Anatomy 2 Homework Questions for Test 2

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following EXCEPT A) inflammation B) B and T cells C) complement D) the skin E) interferon

B

The systematic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ______ and returns blood to the _______ A) body organs; left atrium B) body organs; right atrium C) lungs; right atrium D) lungs; right ventricle E) lungs; left atrium

B

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A) A) measure of blood pressure that reaches each individual organ. B) measure of the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. C) blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. D) tissue's response to changes in blood pressure to maintain its blood flow. E) control of blood flow to specific capillary beds.

C

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C) A) trigger responses whose combined effects are complementary to angiotensin II. B) trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and increase blood pressure. C) trigger responses whose combined effects are to increase blood volume and increase blood pressure. D) trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure. E) trigger responses whose combined effects are to increase blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

D

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

NK cells

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

The blood vessel that is formed by the joining of the vertebral arteries and supplies blood to the circle of Willis from the posterior side is the

basilar artery

All of the following would occur during exercise EXCEPT A) blood flow to skin decreases B) vasodilation occurs to the active skeletal muscles C) venous return increases D) blood flow to the brain stays relatively constant E) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase

blood flow to skin decreases

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is FALSE? A) the athlete has a higher exercise cardiac output B) both hearts weigh about the same C) the athlete has a higher resting stroke volume D) the athlete has a higher exercise stroke volume E) the athlete has a lower resting heart rate

both hearts weigh about the same

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult

descending aorta

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal

ductus arteriosus

The blood vessel that supplies venous blood to the liver is the

hepatic portal vein

All of the following would occur in response to hemorrhage EXCEPT A) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart B) mobilization of the venous reserve C) decrease in blood volume D) peripheral vasoconstriction E) increase in blood pressure

increase in blood pressure

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue EXCEPT A) increased vessel diameter B) relaxation of pre capillary sphincters C) decreased peripheral resistance D) increased hematocrit E) increased blood pressure

increased hematocrit

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT A) increased levels of aldosterone B) increased blood volume C) increased levels of angiotensin 2 D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

increased levels of ANP

The two common iliac veins form the

inferior vena cava

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane

The umbilical arteries branch from the

internal iliac arteries

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

intertribal septum

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the

median cubital vein

Where are chemoreceptors located? (Module 19.11A)

medulla oblongata and the carotid and aortic bodies

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

neutrophils

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules?

outer cortex

Blood pressure increases with all of the following EXCEPT increased

parasympathetic innervation

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n)___

precapillary sphincter

What is perforin?

protein produced by NK cells

Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart? A) pulmonary veins B) common carotid artery C) superior vena cava D) pulmonary arteries E) aorta

pulmonary arteries

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the _________ pressure?

pulse

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following EXCEPT A) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood B) skeletal muscle compression C) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries D) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein E) valves permitting flow of blood in one direction only

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

release of histamine

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure EXCEPT A) decrease in blood volume B) decreased peripheral resistance C) reduced thirst D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) E) release of renin

release of renin

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity

The largest collection of lymphoid tissues in the adult body is located in the

spleen

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the duodenum, and most of the large intestine is the

superior mesenteric artery

The _______ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine

superior mesenteric vein

The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the

superior vena cava

Veins of the brain empty into

the dural sinuses

Vasculogenesis refers to

the formation of the first vessels

The total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following EXCEPT A) the flow characteristics B) blood viscosity C) the osmolarity of interstitial fluids D) the length of a blood vessel E) blood vessel diameter

the osmolarity of interstitial fluids

Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following EXCEPT A) the right subclavian artery B) the left common carotid artery C) the brachiocephalic trunk D) the left subclavian artery E) all of the stated vessels branch off the aortic arch

the right subclavian artery

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery?

thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

thymus

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)

valves

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

The vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is the

vertebral vein

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? (Module 20.13C)

viral

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries A) 4,7,2,3,1,5,6 B) 6,5,1,3,2,7,4 C) 7,4,2,3,1,5,6 D) 5,6,1,3,2,7,4 E) 2,7,6,3,1,5,6

A

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? (Module 19.8A) A) When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure. B) When capillary blood pressure is equal to blood colloid osmotic pressure. C) When capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloid osmotic pressure. D) When capillary hydrostatic pressure is equal to blood colloid osmotic pressure. E) When blood colloid osmotic pressure approaches 0 mm Hg.

