Anatomy 2 chapter 14
E
An increase in the concentration of which of the following within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would cause that vessel to constrict? ______ A) adenosine B) nitric oxide C) lactic acid D) prostacyclin E) oxygen
A
An increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart, with no change in total peripheral resistance, would ______ A) elevate mean arterial pressure. B) elevate central venous pressure. C) reduce the stretch on the aorta. D) elevate pulmonary venous pressure. E) reduce mean arterial pressure.
E
An increase in total peripheral resistance, in the absence of any change in cardiac output, would ______ A) reduce the stretch on the aorta. B) decrease central venous pressure. C) reduce mean arterial pressure. D) decrease pulmonary venous pressure. E) elevate mean arterial pressure.
D
Any change in the relative distribution of cardiac output to an organ is typically due to changes in which of the following? ______ A) compliance of that organ's vascular bed B) viscosity of the blood moving through that organ's vascular bed C) central venous pressure D) resistance of that organ's vascular bed E) mean arterial pressure
D
Arteries have ________ compliance and ________ resistance to flow. ______ A) high : low B) high : high C) low : high D) low : low E) zero : high
B
Arteriolar smooth muscle in which of the following tissues tends to have beta2 receptors predominating? ______ A) skin B) skeletal muscle C) gastrointestinal tract D) liver E) brain
D
The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. ______ A) arteries : arteries B) arteries : veins C) veins : veins D) veins : arteries E) arteries : arterioles
E
A decrease in pressure within an arteriole will initiate a(n) ______ A) arterial baroreceptor reflex. B) active hyperemia. C) sinus arrhythmia. D) cardiac and venous baroreceptor reflex. E) myogenic response.
E
A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 80. Which of the following is FALSE? ______ A) Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg. B) Heart rate is 80. C) Diastolic pressure is 60. D) Mean arterial pressure is 70 mm Hg. E) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg.
E
As mean arterial pressure increases, the ________, informing the medulla oblongata that blood pressure has indeed increased. ______ A) blood flow to the brain increases B) number of neurons stimulated within the aortic arch increases C) number of sympathetic neurons activated decreases D) amplitude of the action potentials from the baroreceptors increases E) frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors increases
B
At rest, the greatest proportion of blood volume is present within the ______ A) heart. B) systemic veins. C) systemic capillaries. D) pulmonary veins. E) systemic arteries.
E
Blood flow velocity is inversely proportional to the pooled surface area of a structure; therefore, it is greatest in the ________ and slowest in the ________. ______ A) capillaries : arteries B) veins : arteries C) arterioles : veins D) arteries : veins E) arteries : capillaries
E
Blood pressure is usually estimated from indirect measurements of the pressure in what structure? ______ A) femoral artery B) radial artery C) left ventricle D) aorta E) brachial artery
E
Chemicals released by metabolically active cells will cause which of the following? ______ A) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to decrease blood flow B) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow C) contraction of capillary smooth muscle to increase blood flow D) relaxation of capillary smooth muscle to decrease blood flow E) relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow
A
Drugs that block angiotensin-converting enzyme would cause which of the following? ______ A) decreased mean arterial pressure B) stimulation of reactive hyperemia C) decreased heart rate D) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system E) decrease in epinephrine release
A
During exercise, which of the following tissues receive less blood flow compared to resting conditions? ______ A) gastrointestinal tract only B) brain only C) skin only D) heart only E) both gastrointestinal tract and skin
E
During exercise, which organs receive an increase in the proportion of cardiac output delivered to them? ______ A) gastrointestinal tract and skeletal muscle B) skeletal muscle, heart, and brain C) skeletal muscle, skin, and brain D) brain and heart E) skeletal muscle, heart, and skin
D
Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs across capillaries and, to a lesser extent, ______ A) metarterioles. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) venules. E) veins.
A
Fenestrated capillaries are unique in their ability to ______ A) allow relatively large molecules to pass between endothelial cells. B) maintain a low permeability to small water-soluble molecules. C) restrict the passage of proteins across endothelial cells. D) move molecules across endothelial cells by transcytosis. E) allow few molecules to pass between endothelial cells.
