anat final
The level at which a ___ develops is retained in its dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome throughout life.
Somite
What reinforces the plantar aponeurosis?
Superficial transverse metatarsal ligament
Which transversospinalis muscles reach their insertion point after spanning 4
6 vertebral segments? - Semispinalis
Which transversospinales muscle reaches its insertion point after spanning 4
6 vertebral segments? - Semispinalis capitis
the triangle of auscultation is found at what intercostal space?
6th
What does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?
Levator Scapulae, rhomboids major and minor
Which muscle receives its Innervation from a dorsal Ramus?
Longissimus Thoracis
what is the fusion of S1 into L5?
Lumbarization
Which layer of the Thoracolumbar fascia attaches to the tips of the lumbar transverse process?
Middle layer
Rapid cell division is called ____ and it begins 30 hours after fertilization of ____
Mitosis, zygote
When you have enough blastomeres, the zygote is then called a what?
Morula
What structure is situated on the anterior aspect of the iliocostalis lumborum muscle?
Multifidus
Which bones are part of the midfoot?
Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiform
what is the innervation of superior gemellus?
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
what is the innervation of the inferior gemellus?
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
The ___ degenerates as the vertebral bodies form, but portions will persist as the ____ of the intervertebral discs
Notochord, nucleus pulposus
What is the action of the levator scapulae on the cervical spine when it contracts unilaterally with the scapula fixed?
Retract scapula and rotate glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
What is innervated by dorsal scapular? Spinal levels?
Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid Major, Levator Scapulae. Spinal levels: C4-C5
What nerve innervates the whole posterior leg? What muscles is the one exception? What innervates that muscle?
Tibial nerve (L4/S3); Short head of biceps femoris; common fibular nerve
What is the name of the other tib/fib articulation?
Tibial articular facet of the fibula is distal
All of the hamstring muscles are innervated by which nerve?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
What is the innervation of the long head of biceps femoris?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
What nerve innervates the posterior leg with spinal levels?
Tibial nerve (L4-S3)
the z joints are innervated by what branch of the posterior rami?
medial branch of the posterior ramus
what is the innervation of zygapophyisal joints?
medial branch of the posterior ramus
Inferomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa
medial head of gastrocnemius
What is the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?
medial head of gastrocnemius
the tibial nerve gives off?
medial sural cutaneous nerve
What are the fused spinous processes of the sacrum called?
median sacral crest
Which are part of the forefoot?
metatarsals and phalanges
which 2 nerves did not arise from the ventral rami?
middle and superior gluteal n.
what structure is immediately anterior to the iliocostalis lumborum m.?
middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
2nd layer of the foot:
quadratus plantae, lumbricals, tendon of flexor digitorum long and flexor hallucis longus
what are the intermediate back muscles?
serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
what ligament runs on the spinous processes of C7 to the sacrum?
supraspinous ligament
the common fibular nerve gives off?
sural communicating nerve
the small saphenous vein runs along the posterior aspect of the leg with?
sural nerve
how many processes make up a typical vertebra?
1 spinous 2 transverse 4 articular
which thoracic vertebrae have full costal facets?
1, 10, 11, 12
The lateral plantar nerve provides cutaneous innervation of the skin over the lateral digits (number of digits)
1.5
what length of the vertebral column is due to the IVDs?
1/4
which thoracic vertebrae lack transverse costal facets?
11, 12
The ovum is ovulated on what day of a woman's cycle?
14th
How many bones are in the foot?
26
What is the innervation of the serratus posterior superior?
2nd-5th intercostal nerves
the vertebral column is made up of?
33 vertebrae: -7 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -4 coccygeal
How many genicular arteries are there? What do they do?
4 (superior medial, superior lateral, inferior medial, inferior lateral). when the knee is bent the popliteal artery is blocked so the genicular arteries provide an avenue for blood to continue to flow
what is the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior?
9-11 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve
Which plantar foot muscle is most lateral?
