -800 screens, five times as many theaters showing the first run 3. The seasonal release - focus on summer vacation time -target audience is young adults & students -max amount of leisure 4. Quick success 5. Formula: open wide with huge TV advertising The Multiplex 1. Switch from duplex 2 or 3 screen theaters to multiple screens 2. Saturation release - Reach a point where every multiplex in America is showing the film on at least one screen 3. 1977 Star Wars - began on 43, expanded to 1000 screens 4. 1997 Jurassic Park 2 - 5000 screens 5. 2003 Matrix 2 - 8000 screens 6. 2007 Spiderman 3 - 10,000 screens 7. Sundance AMC 11, Fort Worth, TX 1988 8. Made films inescapable of their release -bombarded by TV commercials, they were definitely showing that movie at different times -so easy to see Ancillary Markets - Pay Cable 1. Home Box Office a. founded by Time incorporated -involve cable TV & satellite delivery of programs - Cable only channel -uplinked onto satellite -carried movies were fresher/newer, not interrupted by commercials - Less censorship - Movies from Hollywood 2. 1975 - Satellite distribution nationwide - cable systems carry more TV signals 3. Cable delivered to subscribers - 24 different signals simultaneously 4. NASA sends up satellites -1962 telecommunication -broadcast signals & retransmit them back to the earth 5. Rent time on the satellite Commercial Cable 1. Ted Turner initiated idea 2. 1976 - created The Superstation -- WTBS Atlanta - unlike HBO, build it into basic costs - Need to have a broadcasting station 3. Satellite distributed, cable delivered commercial channel - bonus for cable subscribers, Turner asked for 5-10cents per subscriber, nationwide audience 4. 1977 -- USA Network - Broadcast nowhere in USA -purely for satellite distribution & for cable 5. 1979 -- ESPN - Buy programming that will appeal to that specific demographic that wants to sell to that specific group - Stop with showing different programs at different times to appeal to different audiences - Just sports -auto racing, golf, - Only 1%/2% of the audience, but specific percentage 6. CNN, MTV, TNT, AMC Merchandising 1. Start with Star Wars 1977 -action figures, toothbrush, blankets - 2nd trilogy 2. Shirley Temple dolls in 30s, Mickey Mouse clothing 3. By 1989, wearing movie merchandise 4. Annie of Columbia based by Broadway musicals = Annie dolls 5. Warner Brothers stores -McDonald's w/ happy meal toys Movie & Music 1. 1978: disco -Saturday Night Fever & Grease record albums - Radio stations 2. MTV: music tie to film -music video on film -MTV hitting target demographic with motion lights & sound 3. By mid 80s, every film had musical tie in -release of CD soundtrack: hit songs Home Video 1. 1956 - Videotape introduced - magnetic tape to record TV signal 2. 1968 - Videocassette recorder -VCR 3. 1975 - Betamax; Betamax decision - Sony miniaturized = first home video system a. Sued Sony -Betamax decision: Supreme Court decided video cassette recorders were not purely criminal devices & could be bought & sold b. Hollywood issuing pre-recorded videocassette -$60-80 - Low rates of response 4. 1977 - VHS - and 1977 first videocassette rental store opens in LA - Rented for $1 a night - Rental market exploded - Hollywood drop price of pre recorded to lower than $30 ; $20 = mil of copies by 80s 5. Late 1970's - Prerecorded Videocassettes 6. 1979 - Home video gains market - Passed theatrical market - Videocassettes already got word of mouth after films, ratings 7. 1980's - Video rental store 8. Sell through price point 9. Late 1990's -- DVD 10. 