E
Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by what type of cell located within the lymph nodes? ______ A) platelets B) mast cells C) leukocytes D) erythrocytes E) macrophages
D
Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss? ______ A) The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption. B) While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins. C) Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed. D) The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood. E) The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid.
E
Glucose moves across continuous capillary walls by what mechanism? ______ A) transcytosis B) secondary active transport C) facilitated D) primary active transport E) diffusion
C
In cardiac and skeletal muscle vasculature, the distribution of alpha and beta receptors is such that epinephrine will ______ A) have no effect on peripheral resistance. B) increase myocardial contractility. C) induce a dilation that increases blood flow to these tissues. D) increase skeletal muscle contractility. E) induce a constriction that decreases blood flow to these tissues.
D
In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit _______ A) is under greater pressure. B) transports deoxygenated blood. C) has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow. D) has lower resistance to blood flow. E) has lower blood flow.
A
In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations ________, which causes a(n) ________. ______ A) increase : constriction of the arterioles B) decrease : increase in tissue ischemia C) increase : active hyperemic response D) decrease : active hyperemic response E) decrease : dilation of the arterioles
B
In the circulatory system, the largest pressure drop occurs across which blood vessels? ______ A) capillaries B) arterioles C) arteries D) venules E) veins
D
Information about mean arterial pressure is integrated within what area of the central nervous system? ______ A) cerebellum B) cervical spinal cord C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata E) pons
E
Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels? ______ A) capillaries B) arteries C) veins D) ventricle E) arterioles
E
The chronic elevation in arterial pressure (hypertension) that occurs in many individuals results in ______ A) the maintenance of a constant error signal by the baroreceptor. B) the baroreceptors becoming more sensitive to pressure. C) the resetting of the baroreceptor to a lower pressure. D) a decreased sensitivity of the baroreceptor that causes pressure to fluctuate. E) a gradual increase in pressure that resets the baroreceptors.
E
The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within which type of blood vessel is primarily involved in the control of the organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure? ______ A) venules B) veins C) capillaries D) arteries E) arterioles
A
The effects of epinephrine on vascular resistance are dependent upon which of the following? ______ A) relative distribution of alpha and beta receptors B) specific baroreceptor activated (low or high pressure) C) relative distribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors D) direction of change in mean arterial pressure E) concentration of local metabolites
E
The elastic nature of the largest blood vessel's walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole. _______ A) non-compliant structure B) non-distensible structure C) volume reservoir D) contractile force E) pressure reservoir
A
The high compliance of veins allows them to ______ A) accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure. B) hold only small volumes of blood. C) rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume. D) provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole. E) act as pressure reservoirs.
E
The long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves the ______ A) release of hormones over a period of minutes. B) control of peripheral resistance. C) stimulation of an increase in urine flow through the kidneys. D) immediate change in activity of the nervous system. E) control of blood volume by the kidneys.
B
The lumen of every blood vessel is lined by a monolayer of what cell type? _______ A) platelets B) endothelial cells C) smooth muscle cells D) fibroblasts E) erythrocytes
B
The portion of osmotic pressure exerted by ________ in the blood is known as colloid osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure). ______ A) small ions B) proteins C) steroids D) large ions E) lipids
A
The pulsatile nature of blood pressure is greatest in which blood vessels? ______ A) arteries B) veins C) venules D) arterioles E) capillaries
D
The reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decrease in mean arterial pressure would be exacerbated by the ________ that occurs as a consequence of the baroreceptor reflex. ______ A) decreased compliance of the veins B) increased stroke volume C) increased ventricular contractility D) increased peripheral resistance E) increased venous return
A
The respiratory pump facilitates the return of blood to the heart by ______ A) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration. B) squeezing blood from the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm muscle. C) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration. D) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration. E) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration.