Abductor digiti minimi
What is in the 1st layer of the foot?
Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis
Which plantar foot muscle is most medial?
Abductor hallucis
What muscles are innervated by medial plantar nerve?
Abductor hallucis, first 2 lumbricals, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis
Which ligament attaches the Odontoid process to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum?
Alar ligament
What dorsal primary rami division is larger.. anterior or posterior?
Anterior
Which compartment of the thigh contains the muscles that extend the knee and flex the hip?
Anterior
Which nerves innervated the zygapophyseal joints?
Articular branches of the dorsal rami
What nerve innervates the anterior leg and spinal levels?
Deep fibular nerve (L5-S2)
Where do the interossei muscles insert?
Bases of the proximal phalanges
Where is the retrocalcaneal tendon?
Between the calcaneal tendon and the calcaneus
Where is the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa?
Between the skin and the calcaneal tendon
What is the blood supply to the hamstrings?
Branches of the profunda femoris and popliteal arteries
The syncytiotrophoblast produces enzymes that allow the endometrium
Blastocyst
The fluid filled cavity begins to form during blastogenesis
Blastocystic cavity
On which structure is the sacral promontory found?
Body of S1
What vertebra lacks a spinous process but has an anterior and posterior arch that have anterior and posterior tubercles?
C1
At which vertebral level does the PLL become the tectorial membrane?
C2
What atypical vertebra has the dens and a larger bifid spinous process?
C2
the greater occipital nerve is what spinal level?
C2
dermatomes to know
C2 back of head T4-6 nipple T10 umbilicus L4 knee S1 lateral aspect of foot S2 heel
which cervical vertebrae have bifid spinous processes?
C2-C6
What is the pain and proprioception innervation to the trap? Motor innervation?
C3 and C4 spinal nerves; Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
what are the typical cervical vertebrae?
C3-C6
what spinal level does the vertebral artery enter the transverse foramen?
C6
What is the most prominent SP?
C7
what vertebra has the longest spinous process?
C7
what spinal nerve exits below C7?
C8
Which bones are part of the hindfoot?
Calcaneus and Talus
Which AP curvature(s) develop postnatally (Choose all that apply)
Cervical, Lumbar
what is the largest coccygeal bone?
Co1
What is the innervation of the short head of biceps femoris?
Common fibular division of sciatic Nerve
What anatomical plane is the superior costal facet of T12?
Coronal plane
The trophoblast will proliferate rapidly and differentiate into what two layers? Which is most inner and which is most outer?
Cytotrophoblast is the inner layer, syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer
Which nerves innervate the zygapophyseal joints?
DPR
What is the innervation of the adductor hallucis?
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
What is morphogenesis and when does it begin?
Development of the body form; gastrulation
Cutaneous innervation over the lateral malleolus?
Dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve of the foot
By the end of the 1st week, the blastocyst is superficially plated in the?
Endometrium
The ____ becomes the ectoderm, migrating epiblastic cells become the _, and the hypoblast becomes the ____.
Epiblast, mesoderm, endoderm
The myotome cells split into two parts. What are they and what do they form?
Epimere: dorsal mass which forms the deep back muscles and Dorsal rami, Hypomere: ventral mass which gives rise to the trunk, limb, and superficial muscles, Ventral rami
What is the most superior attachment of the nuchal ligament?
External occipital protuberance (EOP)
T/F: the median sacral crest represents the fused reduced spinous processes of all 5 sacral vertebrae.
FALSE (first 3 sacral SP)
T/F: The inferior gemellus is innervated by the nerve to the obturator interns
FALSE (n. to quadratus femoris)
T/F: the ischiocrural muscles are all innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve
FALSE (tibial and common fibular n)
T/F the sciatic nerve passes medial to the ischial tuberosity
FALSE (laterally)
T/F the piriformis is innervated by the sciatic nerve
FALSE (superior gluteal nerve)
The femoral nerve travels through the femoral sheath
False (Femoral a. And v. NOT the n. Travel through it.)
T/F: the fibular artery begins posterior and then travels lateral
False; the fibular artery stays posterior, but it has branches that provide to the lateral side of the leg
What are the compartments of the thigh formed by?
Femoral attachments of the fascia lata
What are the five bands of the plantar aponeurosis continuous with?
Fibrous digital sheaths
What are the branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Fibular artery, Lateral plantar artery, Medial plantar artery
What is in the 3rd layer of the foot?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Flexor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis (7; transverse and oblique)
To which Osseous structure does the latissimus Dorsi insert?
Floor of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Features found on the T12 vertebrae
Full costal facets, inferior articular facets oriented in the Sagittal plane, superior articular facets orientated in the coronal plane
Plantarflexors of the foot?
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris, Tibialis Posterior. Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Digitorum Profundus
What arteries supply the patella? What are they a direct branch of?
Genicular arteries, popliteal artery
Which muscle originates from the sacrotuberous ligament and the erector spinae aponerosis?
Gluteus Maximus
Which muscle(s) is/are supplied by superior and inferior gluteal arteries?
Gluteus Maximus, Piriformis
What muscles are capable of laterally rotating the thigh?
Gluteus Maximus, Piriformis, Quadratus Femoris, Obturator internus, Inferior Gemellus, Superior Gemellus
Which muscle(s) insert on the iliotibial band?
Gluteus Maximus, Tensor Fascia Lata
What muscles are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, Tensor Fascia Lata
What vein travels down the anteromedial aspect of the thigh, then posterior to the popliteal fossa, then anterior again?
Great Saphenous vein
Which nerve provides cutaneous Innervation to the skin over the EOP?
Greater occipital nerve
what is the fusion of L5 into the sacrum?
Hemisacrilization
The layer of cells that face the blastocystic cavity is what?
Hypoblast
what structures make up a zygapophyseal joint?
Inferior articular processes of the superior vertebrae; Superior articular processes of the inferior vertebrae
Which cutaneous gluteal nerve/s are ventral rami?
Inferior cluneal nerve
What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
The great toe (hallux) lacks which phalange(s)?
Intermediate
Which of the following is not characteristic of a synovial joint?
Interosseous membrane
What is the innervation of the lumbricals of the foot?
Ist: medial plantar nerve, 2nd-4th: lateral plantar nerve
at what spinal level does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
what are the spinal levels for the tibial n?
L4-S3
what are the spinal levels of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
Most common spinal level for a herniation?
L4/L5
Choose the correct Dermatome for the 1st webspace of the Dorsum of the foot?
L5
what is the largest vertebra?
L5
What is the origin of the plantaris muscle?
Lateral epicondyle of femur
What vein drains into the vein that runs with the sural nerve?
Lateral marginal vein of the foot
If you are experiencing paresthesia of the lateral part of the leg which nerve is affected?
Lateral sural cutaneous n
On the lateral side of the leg, the cutaneous innervation is from what? What is this a branch off of?
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve; common fibular nerve
What compartment of the thigh contains the muscles that adduct and help flex the hip?
Medial
What two arteries branch off of the profunda femoris artery?
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
The intercondylar eminence of the tibia is between what two areas of the tibia?
Medial and lateral tibial plateaus
What cutaneous nerve is most medial in the back?
Medial branch of DPR
On the inside of the foot/ankle, what vein drains into the great saphenous vein?
Medial marginal vein
What nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the medial 3 1/2 toes of the foot?
Medial plantar nerve
Which nerve and artery are most distal within the foot?
Medial plantar nerve and artery
Where is the adductor tubercle located?
Medial side of the medial femoral condyle
The biceps femoris travels from ____ to ____.
Medial to lateral
Which joint includes the articular facet of the dens?
Median Atlanto-axial joint
This is composed of loosely packed, undifferentiated cells
Mesenchyme
The notochord is derived from
Mesoderm
Which muscle forms the infernolateral boundary of the Suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
What muscle originates on the ventral aspect of the sacrum?
