Anatomy 2 Quizlet 17.2OLI (42)

The primary function of the collecting ducts, located in the kidneys, is to:

collect any substance not reabsorbed along the nephrons

The presence of ADH amplifies urea recycling which in turn amplifies the osmotic gradient and enables the formation of more concentrated urine. This is otherwise known as:

countercurrent multiplication

Which hormone is released when plasma calcium ion is decreased?

parathyroid hormone

In the circular smooth muscle of the ureter walls, urine flow is controlled by:

peristaltic contractions

While fluid reclamation occurs through tubule ________ and sends fluid back into the bloodstream to maintain water balance and ion concentrations, _________ removes unneeded solutes from plasma and transports them to the tubules.

reabsorption; secretion

Osmolarity refers to:

the ratio of water and solutes in a solution

What volume is filtered daily by the glomerulus in a healthy adult?

100-200 L

In the histology of the renal tubule and collecting duct areas, what is unique about the proximal convoluted tubule?

It is the only area that contains a conspicuous brush border of microvilli.

What percent of cardiac output filters through the kidney every minute?

25%

What holds the bladder in place?

Folds in the peritoneum

When looking at the histology of the renal tubule and collecting ducts, what is a common component between the proximal convoluted tubule, thick ascending limb, most of the distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct and last part of the distal convoluted tubule?

All contain simple cuboidal cells

Countercurrent flow is what?

All of the answers.

Which of the following, seemingly unrelated medical conditions, is impacted by reduced kidney function?

Altered drug clearance

Which are not blood vessel structures associated with nephron?

Alveolar capillaries

One of the basic functions of nephrons and collecting ducts in the production of urine is glomerular filtration which is what?

It is the first step in urine production where wate and most of the solutes in blood plasma pass through into the renal tubule.

Kidneys help synthesize calcitriol, an enzyme which is found in the digestive, endocrine and integumentary systems. Explain how calcitriol benefits the entire body.

Calcitriol is necessary for the absorption of dietary calcium in the digestive and integumentary systems which promotes bone reabsorption in the endocrine system.

What is the main role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Cells in the proximal convoluted tubule perform most reabsorption.

Which blood properties are not impacted by the urinary system?

Cholesterol and triglycerides

Which is not a function of the urinary system?

Digestion of liquids

Which renal functions are the ureters involved with?

Elimination

This is the primary force responsible for pushing water and solutes from blood across the filtration membrane and is opposed by two forces that resist the influx of fluids.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The process of urination is referred to as what?

Micturition

Is urine more dense or less dense than water?

More dense

What are the consequences of a glomerular filtration rate that is too high?

Needed substances will rush through the renal tubules and lost in urine.

Choose the anatomic term below that best describes the fact that there are a million of these structures and are the functional units of the kidneys.

Nephrons

The parts of the kidneys that makes them functional organs are called what?

Nephrons

Which direction does the descending limb of the nephron loop travel?

None of these

Which of the following is the correct order of tubules after the glomerular capsule?

Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Which anatomic structure below preserves the form of the kidney while protecting it from damage due to trauma.

Renal capsule

Which structure below acts as a filter for the blood by removing waste?

Renal cortex

Which anatomic structure below fastens each kidney to neighboring structures and to the abdominal wall?

Renal fascia

What is the anatomic term which describes the concave border where the renal artery enters the kidney?

Renal hilum

Choose the anatomic term below that best describes the structure whose primary purpose is to maintain the proper balance of salt and water in the blood.

Renal medulla

What is one difference between renin and erythropoietin?

Renin activates to increase blood pressure; erythropoietin increases the production of red blood cells.

Choose the best definition for osmosis.

The flow of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane.

What are the main differences between the male and female urethra?

The male urethra is longer and is part of the reproductive system

The ascending and descending limbs in the nephron loop are important because?

They can manipulate the osmolarity of the filtrate.

Which molecule below is measured to reveal a person's protein balance and overall kidney functioning?

Urea

Why are women more likely to have a urinary tract infection when compared to men?

Women's urethras are shorter than those of men; the urethra's external opening in women is closer to the anus than it is in men.

Which hormone below is released when plasma potassium concentration increases?

aldosterone

Which hormone below is released when blood pressure is reduced?

angiotensin II

What percentage of the solutes and water are reabsorbed by the time fluid reaches the end of the distal tubule?

at least 90%