E
The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels? ______ A) arteries B) veins C) venules D) arterioles E) capillaries
B
Under normal conditions, which Starling forces favor filtration? ______ A) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure B) capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure C) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure D) capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure E) capillary hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure
E
Valves, which are found ________, maintain the unidirectional movement of blood, thereby facilitating the return of blood to the heart. ______ A) only in arteries B) only in central veins C) in all veins D) in all venules E) only in peripheral veins
A
Veins functions as ________ reservoirs due to their ________ compliance. ______ A) volume : high B) volume : low C) pressure : lack of D) pressure : high E) pressure : low
B
What component of artery walls allows them to store energy that is later used to maintain continuous blood flow through the circulatory system? ______ A) smooth muscle B) elastin C) endothelium D) collagen E) skeletal muscle
E
What is a decrease in tissue oxygen called? ______ A) hyperoxia B) hyperemia C) ischemia D) hypoxemia E) hypoxia
B
What is a measure of the change in vascular volume as pressure within the vessel is altered? ______ A) the pressure gradient B) compliance C) diffusibility D) resistance E) blood flow
B
What is an increase in blood flow in response to an increase in tissue metabolic activity called? ______ A) reactive hyperemia B) active hyperemia C) hyperoxia D) hypoxia E) ischemia
D
What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit? _______ A) right atrial pressure B) central venous pressure C) capillary hydrostatic pressure D) mean arterial pressure E) left ventricular pressure
E
What is the purpose of extrinsic control of arteriolar smooth muscle contractile activity? ______ A) regulate blood flow through specific capillary beds B) regulate heart rate C) regulate cardiac output D) regulate stroke volume E) regulate mean arterial pressure
D
What is/are the component(s) of a blood vessel's extracellular matrix that provide(s) the tensile strength required to withstand pressure? _______ A) gap junctions B) elastin C) albumin D) collagen E) hemoglobin
D
What organ has capillaries that are the most restrictive to movement of hydrophilic solutes? ______ A) bone marrow B) kidneys C) liver D) brain E) skeletal muscle
D
What region of the cardiovascular system contains valves? ______ A) heart only B) metarterioles only C) veins only D) both the heart and veins E) the heart, metarterioles, and veins
A
What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles? ______ A) alpha only B) beta1 only C) beta2 only D) beta3 only E) both alpha and beta1
B
Where is the cardiovascular control center? ______ A) adrenal medulla B) medulla oblongata C) pons D) adrenal cortex E) hypothalamus
C
Which of the following accurately compares active hyperemia to reactive hyperemia? ______ A) One is an increase in blood flow, the other is a decrease. B) One is caused by an increase in metabolites, the other to a decrease in perfusion pressure. C) One is caused by increased metabolic activity, the other in response to an increase in metabolites from an occlusion to blood flow. D) One is an intrinsic response, the other an extrinsic response. E) One involves vasodilation, the other vasoconstriction.
C
Which of the following best classifies the baroreceptor reflex? ______ A) cranial; somatic; conditioned; polysynaptic B) spinal; autonomic; innate; monosynaptic C) cranial; autonomic; innate; polysynaptic D) cranial; autonomic; conditioned; monosynaptic E) spinal; autonomic; innate; polysynaptic
D
Which of the following chemicals' concentration is NOT increased by an elevation in metabolic activity? ______ A) potassium B) pyruvic acid C) carbon dioxide D) oxygen E) hydrogen
C
Which of the following comparisons between systemic capillaries and lymphatic capillaries is TRUE? ______ A) Blood cells are found in both types of capillaries. B) Pressure is higher in lymphatic capillaries. C) Net filtration occurs across systemic capillaries; net absorption occurs across lymphatic capillaries. D) Fluid enters systemic capillaries from systemic arterioles; fluid enters lymphatic capillaries from lymphatic veins. E) Walls of systemic capillaries are more permeable.
D
Which of the following descriptions of the autonomic innervation of the cardiovascular system is FALSE? ______ A) Only sympathetic neurons provide significant innervation of the contractile cells of the heart. B) Sympathetic activity increases cardiac output, whereas parasympathetic activity decreases cardiac output. C) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the SA node. D) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in arterioles. E) Only sympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in veins.