Piriformis
Which structure travels deep to the long plantar ligament?
Plantar Calcanealcuboid (Short Plantar) Ligament
What in in the 4th layer of the foot?
Plantar interossei, Dorsal interossei, Tendon of tibialis posterior, Tendon of fibularis longus
From which structure does the Fibular artery arise?
Popliteal artery
The small saphenous vein drains into what?
Popliteal vein
The ____ vein becomes the ____ vein after exiting the adductor hiatus
Popliteal; femoral
Which compartment of the thigh contains the muscles that flex the knee and extend the hip?
Posterior
The cutaneous innervation of the posterior thigh is what?
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
The fibular artery is a branch off of what artery?
Posterior tibial artery
Where does the fibular artery arise from?
Posterior tibial artery
Insertion of splenius capitis?
Posterior tubercles of TPs of C1-C3
What is the origin of the plantar aponeurosis?
Posteriorly from the calcaneus
How does IT band stabilize the knee?
Prevents translation of the femur on the tibia
What is the name of the vein that travels with the profunda femoris artery?
Profunda femoris vein
Is the fibular articular facet of the tibia distal or proximal on the tibia?
Proximal
Muscles that attach to the ischial tuberosity?
Quadratus Femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris-Long head, Inferior Gemelli
What is in the 2nd layer of the foot?
Quadratus plantae, Lumbricals, Tendon of flexor digitorum longus, Tendon of flexor hallucis longus
Which muscle arises from the posterior tubercle of C1?
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Which muscle(s) arise(s) from the posterior tubercle of C1?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
what muscle connects SP to TP 2 below?
Rotatores longus
what is the dermatome of the lateral aspect of the foot?
S1
What is the dermatome for the heel?
S2
What gives cutaneous innervation over the medial malleolus?
Saphenous nerve
What is the cutaneous innervation of the medial aspect of the leg?
Saphenous nerve
Migrating ____ cells form the vertebral bodies, and while this is going on the ____ is degenerating
Sclerotomal, notochord
Abduction of the digits in the foot is with respect to the
Second
Name the ischiocrural muscles from medial to lateral
Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris long head, Biceps femoris short head
What hamstring muscle is most medial?
Semitendinosus
Which hamstring muscle has the most medial attachment on the tibia?
Semitendinosus
What osseous structure sits under the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Sesmoid bones
Which muscles contribute to the extension of the head and neck?
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Which back muscle has the superior attachment at the similar location on the same vertebrae to the Levator scapula?
Splenius cervicis
Which nerve provides motor Innervation to the suboccipital muscles?
Suboccipital Nerve
Which nerve provides motor Innervation for the suboccipital muscles?
Suboccipital nerve
What is the blood supply of the trapezius muscle?
Superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery
What nerve innervates the lateral leg with spinal levels?
Superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)
The plantar aponeurosis is reinforced by what ligament that runs perpendicular with five band
Superficial transverse metatarsal ligament
Spinal levels of the superior and inferior gluteal nerves.
Superior gluteal nerve: L4-S1, inferior gluteal nerve: L5-52
What is the main function of plantar foot muscles?
Support of stance and maintaining arch of the foot
Cutaneous innervation over the calcaneal region?
Sural nerve
What produces human chorionic gonadotrophing (hCG)?
Synciciotrophoblast
Which vertebrae have costal demi facets?
T1 & T9
what are the typical thoracic vertebrae?
T2-T8
the 3rd rib articulates with the superior costal demifacet of _____ and the inferior demifacet of ___?
T3, T2
Where are the splenius capitus and splenius cervicis seperated?
T4
Gastrulation is what?
The formation of 3 germ layers
Where do fractures of the femur typically occur?
The neck
Muscles that are innervated by the deep Fibular nerve?
Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Fibular Tertius, Extensor Digitorum Brevis, Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Which muscle is more anterior after it passes through the distal end of the flexor retinaculum?
Tibialis posterior
What is the origin of adductor hallucis?
Transverse head: plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of 3rd-5th digits, Oblique head: bases of the 2nd-4th metatarsals
What are the borders of the triangle of auscultation?
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major
Name all of the muscles that attach to the nuchal ligament.
Trapezius, rhomboid minor, splenius capitis, serratus posterior superior
From which structure do the three embryonic germ layers form?
Trilaminar embryonic disc
The blastomere separates into two parts. The ____ gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta, and the ____ gives rise to the embryo.
Trophoblast, embryoblast
T/F the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles would most likely be weakened due to a posterolateral herniation of the L4/L5 disc?
True
T/F the spinalis muscles have distal and proximal attachments to spinous processes.
True
T/F: The medial and lateral condyles of the femur are articular surfaces.
True
T/F the gluteus maximus muscle does not insert onto the greater trochanter of the femur.
True (IT band and gluteal tuberosity on posterior femoral surface)
T/F: All hamstring muscles are ischiocrural muscles, but not all ischiocrural muscles are hamstring muscles.
True, biceps femoris short head is not a hamstring muscle but still is considered an ischiocrural muscle
The morula enters the ____ 4 days after fertilization.
Uterus
What type of innervation does the lumbar plexus provide?
VPR
Which spinal levels contribute to the lumbar plexus?
Ventral Rami L1-L4
The sclerotome cells migrate to form the
Vertebrae and ribs
What is innervated by the medial branch of dorsal primary rami?
Z joints, Dorsal cutaneous innervation of back (skin)
1st Layer of the foot:
abductor hallucis, abductor digiti mini, flexor digitorum brevis
what are found of the posterior aspect of the transverse process of the lumbar spine?
accessory process
What the opening in the adductor magnus muscle that allows vessels of the anterior thigh to communicate with the posterior thigh?
adductor hiatus
what structure does the femoral artery pass through to reach the posterior aspect of the leg? what does it become?
adductor hiatus; popliteal artery
what muscle contains the adductor hiatus?
adductor magnus
what attaches the cranium to C1? what does it prevent?
alar ligaments; excessive rotation
what is the superficial part of the IVD?
annulus fibrosis
what ligament is found on the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies? what does it limit?
anterior longitudinal ligament; limits extension of the spine
what br of the popliteal artery pierces the interosseous membrane and supplies blood to the anterior aspect of the leg?
anterior tibial artery
what muscles attach to the nuchal ligament?
any structure that attaches to SP of cervical vertebrae. trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis
Where does the ilium articulate with the sacrum?
auricular surface on lateral aspect
The median Atlanto
axial joint is an example of what joint. - Pivot
from which vertebral level does the C7 spinal nerve emerge?
below C6
Superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa
biceps femoris
What is the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
which muscle forms the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
which muscle receives its innervation from the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve?
biceps femoris (short head)
what muscles make up the hamstrings?
biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
What muscle of the posterior thigh does not originate from the ischial tuberosity?
biceps femurs short head (lateral lip of line aspera)
what is the correct articular facet orientation for the 9th thoracic vertebra?
both facets are oriented in the coronal plane
what contributes to the curvatures of the following areas? cervical, thoracic/sacral, lumbar
cervical - disc thoracic/sacral - vertebral body lumbar - both
what are the 2 secondary lordotic curvatures?
cervical and lumbar
which of the AP spinal curvatures are classified as lordotic?
cervical and lumbar
What is the short head of the biceps femoris innervated by?
common fibular division of sciatic nerve
what innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular n
the anterior tibial artery travels distally to make up the?
dorsal pedis
the deep fibular nerve is situated medial to
extensor hallucis brevis
T/F the median sacral crest represents the fused reduces SP of all 5 sacral vertebrae?
false, 5 is hiatus
the IVD's are made of what type of cartilage?
fibrocartilage
which muscle inserts onto the base of the 5th metatarsal?
fibularis brevis
which muscle is not innervated by the deep fibular nerve?
fibularis brevis
3rd layer of the foot:
flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis
what bones make up the os coxa?
ilium, ischium, pubis
which muscles give tendinous reinforcement to the IT band?
gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae
which muscles laterally rotate the thigh?
gluteus maximus, inferior gemellus, piriformis, superior gemellus
Which muscle medially rotates the thigh?
gluteus minimus
what vein runs medially down the leg with the saphenous nerve?
great saphenous v
structures enter the pelvis though the _____, while structures leave the pelvis through the _____
greater sciatic notch; lesser sciatic notch
which features are not found on the 9th thoracic vertebrae?
inferior costal demifacet, full costal facet, inferior articular facets in the sagittal plane
what is the innervation of the gluteus Maximus muscle?
inferior gluteal nerve
what are the fused articular processes of the sacrum called?
intermediate sacral crest
Which sacral bony landmark is formed by the articular processes of fused sacral vertebrae?
intermediate sacral crests
All of the posterior compartment muscles of the upper leg have origins at the __________
ischial tuberosity
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
joint cavity, Articular cartilage (hyaline), Articular capsule
what spinal curvatures are categorized as primary?
kyphotic (thoracic and sacral)
a lateral sural cutaneous nerve lesion would rsult in parasthesia (numbness and tingling) in which of the following lower limb regions?
lateral aspect of the leg
which joint includes the superior articular facet of C2?
lateral atlantoaxial joint
which joint includes the superior articular facet of c2?
lateral atlantoaxial joint
what joints do not involve the articular facet of the dens?
lateral atlantoaxial joint, atlantooccipital joint, sacroiliac joint
which joint includes the superior articular facet of c2?
lateral atlantoaxial joints
Inferolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa
lateral head of gastrocnemius
What is the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa?
lateral head of the gastrocnemius
What are the tips of the transverse processes of the sacrum called?
lateral sacral crest
what is the origin of the plantaris?
lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
The ____ plantar artery gives most blood supply to the foot, while the ____ plantar nerve gives most innervation to the foot.
lateral, medial
what muscle can originate off the inferior angle of the scapula?
latissimus dorsi
what muscle connects TP to the rib below?
levato costarum brevis/longus
what ligament connects lamina to lamina?
ligamentum flava
what ligament forms the posterior aspect of the vertebral canal?
ligamentum flava
what spinal curvatures are categorized as secondary or compensation curvatures?
lordotic (cervical and lumbar)
what are found of the posterior aspect of the superior process of the lumbar spine?
mamillary process
what are the special features that are only found on lumbar vertebrae?
mamillary process and accessory process
what is found immediately anterior to the thoracolumbar fascia?
multifidus lumborum
what muscle runs from SP to TP 2-4 levels above?
multifidus thoracis
what is the innervation of the piriformis?
nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)
what is the deep part of the IVD?
nucleus pulposus
which muscles attach to the TP of C1?
obliques capitis inferior and superior
what structures make up the vertebral arch of the vertebral foramen?
pedicles, lamina, vertebral body
4th layer of the foot:
plantar interossei, dorsal interossei, tendon of fibularis longus
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery popliteal vein tibial nerve common fibular nerve
What are the major structures inside the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery and vein, Tibial nerve, Common fibular nerve
Posterior boundary of the popliteal fossa
popliteal fascia
The small saphenous vein drains into the
popliteal vein in popliteal fossa
what muscle unlocks a fully extended knee?
popliteus
The popliteal artery bifurcates into the:
posterior and anterior tibial artery
what ligament is found on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies? the superior attachment ends at what vertebral level?
posterior longitudinal ligament; C2 then becomes tectorial membrane
all muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg receive blood from?
posterior tibial a
What is the first sign of gastrulation?
primitive streak
what is the chief artery of the thigh?
profunda femoris artery
what is the major action of these muscles?
proprioception
what structures reenter the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen?
pudendal n, internal pudendal a and v, n to obturator internus
which muscle does not receive its innervation from a dorsal ramus?
rhomboid minor
what muscle runs from lamina above to the TP below?
rotatores brevis
what are the inferior most aspect of the inferior articular processes of the sacrum?
sacral cornua
what is the absence of the S5 spinous process?
sacral hiatus
what is the anteriorly tilted shelf for L5?
sacral promontory
what structure of the sacrum is found immediately posterior to the auricular surface?
sacral tuberosity
what ligaments make up the greater and lesser sciatic notch?
sacrospinous and sacrotuberous
Superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa
semimembranosus
What is the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?
semimembranosus
what muscle does the greater occipital nerve pierce?
semispinalis capitis
What is the roof of the suboccipital triangle?
semispinalis capitis muscle (pierced by the greater occipital n)
What muscle spans 4-6 vertebral levels?
semispinalis thoracis
A stab wound in the back during a gang war left a first year undergraduate with inability to raise his arms above his shoulder, what nerve(s) & muscle(s) may have been damaged
spinal accessory and suprascapular n
what nerve innervates the suboccipital triangle?
suboccipital nerve C1
what is the blood supply to the trapezius muscle?
superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery
what innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial fibular n
the sacrum has ______ that articulate with L5
superior articular processes
what features are found on the 1st thoracic vertebra?
superior costal demifacet, transverse costal facet, inferior costal demifacet
what are the features of typical thoracic vertebrae?
superior costal demifacet; inferior costal demifacet; transverse costal facets
Extra vertebrae are termed ____________________________; these can result in one less vertebra in a different region
supernumerary vertebrae lumbariziation/sacralization
what are the boundaries of the sub occipital triangle?
superomedial: rectus capitis posterior major superolateral: obliquus capitis superior inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior floor: posterior atlantooccipital membrane
The ____ has a tendency to pull the tibia posteriorly, so the counterbalances the IT band.
tensor fascia lata
Where does the IT band get tendinous reinforcement from?
tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus
what is the correct superior and inferior articular facet orientation for the T12 vertebra?
the superior and inferior articular facet are oriented in the coronal and sagittal planes respectively
what do the medial sural cutaneous n and sural communicating form when they join?
the sural nerve
what are the 2 primary kyphotic curvatures?
thoracic and sacral
what innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial n
what is the innervation of the hamstring?
tibial nerve
the sciatic nerve divides distally into what?
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
At the posterior aspect of the distal tibia, lateral to the medial malleolus, there is a groove for tendon(s). Which one(s)?
tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus
What tendons are deep to the flexor retinaculum?
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
which features are found on the 1st thoracic vertebra?
transverse costal facet, superior full costal facet, inferior costal demifacet
Which features are found on a typical thoracic vertebrae (choose all that apply)
transverse costal facets, inferior costal demifacets, superior costal demifacets
what structure of the cervical vertebrae allows passage of the vertebral arteries?
transverse foramen
what ligament of the atlas holds the dens of C2 in place?
transverse ligament of the atlas
what are the suoerficial back muscles?
trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major, latissimus dorsi
Both heads of the gastrocnemius and the soleus make up
triceps surae
T/F the coccyx curves more anteriorly in females
true
T/F the gluteus maximus muscle inserts onto the greater trochanter of the femur
true
T/F: a muscle must cross a joint to act on that joint. If it crosses two joints it then can act on both joints.
true
What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?
tuberosity of navicular bone
the cervical vertebrae have _______, which form _______ with the body of the superior vertebrae?
uncinate processes, uncovertebral joints
All innervation of the thigh comes from the ____ primary rami.
ventral
what is another name for C7?
vertebra prominens
What pierces the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane?
vertebral artery
what is the blood supply to the suboccipital triangle?
vertebral artery
what wraps around the lateral masses of C1?
vertebral artery