A

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. A) reduces; increases B) doubles; decreases C) increases; reduces D) decreases; doubles

A

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? A) bone marrow and thymus B) appendix and spleen C) spleen and thymus D) lymph nodes and tonsils

A

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? A) White pulp of the spleen B) germinal centers of the lymph nodes C) red pulp of the spleen D) Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus

A

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? A) appendix B) Peyer's patches C) tonsils

B

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B) A) Autoregulation involves altering the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. B) Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids. C) Autoregulation is the control of blood composition. D) Autoregulation involves changing respiratory rates to adjust the pH of blood reaching each tissue or organ. E) Autoregulation is the blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

B

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection EXCEPT A) basement membranes B) complement C) secretions D) epithelium E) body hair

B

List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B) A) The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph and lymph nodes. B) The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. C) The components of the lymphatic system are the blood, blood vessels, lymph, and lymphatic vessels. D) The components of the lymphatic system are the red blood cells, lymphocytes, blood plasma, lymph, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. E) The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

B

Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) monitor the contents of lymph B) remove excess nutrients from the lymph. C) produce antibodies. D) detect pathogens. E) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.

B

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage. (Module 19.13B) A) The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is restoring normal blood volume. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. B) The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume. C) The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining maximum vasoconstriction. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is skeletal muscle atrophy. D) The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining increased capillary permeability. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal peripheral blood flow. E) The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is reduced blood clotting. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is maintaining maximum vasoconstriction.

B

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C) A) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that blood doesn't stay in the peripheral circulation too long before returning to the lungs. B) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid. C) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low because it helps speed up the flow of blood into the venous system. D) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to maintain peripheral resistance. E) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that the valves are not damaged.

B

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)

B cells

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A) A) mechanism by which NK cells destroy abnormal cells in peripheral tissues. B) increase in body temperature. C) localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. D) vascular response to injury to cause vasoconstriction and reduce blood loss. E) response of chemical messengers that coordinate defense against viral infections.

C

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system A) 1-3 B) fewer than 10 C) more than 30 D) 5 E) 18-25

C

Where is the thymus located? (Module 20.6A) A) inferior to the diaphragm, medial to the liver B) posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx C) anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum D) along the curving lateral border of the stomach, extending between the 9th and 11th ribs on the left side E) posterior mediastinum, lateral to the spinal cord

C

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? A) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. B) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. C) The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum. D) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic vessel. E) The efferent lymphatic vessel exits at the hilum.

C

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A) A) Innate immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. Adaptive immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. B) Innate immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. C) Innate immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. D) Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. E) Innate immunity relies on the activity of cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily relies on the activity of specific proteins, such as antibodies to neutralize the threat.

D

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than A) 98.6F B) 99F C) 37.2C D) either 37.2C or 99F E) either 37.2C or 98.6F

D

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B) A) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by using the valves as pumps to push blood back toward the heart. B) Blood pressure is maintained in veins because the heart pumps blood through the veins. C) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by contractions of the smooth muscle in the walls of the veins that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood. D) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood. E) Blood pressure is maintained in veins because the valves reduce the flow of blood as blood passes by.

D

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A) A)to detect pathogens before they reach the vital organs of the trunk and to help filter the lymph B) to provide a site for lymphocyte maturation. C) to produce hormones that help the development of functional T cells. D) to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. E) to transport blood throughout peripheral tissues of the body.