C
Which of the following does NOT occur in response to baroreceptors detecting an increase in mean arterial pressure? ______ A) decreased frequency of sinoatrial node action potentials B) decreased end-diastolic volume C) vasoconstriction D) decreased heart rate E) decreased venous compliance
A
Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? _______ A) pressure = flow × resistance B) resistance = flow × pressure C) flow = pressure + resistance D) flow = pressure × resistance E) flow = pressure - resistance
E
Which of the following equations is correct? _______ A) mean arterial pressure = cardiac output × stroke volume B) mean arterial pressure = resistance × viscosity C) cardiac output = mean arterial pressure × total peripheral resistance D) resistance = (length × radius4) / viscosity E) cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
E
Which of the following inaccurately represents normal forces across capillary walls? ______ A) Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure is almost zero. B) Capillary oncotic pressure is due primarily to plasma proteins. C) Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases from arteriole end to venous end. D) At rest, net filtration occurs across capillary walls. E) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases from arteriole end to venous end.
B
Which of the following is NOT a component of the microcirculation? _______ A) metarterioles B) veins C) arterioles D) venules E) capillaries
C
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that alters the balance between filtration and absorption in the body? ______ A) increasing the permeability of the capillaries in regions of tissue damage B) increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure within the feet as one stands C) increasing hydrostatic pressure gradient in cases of enhanced interstitial protein D) increasing the elimination of plasma proteins in cases of kidney damage E) decreasing plasma protein synthesis in cases of liver damage
A
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that enables molecules to move across capillary endothelial cells? ______ A) rapid diffusion of water-soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cells B) movement of exchangeable proteins across endothelial cells C) transcytosis across endothelial cells D) diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cell E) movement through water-filled gaps between endothelial cells
C
Which of the following is NOT altered within seconds to minutes of the baroreceptor reflex being activated? ______ A) total peripheral resistance B) stroke volume C) blood volume D) heart rate E) venomotor tone
C
Which of the following is an important vasodilator in coronary arteries? ______ A) bradykinin B) endothelin-1 C) adenosine D) oxygen E) nitric oxide
A
Which of the following statements about smooth muscle in arterioles is FALSE? ______ A) The muscle is multi-unit smooth muscle. B) The muscle has inherent (myogenic) tone. C) Muscle contraction is under extrinsic controls. D) Muscle contraction is under intrinsic controls. E) The muscle forms rings around the arteriole.
D
Which of the following substances is continuously secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation? ______ A) endothelin-1 B) adenosine C) oxygen D) nitric oxide E) bradykinin
A
Which of the following substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasoconstriction? ______ A) endothelin-1 B) adenosine C) bradykinin D) oxygen E) nitric oxide
A
Which of the following will NOT occur in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor? ______ A) increased urine flow B) increased peripheral resistance C) increased venomotor tone D) increased ventricular contractility E) increased heart rate
A
Which of the following would NOT increase mean arterial pressure? ______ A) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the arterioles B) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the heart C) increased sympathetic activity to the heart D) increased sympathetic activity to the veins E) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood
C
Which of the following would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters? ______ A) epinephrine B) sympathetic activity C) carbon dioxide D) parasympathetic activity E) vasopressin
C
Which of the following would decrease central venous pressure? ______ A) activity of skeletal muscles B) increased sympathetic activity C) standing up D) increased blood volume E) increased respiratory activity
A
Which of the following would decrease mean arterial pressure? ______ A) increase in arteriole diameter B) increase in total peripheral resistance C) increase in stroke volume D) increase in heart rate E) increase in venous return
C
Which of the following would increase blood flow through a capillary bed? ______ A) increase in venous pressure B) decrease in blood pressure in the arteriole leading into the capillary bed C) contraction of smooth muscle in the metarterioles bypassing the capillary bed D) contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed E) constriction of the arteriole leading into the capillary bed
C
Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel? _______ A) constriction of the blood vessel B) increased length of the vessel C) increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel D) decreased radius of the vessel E) increased viscosity of the blood
C
________ are responsible for the detection of mean arterial pressure. ______ A) Venous baroreceptors B) Medullary chemoreceptors C) Arterial baroreceptors D) Thermoreceptors E) Aortic chemoreceptors
A
________ describes the movement of fluid out of the capillary, while ________ describes the movement of fluid into the capillary. ______ A) Filtration : absorption B) Venous pooling : edema C) Absorption : filtration D) Edema : venous pooling E) Hydrostatic pressure : oncotic pressure