ANAT 1 LECTURE EXAM 3

Ganglia are clusters of myelinated axons and dendrites

FALSE

Myelin is a combination of a sugar and a protein.

FALSE

Otoliths help in detecting light intensity.

FALSE

The Lens regulates the amount of light that enters the eyeball.

FALSE

The bony labyrinth is found inside the epitympanic recess.

FALSE

The brachial plexus gives rise to the sciatic nerve.

FALSE

The hippocampus functions primarily in emotional response.

FALSE

The iris focuses light that hits the retina.

FALSE

The lateral rectus attaches to the retina.

FALSE

The limbic system is the main site of memory functions.

FALSE

The oculomotor nerves cross at the optic chiasma.

FALSE

The vitreous humor fills the anterior chamber of the eyeball.

FALSE

No neurons are capable of regeneration via cell division once a person is about two years of age.

FALSE Olfactory neurons are capable of cell division. No others are.

Action potentials can travel at speeds around 2 mph in unmyelinated tissue.

TRUE

Axon hillocks contain abundant organelles and Nissl bodies.

TRUE

Cones detect red, green and blue wavelengths of light.

TRUE

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system.

TRUE

Golgi tendon receptors detect mechanical strain in muscles and associated tissues.

TRUE

Inhibitory impulses tell a neuron not to "relay the message".

TRUE

Reverbrating neural circuits can act like timers or pacemakers.

TRUE

Serotonin is synthesized in the Intestines and acts upon the brain.

TRUE

The Lumbar plexus gives rise to the femoral nerve.

TRUE

The fovea centralis is an area of heightened visual acuity.

TRUE

The reticular activating system is important in maintaining consciousness.

TRUE

4) Which of the following doesn't belong? a) Schwann cell. b) ependymal cell. c) oligodendrocyte. d) astrocyte. e) microglia.

a) Schwann cell. - Schwann cell, also called neurilemma cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them in the 19th century. - The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells called ependymocytes, a type of glial cell. These cells line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These are nervous tissue cells with a ciliated simple columnar shape much like that of some mucosal epithelial cells. - Oligodendrocyte, a type of neuroglia found in the central nervous system of invertebrates and vertebrates that functions to produce myelin, an insulating sheath on the axons of nerve fibres. ... In the peripheral nervous system, neuroglia that are equivalent to oligodendrocytes are called Schwann cells. - Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow. To perform these roles, there is a great variety of astrocytes. - Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for 10-15% of all cells found within the brain. As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS).

25) Basal nuclei: a) are areas of grey matter within the cerebral medulla. b) are areas of white matter within the cerebral cortex. c) are myelinated tracts within the medulla oblongata. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

a) are areas of grey matter within the cerebral medulla. - The Basal Ganglia. The basal ganglia consists of a number of subcortical nuclei. The grouping of these nuclei is related to function rather than anatomy - its components are not part of a single anatomical unit, and are spread deep within the brain.

28) Which of the following does not belong? a) cerebellum. b) frontal lobe. c) occipital lobe. d) parietal lobe. e) temporal lobe.

a) cerebellum. -The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres which are connected by the vermis, a narrow midline area. Like other structures in the central nervous system, the cerebellum consists of grey matter and white matter: Grey matter - located on the surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex.

29) The cerebellum: a) controls muscular coordination. b) is known as the visual cortex. c) includes Broca's region. d) contains the pineal gland. e) none of the above.

a) controls muscular coordination. - The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

31) Which of the following does not belong? a) cranial nerves. b) diencephalon. c) cerebellum. d) medulla oblongata. e) cerebrum.

a) cranial nerves. - Your cranial nerves are pairs of nerves that connect your brain to different parts of your head, neck, and trunk. ... Sensory nerves are involved with your senses, such as smell, hearing, and touch. Motor nerves control the movement and function of muscles or glands.

12) Monosynaptic reflexes: a) do not require an interneuron. b) may involve multiple effectors on both sides of the body. c) involve only one interneuron. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

a) do not require an interneuron. - Reflexes, or reflex actions, are involuntary, almost instantaneous movements in response to a specific stimulus. Reflex arcs that contain only two neurons, a sensory and a motor neuron, are considered monosynaptic. Examples of monosynaptic reflex arcs in humans include the patellar reflex and the Achilles reflex.

32) Sensory impulses: a) enter the spinal cord at the posterior side. b) travel through efferent neurons. c) never travel through bipolar neurons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

a) enter the spinal cord at the posterior side. - A sensory neuron transmits impulses from a receptor, such as those in the eye or ear, to a more central location in the nervous system, such as the spinal cord or brain. A motor neuron transmits impulses from a central area of the nervous system to...

6) The parasympathetic nervous system: a) is known as the "housekeeping nervous system". b) "is known as the fight or flight" system. c) is under voluntary control. d) uses the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. e) none of the above.

a) is known as the "housekeeping nervous system". - The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes called the rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

21) The conjunctiva: a) is lubricated with lacrimal secretion. b) lines the inner ear cavity. c) contains the rods and cones. d) forms the cilary muscle. e) none of the above.

a) is lubricated with lacrimal secretion. - The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the visible portion of the eyeball except the cornea (the transparent part of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil). Each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a...

13) Gray matter: a) is unmyelinated. b) consists mostly of axons and dendrites. c) forms most of the thalamus. d) all of the above. e) none of the above

a) is unmyelinated. - Grey matter. ... Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.

24) The pia mater: a) contains blood vessels. b) Is the innermost meningeal layer. c) contains epidural fat deposits. d) drains into the Circle of Willis. e) all of the above.

b) Is the innermost meningeal layer. - The pia mater is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid....

35) The superior colliculi: a) control heart rate reflexes. b) are a part of the corpora quadrigemmina. c) form a part of the forebrain. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

b) are a part of the corpora quadrigemmina. - The superior colliculus is a layered, multi-sensory structure. Its upper layer receives visual signals from the retina of the eye, while the lower layers process multiple signals from various other parts of the brain. This colliculus is not restricted to a visual role alone.

30) Commissural fibers: a) connect different regions within the cerebrum. b) connect the right and left halves of the cerebrum. c) connect the cerebrum to the thalamus. d) connect the medulla oblongata to the spinal cord. e) none of the above.

b) connect the right and left halves of the cerebrum. - The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In contrast to commissural fibers, association fibers connect regions within the same hemisphere of the brain, and projection fibers connect each region to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord.

33) The corpus callosum: a) is one of the basal nuclei. b) connects the cerebral hemispheres. c) contains the choroid plexus. d) connects the pons with the hypothalamus. e) all of the above.

b) connects the cerebral hemispheres. - Corpus Callosum. The corpus callosum is a large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. It is an incredibly important structural and functional part of the brain. It allows us to perceive depth and enables the two sides of our brain to communicate.

20) The semicircular canals: a) amplify sound. b) detect rotational motion of the head. c) tell the brain the orientation of all the muscles. d) produce lacrimal fluid. e) open into the conjunctiva.

b) detect rotational motion of the head. - Your semicircular canals are three tiny, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help you keep your balance. When your head moves around, the liquid inside the semicircular canals sloshes around and moves the tiny hairs that line each canal.

26) The postcentral gyrus: a) is known as the primary motor cortex. b) forms the anterior edge of the parietal lobes. c) is the source of somatic motor output. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

b) forms the anterior edge of the parietal lobes. - The postcentral gyrus is located in the parietal lobe of the human cortex and is the primary somatosensory region of the human brain. This is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system.

16) The cilary muscle: a) protects the tympanic membrane. b) inserts on the lens. c) rotates the eyeball to the left. d) hooks through the trochlea. e) originates on the medial side of the orbit.

b) inserts on the lens. - Ciliary muscle: A circular muscle that relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing. The zonules are fibers that hold the lens suspended in position and enable it to change shape during accommodation.

37) The conus medullaris: a) forms the anterior part of the diencephalon. b) is typically found between the 12th Thoracic and 3rd Lumbar vertebrae. c) contains the nuclei that control visual and auditory reflexes. d) coordinates somatic motor output. e) none of the above.

b) is typically found between the 12th Thoracic and 3rd Lumbar vertebrae. - The conus medullaris (Latin for "medullary cone") or conus terminalis is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower.

39) The Occipital lobe: a) is where language function is processed. b) is where visual input is processed. c) is where autonomic functions are coordinated. d) regulates heart rate. e) regulates breathing rate.

b) is where visual input is processed. - The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one).

34) Which of the following does not belong?: a) Pons. b) neurohypophysis. c) pyramids. d) olive. e) decussating tracts.

b) neurohypophysis. - The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary.

22) Olfactory neurons: a) can't regenerate via mitosis. b) occur in several thousand different forms. c) synapse with motor neurons. d) are part of the central nervous system. e) all of the above.

b) occur in several thousand different forms. - The olfactory receptor neurons are incorporated into a limited region of the nasal epithelium in the superior nasal cavity. Anatomy of the Structures Involved in Smell (Olfaction). The olfactory bulb (1) contains mitral cells (2) that receive information from the olfactory cells (6).

2) The peripheral nervous system: a) includes the spinal cord. b) includes the medulla oblongata. c) includes 12 pair of cranial nerves. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

c) includes 12 pair of cranial nerves. - The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin.

5) Viscero-motor neurons: a) are a part of the somatic-motor nervous system. b) function only in the sympathetic nervous system. c) innervate the organs of the GI tract d) innervate skeletal muscle tissue. e) all of the above.

c) innervate the organs of the GI tract - Visceral efferent neurons are motor neurons that conduct impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands. ... Visceral efferent 1 (also called the preganglionic neuron) is a multipolar neuron that begins in the gray matter of the spinal cord, which is where its cell body is located.

11) The somatic sensory system: a) receives input from the visceral organs. b) is a part of the autonomic nervous system. c) involves the special senses. d) sends action potentials to the prefrontal cortex. e) none of the above.

c) involves the special senses. - The somatosensory system is the part of the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia.

9) Your evil lab instructor turned you into a membrane depolarization. Which of the following is the proper sequence of structures that you would see as you originate a reflex arc?: a) receptor, sensory neuron, effector, motor neuron, interneuron. b) effector, receptor, interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron. c) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector. d) interneuron, effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron. e) sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector, receptor.

c) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector. - A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord.

Gustation

chemoreceptor required for this

Astrocytes

component of blood brain barrier

19) The auditory ossicles: a) attach to the tympanic membrane. b) attach to the cochlear window. c) help amplify sound waves. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

d) all of the above. - The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. Part of: Middle ear

3) Motor neurons: a) carry action potentials from the brain. b) innervate muscles and glands. c) are also called efferent neurons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

d) all of the above. - A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.

38) The hypothalamus : a) controls the pituitary gland(s). b) has some control over temperature regulation. c) is inferior to the thalamus. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

d) all of the above. - Hypothalamus, region of the brain lying below the thalamus and making up the floor of the third cerebral ventricle. ... The hypothalamus contains a control centre for many functions of the autonomic nervous system, and it has effects on the endocrine system because of its complex interaction with the pituitary gland.

8) Nerves: a) may be 50% or more connective tissue. b) contain mostly axons and dendrites. c) are not supposed to be found in the central nervous system. d) all of the above. e) none of the above

d) all of the above. - Image result for what are nerves in anatomy Nerves are bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that act as information highways to carry signals between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Each axon is wrapped in a connective tissue sheath called the endoneurium.

40) Ventricles: a) are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. b) are lined by ependymal cells. c) contain choroid plexuses. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

d) all of the above. - The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF.

23) The dural sinuses: a) surround the spinal cord. b) contain the choroid plexus. c) produce cerebrospinal fluid. d) empty into the veins. e) none of the above.

d) empty into the veins. - The Dural Venous Sinuses. The dural venous sinuses are spaces between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura. They contain venous blood that originates for the most part from the brain or cranial cavity. The sinuses contain an endothelial lining that is continuous into the veins that are connected to them.

17) The cornea: a) enhances visual acuity. b) is made of tough connective tissue. c) contains the photoreceptors. d) is located in front of the anterior chamber. e) none of the above.

d) is located in front of the anterior chamber. - The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power.

15) The scala vestibuli: a) forms the tectorial membrane. b) is lined with hair cells. c) opens into the round window. d) opens into the oval window. e) none of the above.

d) opens into the oval window. - The vestibular duct or scala vestibuli is a perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct.

7) Epineurium a) is made of areolar connective tissue. b) encloses individual nerve fibers. c) encloses a fasciculus d) surrounds the entire nerve. e) none of the above.

d) surrounds the entire nerve. - The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It usually surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve.

Pacinian Corpuscle

deep pressure receptor

Cones

detects red/green/blue color

1) Bipolar Neurons: a) comprise about 20% of all neurons. b) are typically motor neurons. c) are found in the cochlea. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above. - A bipolar neuron or bipolar cell, is a type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite). Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

18) Aqueous humor: a) can develop tears and cracks with age. b) has a jelly-like texture. c) fills the posterior chamber of the eye. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above. - The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens.

36) The inferior colliculi: a) control visual reflexes. b) are a part of the cerebellum. c) form a part of the hindbrain. d) is a midsagittally located flap of connective tissue. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above. - The inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin for lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex.

27) The precentral gyrus: a) is known as the somatic sensory cortex. b) forms the anterior edge of the occipital lobe. c) is where cutaneous sensory input is processed. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above. - The precentral gyrus, which may also be called the primary motor area or, most commonly, the motor strip is immediately anterior to the central sulcus. ... The premotor area or supplemental motor area is immediately anterior to the motor strip. It is responsible for the programming for motor movements.

14) White matter: a) is associated with interneurons. b) forms most of the cerebral cortex. c) is associated with clusters of cell bodies. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above. - White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts. ... However, the tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries.

10) Which of the following doesn't belong? a) Nissl bodies. b) axon hillock. c) presynaptic bulb. d) axon terminal. e) tectorial membrane.

e) tectorial membrane. - A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis. - at a region called the axon hillock, or initial segment. This is the region where the plasma membrane generates nerve impulses; the axon conducts these impulses away from the soma or dendrites toward other neurons. - The presynaptic axon terminal, or synaptic bouton, is a specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called synaptic vesicles (as well as a number of other supporting structures and organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic ... - Axon terminals are that part of a nerve cell that make synaptic connections with another nerve cell or with an effector cell (e.g. muscle cell or gland cell). Axon terminals contain various neurotransmitters and release them at the synapse. - The tectorial membrane (TM) is an extracellular connective tissue that covers the mechanically-sensitive hair bundles of the sensory receptor cells in the inner ear. It occupies a strategic position, playing a key role in transforming sound to mechanical stimulation.

Ependymal Cells

lines the ventricles

Schwann Cells

myelinates nerves

Oligodendrocytes

myelinates tracts

Nociceptor

pain and temperature

Microglia

phagocytizes stuff.

Hair Cells

really delicate mechanoreceptor