D

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B) A) act as one-way valves that permit the exit of fluids and solutes but prevent their entry into the capillary. B) produce tight junctions that prevent the movement of lymph into or out of the capillary. C) strengthen the walls of the lymphatic capillaries so they are not distorted in tissues. D) act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces. E) allow large proteins to enter the lymphatic capillaries to be transported to the venous system

D

Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen. (Module 20.7C) A) trabecular arteries — capillaries — trabecular veins— sinusoids — central arteries — reticular tissue of red pulp B) trabecular arteries — central arteries — reticulartissue of red pulp — sinusoids — capillaries — trabecular veins C) trabecular arteries — reticular tissue of red pulp —central arteries — sinusoids — capillaries — trabecular veins D) trabecular arteries — sinusoids — central arteries— capillaries — reticular tissue of red pulp — trabecular veins E) trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins

E

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A) A) constant monitoring of normal tissues by activated cytotoxic T cells. B) normal filtering of lymph through lymph nodes to detect abnormal cells. C) constant circulation of available antibodies to attack pathogens. D) constant filtering of blood in the kidneys to detect abnormal cells. E) constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

E

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C) A) The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (50%), systemic arterial system (37%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (3%), and systemic capillaries (3%). B) The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (75%), systemic arterial system (5%), in the heart (5%), pulmonary circulation (5%), and systemic capillaries (10%). C) The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (13%), systemic arterial system (64%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%). D) The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (20%), systemic arterial system (20%), in the heart (20%), pulmonary circulation (20%), and systemic capillaries (20%). E) The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).

E

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A) A) collects lymph from the right side of the body. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the left side of the body. B) collects lymph from the limbs of the body. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the trunk of the body. C) collects lymph from the entire body except the head and neck. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the head and neck. D) collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body superior to the diaphragm. E) collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

E

Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta. (Module 19.24A) A) Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a single umbilical vein, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries. B) Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical veins, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical artery. C) Oxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical veins, and deoxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical artery. D) Oxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and deoxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein. E) Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.

E

Describe the respiratory pump. (Module 19.12A) A) mechanism by which alternating cycles of bronchiolar constriction and bronchiolar dilation propel blood towards the heart. B) mechanism by which bronchoconstriction propels blood through the thoracic cavity to the heart. C) mechanism by which an increase in pressure in the thoracic cavity during exhalation pushes blood towards the heart. D) mechanism by which contraction of the lungs propels blood through the thoracic cavity to the heart. E) mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

E

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions EXCEPT the A) left breast B) left arm and shoulder C) pelvic viscera D) left side of the neck E) right breast

E

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form? (Module 19.14A) A) primitive arteries that are formed from hemangioblasts. B) collections of blood cells that are formed from embryonic hematopoietic stem cells. C) primitive capillary networks formed from embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac. D) primitive veins that are formed from hemangioblasts. E) aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells.

E

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except A) an increased secretion of renin by the kidneys. B) cold, clammy skin. C) an increased heart rate. D) an increased total peripheral resistance. E) an increase in cardiac output.

an increase in cardiac output

All the vessels of the systematic arterial system originate from the

aorta

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)

arterial pressure

All of the veins listed are deep veins EXCEPT A) femoral B) internal jugular C) cephalic D) anterior tibial E) superior vena cava

cephalic

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of venous valves? A) channeling blood away from the heart B) permit blood flow in one direction only C) preventing back flow of blood D) channeling blood toward the heart E) all of the above

channeling blood away from the heart

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels? (Module 19.11C)

decreases

Which of the following would have the GREATER effect on vascular resistance? A) decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2 B) doubling the length of a blood vessel C) neither would be greater

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume. (Module 19.10A)

epinephrine and norepinephrine

At the knee, the small saphenous and popliteal veins unite to form the _________ vein

femoral

The external iliac artery becomes the _______ artery as it enters the lower limbs

femoral

Materials can move across capillary walls by

filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

Angiogenesis refers to

growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels