Anatomy 1 Unit 3

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

Bone marrow (red) and thymus

Which of the following are structural features of the larynx?

all of the above

What is the role of alveolar type 1 cells?

to facilitate gas exchange

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

to remove pathogens and debris

Which of the lymphoid nodules is most likely to see food antigens first?

tonsils

Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

The endothelium is found in the ________.

tunica intima

This layer of artieries and veins contains the smooth muscle layers of various thickness.

tunica media

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.

visceral and parietal pleurae.

Which of the following are types of adaptive immune responses?

Antibody-mediated responses and cell-mediated responses

The __________ provides blood supply to the brain and contains alternate routes in case of blockage.

Circle of Willis

Systemic veins carry __________, and systemic arteries carry __________.

Deoxygenated blood, oxygenated blood

Which of the type of artery is found closest to the heart and typically is larger than 10mm in diameter?

Elastic artery

How many alveoli exist inside each lung?

Hundreds of millions

If your instructor asked you to explain the role lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system, which of the following would you likely say?

Lymph nodes filter lymph before it reenters the bloodstream.

Inside the __________, abnormal blood cells are consumed by macrophages, and lymphocytes carry out immune responses.

Spleen

Which of the following describes a difference between the right and left common carotid arteries?

The longer left common carotid artery is the second branch of the aortic arch, whereas the right common carotid artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk behind the right sternoclavicular joint.

All of the following are structures arteries and veins have in common except

Valves.

The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________.

all of the above are true

Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________.

elastic fibers

The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors.

endocardium

All of the following are regions of the pharynx except

epiglottis

Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?

right coronary artery

An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________.

sinusoid capillary

Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid organ?

spleen

Which of the abdominal aorta branches are unpaired?

superior mesenteric

Which part of the cardiovascular system below holds the most blood?

systemic veins

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?

terminal bronchioles

Which of the following best describes veins?

thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves

Which structure allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream?

thoracic duct

All of the following are types of blood vessels except

Atria.

The heart is located within the thoracic cage, between the __________ and __________ rib.

Second, fifth

Deoxygenated blood from the intestines drains into the

Superior and inferior mesenteric veins.

Which of the following statements accurately compares two of the types of chordae tendineae?

Primary chordae tendineae attach to the leaflet margins and prevent marginal prolapse of the leaflet, whereas secondary chordae tendineae anchor the leaflets' ventricular surface to the papillary muscle and relieve tension.

Which of the following accurately compares the heart of an adult male and the heart of an adult female?

The heart of an adult male is slightly larger than that of an adult female.

All of the following are true of white blood cells except

Their numbers decrease during infection or inflammation.

Nervi vasorum control ________.

both vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?

endocardium

Which septum is open (allows blood to pass) during the fetal period but closes quickly after birth ?

interventricular septum

All of the following are chambers of lymph nodes except

Afferent vessels.

Which of the following accurately compares T cells and B cells?

After maturing, both T cells and B cells enter the bloodstream, then colonize lymphatic tissues like the spleen and lymph nodes.

The __________ is the largest artery in the body.

Aorta

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart's right ventricle and enters the lungs via pulmonary __________, and oxygenated blood drains through the pulmonary __________ to the left atrium.

Arteries, veins

Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage

Gases are exchanged across the walls of the pulmonary __________ in the lungs, and the oxygen content of the blood rises.

Capillaries

All of the following are functions of capillaries except

Capillaries deliver oxygen to alveoli from exhalation.

Coronary veins carry __________ blood to the __________.

Deoxygenated, right atrium

Which of the following statements accurately describes how oxygenated blood leaves the heart?

It flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle, which pumps it through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta.

All of the following are true of the thymus except

It produces hormones that regulate the development of B cells.

The trachea is a cartilaginous and membranous tube extending from the lower part of the __________ to the upper border of the __________ vertebra.

Larynx, T05

__________ begins as interstitial fluid between cells and filters into lymphatic __________, flowing into larger vessels and trunks, and eventually returning to venous blood.

Lymph, capillaries

Which of the following accurately compares the three major cell types of the alveolar wall?

Most gas exchange occurs through type I alveolar cells, alveolar fluid secreted from type II alveolar cells keeps the alveolar surfaces moist, and alveolar macrophages remove particulate debris from the alveolar surfaces.

All of the following are types of lymphocytes except

Neutrophils.

During contraction, the __________ pull on the __________.

Papillary muscles, chordae tendineae

A delicate, double-layered serous membrane, called the __________, covers the surface of each lung.

Pleura

If your friend asked you to distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation, which of the following would you most likely say?

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs, and systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the __________, whereas the aorta receives oxygenated blood from the __________.

Right atrium, left ventricle

The __________ receives oxygen-depleted blood and empties it into the __________, whereas oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the __________ and empties into the __________.

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

What reduces the tension of the alveoli and allows them to maintain their shape?

Surfactant in alveolar fluid

All of the following are heart valves except

The atrial valve.

All of the following are differences between the left and the right lungs except

The left lung is divided into three lobes, whereas the right lung is divided into two lobes.

If your instructor asked you to explain why the myocardium is thicker in the left ventricle than it is in the right ventricle, which of the following would you most likely say?

The left ventricle has to pump harder to overcome the high resistance required to pump blood into the long systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle does not need to generate as much pressure since the pulmonary circuit is shorter and provides less resistance.

If your instructor asked you to explain the importance of the circulatory system in lung function, which of the following would you likely say?

The major function of the lungs is to perform gas exchange, which requires blood from the pulmonary circulation to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.

All of the following are lower respiratory structures except

The pharynx.

All of the following structures enter the lung at the hilum except

The pleura.

All of the following structures deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium except

The pulmonary veins.

Which of the following statements is true?

The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.

Lymph empties into the bloodstream at the junction of which two veins?

The subclavian and internal jugular veins

If your instructor asked you to discuss the arteries of the upper limb in order, from superior to inferior, which of the following would you most likely say?

The subclavian artery is the first part of the long trunk that supplies each upper extremity, and at the axilla, it becomes the axillary artery, which ends at the lower border of the tendon of the teres major, where is becomes the brachial artery.

Which of the following accurately compares the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct?

The thoracic duct drains a much larger portion of the body than does the right lymphatic duct.

Which of the following accurately identifies the paired and unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

The unpaired visceral branches are the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery, whereas the paired visceral branches are suprarenal, renal, and gonadal arteries.

Which of the following is a shared characteristic among all blood vessel types?

They all have lumens.

What distinguishes the pulmonary trunk and its branching arteries from all other arteries in the adult body?

They are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood.

If your friend asked you to explain why lymph nodes are clustered in areas where the head and limbs meet the torso and near the intestines, which of the following would you likely say?

This distribution defends the torso from pathogens entering from the extremities or from ingested food.

All of the following are lymph trunks except

Thoracic.

What is the purpose of the heart valves?

To control the flow of blood through the heart and prevent blood backflow

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?

alveoli

Which valve separates the aorta from the left ventricle?

aortic

The coronary arteries branch off of the ________.

ascending aorta

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?

atrioventricular septum

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________.

bronchopulmonary segment

Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________.

celiac trunk

This type of capillary has pores in addition to tight juncitons which make the capillary more permeable to larger molecules and is found in the small intestine and kidneys.

fenestrated

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?

fissure

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

increase surface area

Which chamber initially receives blood from the pulmonary circuit?

left atrium

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________.

left ventricle

The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________.

liver

Which of the following cells is phagocytic?

macrophage

Which of the following cells is important in the innate immune response?

macrophages

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

mitral

The pharyngeal tonsils are located withing the ___________________________.

nasopharynx

Which of the following cells would be most active in early, antiviral immune responses the first time one is exposed to pathogen?

natural killer cell

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?

oral cavity

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the respiratory zone?

pharynx

What type of epithelial tissue lines the respiratory epithelium?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

pulmonary

The ________________ circuit starts at the right atrium pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

pulmonary

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

right atrium