2006 Blu-ray New Hollywood, New Filmmakers • Francis Ford Coppola • Steven Spielberg • George Lucas • Woody Allen • Martin Scorsese 1980's -- The Reagan Era • Formula found • Reintegration & expansion • Multi screen theaters • Successful filmmakers Paramount • 1983 Flashdance • 1984 Beverly Hills Cop • 1986 Top Gun • 1987 Fatal Attraction • Indiana Jones • Friday the 13th - every other Hollywood companies looked what Paramount was doing • Charles Bludhorn 1966-1983 • 1967 - Desilu - Star Trek, Mission Impossible • Martin Davis takes over company in early 80s - redefine conglomerates - Paramount Communications - 1983-1993 • Barry Diller, Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Don Simpson • Synergy: success in one aspect of business exploited in other aspects of your business - Acquire companies' business related to motion picture Global Entertainment Conglomerates 1985 - 2012

The Production Code & Adult Content MPAA Ratings Board The Youth Audience Teen Exploitation Films The Drive-In

The Production Code & Adult Content 1. Films used to be aimed at family - Out to movie theater to see more mature? 2. Geoffrey Shurlock - MPAA - Replaced Hayes & Green 3. 1951 The MIRACLE decision a. US Supreme Court in 19teens, common shows were not entitled to freedom press/speech b. Censoring of film, legality c. US Court reverses decision - The Miracle no longer banned - No longer can federal gov censor movies; still laws about obscenity 4. 1953 THE MOON IS BLUE - Released without production code seal - Sex before marriage; pregnancy 5. 1955 MAN WITH A GOLDEN ARM - Released without production code seal - Heroin addict 6. 1966 End of the Production Code - Hollywood realizes Production code outmoded MPAA Ratings Board 1. Hollywood went to Hayes & manage rating system 2. 1966 Jack Valenti in charge of MPAA; find something accepting to replace MPAA 3. Motion Picture Association of America 4. 1968 Ratings G, PG, R, X 5. 1969 MIDNIGHT COWBOY - Self rated X; wins best picture Oscar 6. 1972 DEEP THROAT - In 1960s Supreme Court had rendered decisions deeming Hard Core Porn legal; new production practices & cheaper cameras - Valenti didn't copywrite the X-Rating (because it would mean infringement of Anti-Trust Act), informal ban: no more x-rated movies because they couldn't be advertised - Hollywood informally decides to no longer produce X rated, reduce to R films after 1975 7. PG13 - In 1980s, Lucas & Spielberg = Indiana Jones - Comes back with R rating - Negotiate w/ ratings board = PG-13 - Violent action, but not level of R rated film - Lord of the Rings 8. NC17 - In 1990s, created NC-17 - Same as X rating, but copyrighted & trademarked - Low budget films 9. 2005 Dan Glickman becomes the head of the MPPA, in 2011 Christopher Dodd takes over The Youth Audience 1. Hollywood redefined audience; lost some to broadcast TV - early 50s had been a difficult time for the radio: business survived by catering to teenage audience - Teenagers & young adults - Post WWII phenomenon 2. 1953 THE WILD ONE - Marlin Brando -1st one pitched clearly to teens w/ motorcycle gangs 3. 1955 REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE - Juvenile teens in high school 4. 1956 BLACKBOARD JUNGLE - Teens in youth gangs revolt in HS 5. 1957 Elvis Presley & Hal Wallis 6. 1963 A HARD DAY'S NIGHT - Beatles' movies 7. Radio & record companies destroyed by TV! - Decided to go after teens with money - Rock & roll music developed to appeal only to teens/young adults - Radio stations only play rock/roll w/ local ads/unscripted - Survived Teen Exploitation Films 1. American International Pictures - 1955 founded by Nicholsen 2. Director was Roger Corman left AIP in 1970s, creates his own studio. - low budget & racy subjects 3. Capitalize on any theme on any youth moment - Hotrod dragsters - Juvenile dilinquents - Werewolf / frankstenstein - Poster art; best part of movie - Profitable 4. By 1960s, surfing, beach party films - Martial arts, kung fu, ninja films 5. Corman leaves in 1970 > New World Pictures 6. 1970s - Revival of slasher genre - Horror films The Drive-In 1. 1932 First Drive-In - New Jersey - Convenient; built in Suburbia -stuff friends in back - Had food sales & candy counters ; extremely popular 2. 1958 4000 Drive-Ins 3. By end of 70s/early 80s - Took up a lot of land - Closed down faster than built 4. SoCal Drive Ins - 107 drive ins at peak in 60s - 10 in 2007

HOLLYWOOD - The Little 3 + • Universal • Columbia • United Artists - they had smaller chains of theaters - They picked up the Horizontal Integration model - They control the Production & Distribution

Universal 1. Carl Laemmle / IMP - founded 1905 - challenged Edison Trust -star system: Florence Laurence 2. 1914 - Universal City - Move to CA to suburbs of Hollywood 3. Carl Laemmle Jr - was 21 and can't be stable the business.(bankrupt) - Carl Laemmle Jr takes over after his dad died at the age of 21 → tries to expand, borrows a lot of money and loses control of the company. 4. Jr made A quality movies and tried to develop, but the period was depression. 5. Sound horror film 6. 1936-Standard Capital - Borrow money - Put money into big projects, but these films fail - Give up company - Claimed by Standard Capital - Now on low budget - Universal Monsters - James Whale - Frankenstein - huge hit - mummy / old dark house Universal - had very few stars under long term contracts to keep the budget down - lots of monster stars - By mid 40s, slipped out of B category • Lon Chaney • Bela Lugosi - • Boris Karloff • Lon Chaney Jr - Wolf man • Deanna Durbin (popular worldwide, teenage singer) • Abbott & Costello (verbal comedians, vaudeville & radio ) - Put them in service comedies in WWII and made films about Abbott and Costello meet Frankenstein (combine two "half-audiences" when popularity is dwindling) Universal Series Films - Using same sets, costumes, performers 1. Sherlock Holmes 2. Ma & Pa Kettle - Played unsophisticated hill-billys -large group of children -uncouth in their ways -Audience was unsophisticated groups = rural folks, suburbs 3. Francis the Talking Mule Universal 1. Universal News - The only news that was free 2. Walter Lantz' Woody Woodpecker - cartoons 3. Serials - low budget (mostly westerns) - Cliffhanger stories -each week, 15 minute chapters of stories = 3 months - pitched at Saturday matinees for kids and rural audiences - Universal made science fiction series with very cheesy special effects 4. All Quiet on the Western Front, first best picture 5. tried to make a new generous of monsters in the 50s but not the same charm (The creature of the black lagoon!!!) 6. In 1999, Remake of the Mummy is a HUGE hit! (Mr. Sommers !) Columbia 1. Started as small B movies - survived the great depression, just kept getting bigger and bigger - Columbia (along with MGM) was the only studio that made money during the depression 2. Harry & Jack Cohn - Worked for Universal -low budget movies, how to make movies, distribute them - Harry Cohn was studio boss -Jack was distributed - Harry borrowed people from other companies - Got together with Joe Grant to distribute low budget films -films cheap, made 3. 1924 - CBC Film Sales Corporation was the predecessor of Columbia 4. Poverty Row - South of Sunset boulevard where there was cheap rentals & office space -low budget companies started at Poverty Row until gain enough money to buy studio lots 5. "B"s, series & serials - Kept few major people under long term contract and paid themselves the lowest executive salaries in Hollywood - Make them short (66 minutes) -made a larger quantity than anybody else - The Lone Wolf, the Crime Doctor, The Whistler, Boston Blackie = series - Did Western series -many Blondie movies - On the Waterfront 6. Lone Wolf, Crime Doctor, The Whistler, Boston Blackie Columbia Jean Arthur Rita Hayworth • Rita Hayworth • Kim Novak • The Three Stooges - (191 short subjects) - Live action short subjects - Under long term contract (stayed for 22 years), made >190 short subjects - Mary, Moe, Curly - Low budget comedy shorts made to fill up the program - Market for theatrical shorts stops (even cartoons and newsreels) by 1950s - Sold The Three Stooges -brought it back - By mid60s, retirement • 1941 His Girl Friday • 1946 The Jolson Story (Biography) • 1954 On The Waterfront Frank Capra 1. had worked for Keystone and Mack Sennett 2. directs dramas and war films at Columbia 3. makes a deal where he gets to make a nice movie with borrowed stars from other studios a year... 4.. Filmmaker that puts Columbia on the map as far as quality movies go 5. Known for its B movies 6. In the early 30s Capra talked Cohn into agreement: let Capra release one big picture a year, borrow one star 7. 1934 It Happened One Night - Made at Columbia - Clark Gable & Claudette Cobert banished to Columbia? - One of the original screwball comedies? - surprise hit? Sweep the Oscars: best actor / actress / feature 8. 1937 Lost Horizon 9. 1938 You Can't Take it With You 10. 1939 Mr Smith Goes to Washington (Capra came to become the most well known filmmaker in Hollywood) 11. "sleeper hit": comes in by stealth; a low budget film that nobody thinks will know anything that becomes a big hit The Columbia Ranch in Burbank, 1953 United Artists • 1919 - Distribution of Independent Production (no block booking) • Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, D.W. Griffith • Joseph Schenck, Gloria Swanson, Buster Keaton, Samuel Goldwyn, David Selznick, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Alexander Korda - Only have the problem about product - By 30s/40s, most left for other studios - Only one to lose money during WWII - Took movies from Paramount under the table - Gun Crazy: low budget crime film - Charlie Chaplin in the Gold Rush

Viacom Paramount - CBS Fox - News Corp

Viacom Paramount - CBS 1. 1993 Sumner Redstone's Viacom (commercially sponsored cable network) acquires Paramount was part of cbs syndicate the programs 2. Came into cable tv nickelodeon 3. 1995 UPM Network - buys the upn network and buys cbs 4. 1999 acquires CBS - They became too large and afterhte dotcom bust, the stock prices became high and the prices became way to high and the stock holders were turned off 5. 2006 January- split into 2 companies to better exploit stock values - CBS Corp = CBS, CW TV net, Paramount TV -TV assets of Paramount - Vitacom cable nets, Paramount pictures -owns cable TV possessions & motion picture producer distributor companies 6. Works w/ others - Kung Fu Panda, Rango, Thor, Transformers, Hugo 7. Relationship with Dreamworks - Created by Spielberg, Geffen, Katzenberg 1994 - 1998 Saving Private Ryan - 1999 american beauty - I like this film :DDDD - 2000 Gladiator - Dreamworks animation - 2001 Shrek, 2004 Shrek 2 - 2006 Paramount acquires Dreamworks Fox - News Corp 1. Rupert Murdoch = modern global entertainment conglomerate 2. News Corp 1984-present Rupert Murdoch ausie would then move corp to television 3. 1986 Fox TV Network a. Everyone laughed: dumb move; broadcast TV audience was dwindling to cable TV -3 competitors NBC, CBS, ABC etc b. Turn it around: revitalized prime time animation, raunchy - married with children -Simpsons c. Make shows really cheap 1987 = America's Most Wantedwanted to make a show really cheap but got in viewers. FREE PUBLICITY d. COPS - VERY CHEAP SHOW - SOOOO CHEAP - Tabloid & reality TV - Free publicity throughout news media & US promoting the show e. Game shows 1999 - Who Wants to be a Millionaire -strung across consecutive nights to excite audience - Same sets, same hosts -people volunteer, don't have to pay for talent - Negative: not repeatable or returnable - By 2001 ratings drop f. Reality Programs - Survival shows -cliffhanger endings OMG g. American Idol - Low cost music contest w/ amateurs -show business - After 10 years, finally drops in the ratings free publicity - Dancing with the Stars 4. Star Wars -humongous hits 5. Slum dog Millionaire -synergy w/ movie & game show