Anatomy 3 Final Study Guide

which lymphatic structure drains from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

right lymphatic duct

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

secretion is regulated by corticotropin releasing hormone

which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum

which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina

serves as a passageway for primary oocyte

the two ions essential in the formation of an action potential (nerve impulse) are

sodium and potassium

Select the CORRECT statement about serial processing

spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing

The ______ region of an antibody determines which body cells are acceptable for antibody binding.

stem

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions and initiates labor

which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is FALSE?

sustentacular cells are spermatogenic stem cells

Impulses from one nerve cell are communicated to another nerve cell via

synapses

which of the following is NOT assessed as part of the Apgar score?

temperature

The thyroid gland maintains adequate levels of blood calcium through the hormone calcitionin. This is accomplished through

the activation of osteoblasts that deposit calcium on the bone matrix

which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

voltage-gated channel

Determine the correct sequence of baby forming

zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo

the period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is NOT sensitive to another stimulus is the

absolute refractory period

which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

acetylcholine

select the correct statement about active and passive immunity

active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies

digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except

adenoid tonsils

which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in phagocytosis?

adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

Leptin is secreted by

adipocytes

A client with hypovalemia (low blood volume) experiences activation of the renin-angiotensin system to maintain blood pressure. The nurse understands that as part of this response, the endocrine system will increase production and secretion of which mineralocorticoid?

aldosterone

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is

aldosterone

which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

allergic contact dermatitis

The duct system of the male reproductive tract includes all the following except

corpus spongiosum

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to

cortisol

large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations EXCEPT the

crural region

______ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes to the affected area

cytokines

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause

decreased testosterone secretion

neurons may be classified according to several characteristics. which of the following is CORRECT?

group c fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction

A nursing student is describing the difference between specific and nonspecific immunity. The student correctly identifies specific immunity by stating that this type of immunity

"is an adaptive defense against infection"

which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

heart

The disease AIDS interferes with the activity of

helper T cells

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called

hormones

A nurse instructor is reviewing the plan of care with a nursing student who is caring for a client with an altered immune system. The instructor asks the student to describe the properties of interferon. The student responds correctly by stating that an interferon

"is effective against a wide variety of viruses"

A nursing student is taking a prenatal class on the process of fetal circulation. The nursing instructor asks the student to specifically describe the flow of blood through the umbilical cord, Which of the following is the best response from the student?

"The two arteries in the umbilical cord carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide and other waste products away from the fetus to the placenta

select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue

lymphoid tissue is predominately reticular connective tissue

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is FALSE?

Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin

_______ predominate at the sites of chronic infections

macrophagess

which of the choices below describes the ANS?

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The most abundant neurons in the CNS that contain three or more processes, one axon, and dendrites are

multipolar neurons

Given the below vestibular-perineal structures, list them in their proper order from the anterior to the posterior aspect. 1) vaginal orifice 2) clitoris 3) urethral orifice 4) anus

2, 3, 1, 4

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by

natural killer cells

in the average adult female, the duration of the menstrual cycle is

28 days

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (non-conduction) neuron differ from the external environment? The inferior is

negatively charged and contains less sodium

another name for a long axon is

nerve fiber

select the TRUE statement

nerve signals travel faster in myelinated nerve fibers than in unmyelinated ones

A client has been hospitalized for impaired function of the posterior pituitary gland. The nurse providing care for the client anticipates that the client may exhibit altered secretions of which hormone?

ADH

select the CORRECT statement about lymphocytes

B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood

A nursing instructor is reviewing the menstrual cycle with a nursing student who will be conducting a prenatal teaching session. The instructor asks the student to describe the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH), The student accurately responds by stating that

FSH and Lh are released from the anterior pituitary gland

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough FSH and for this he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement about his problem

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so throufh a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, It is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

which of the following hormones controls the release of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

GnRH

all of the following are autoimmune diseases EXCEPT

Huntington's disease

A nursing student is assigned to care for a client with an immune disorder. The student is reviewing information related to the immune response and classes of human antibodies. The student plans care knowing that the major serum antibody is

IgG

phagocyte mobilization involves

neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

A nursing instructor is evaluating a nursing student for knowledge of antibody classes. The instructor asks the student which antibody is the first that is produced in response to an antigen. The student responds correctly by naming which of the following antibodies?

IgM

which of the following is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

nucleic acid

select the CORRECT definition concerning tissue grafts

Isografts are between two genetically identical individuals

which of the following is TRUE in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers

nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol

Select the correct statement about fertilizaion

Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment

which of the following statements regarding natural killer (NK) cells is an INCORRECT statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil

schwann cells are functionally similar to

oligodendrocytes

A nurse is performing an assessment on a client seen in the health care clinic for a first prenatal visit. The reports Feb. 9, 2010 as the first day of the last menstrual cycle. Using Nagele's rule the nurse determines that the estimated date of birth is

November 16, 2010

along a portion of the digestive tract lie clumps of lymph follicles called

Peyer's patches

trace the route that a nerve impulse would take

a axon hillock, axolemme, bouton, synaptic cleft, dendrite of neighboring neuron

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nerve impulse is called

a neurotransmitter

erection of the penis results from

a parasympathetic reflex that releases nitric oxide, thus dilating penile arterioles

A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to define the process of phagocytosis. The student responds correctly by telling the instructor that this is

a process by which a particle is ingested and digested by a cell

Normal lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called

a tonsil

The nurse is assessing a client who has been diagnose with a goiter. which of the following would the nurse expect to note during the assessment of the client?

an enlarged thyroid gland

A client has a tumor that is interfering with the function of the hypothalamus. The nurse would expect which clinical problem to be exhibited by the client?

antidiuretic hormone excess or deficit

Which of the following is NOT a T cell or precursor of a T cell?

antigenic

Lymphatic capillaries

are more permeable than blood capillaries

cytotoxic T cell

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

nervous tissue is absent in

articular cartilage

A nurse is assisting in administering immunizations at a health care clinic. The nurse understands that an immunization will provide

artificially acquired immunity from disease

neuroglia of the CNS that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are

astrocytes

neurotransmitter substances are stored in vesicles located in specialized portions of the

axon

the part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body is called a(n)

axon

A boy who had NOT passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would

be sterile (unable to impregnate)

the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G priteins and cAMP

the vesicouterine pouch is a space in the peritoneal cavity between the uterus and the

bladder

Normally menstruation occurs when

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the

bone marrow

the major targets of growth hormone are

bones and skeletal muscles

the term "central nervous system" refers to the

brain and spinal cord

During sexual excitement, which of these structures fills with blood and causes the vaginal orifice to narrow?

bulbs of the vestibule

ADH

causes vasoconstriction at high blood concentrations

the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called

chemotaxis

the thymus is most active during

childhood

The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from the mother and the fetus. which portion is from the fetus?

chorion

lymph collected from the intestines contains digested fats and is called

chyle

select the CORRECT statement about the function of antibodies

complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection, leading to cell lysis

what is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

destroys ACh after its release by axon ending

the thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT

directly fight antigens

The maternity nurse is providing an in-service session to nursing students regarding the process of conception. The nurse instructs the students that fertilization of a mature ovum occurs in which of the following areas?

distal third of the fallopian tube

Neurons arise from the embryonic

ectoderm

The brain develops from the

ectoderm

lymph leaves a lymph node via

efferent lymphatic vessels

All of the following are signs of inflammation EXCEPT

emesis

Which statement is false regarding anatomical changes during pregnancy?

enhanced vascularity decreases vaginal sensitivity and sexual intensity

steroid hormones exert their action by

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of parasitic worms. The nurse plans care knowing that the primary cell type that will attack these foreign particles are the

eosinophils

what are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

ependymal cells

The location of final maturation and storage of sperm cells before their ejaculation is the

epididymis

which of the following is not a male accessory gland

epididymis

A hospitalized client is diagnosed with dysfunction of the adrenal medulla. The nurse monitors for changes in client status related to altered production and secretion of which of the following substances?

epinephrine

when it becomes necessary to enlist the fight or flight response , a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

epinephrine

Select the CORRECT statement about male sexual response

erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood

A nurse has been assigned to provide care for a client with an immune disorder. In developing a plan of care for this client, the nurse will incorporate knowledge that the immune system consists of specific major types of cells. Which of the following types of cells is NOT associated with the immune system?

erythrocytes

which of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph?

erythyrocytes

which of the following is a steroid-based hormone

estrogen

Which organ does NOT have hormone production capabilities?

eye

The maternity nurse is describing the ovarian cycle. The instructors asks a nursing student to identify the phases of the cycle

follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

Spermiogenesis involves the (Hint: Spermiogenesis=Spermatogensis)

formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm

functions of the spleen include all of those below except

forming crypts that trap bacteria

regulatory T cells

function in preventing autoimmune reactions

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lymph nodes?

function in suppressing immune response

aldosterone

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called

ganglia

A nurse is assigned to the care of a client who has an altered production of cortisol. The nurse providing care for the client anticipates that the client is experiencing difficulty with synthesis of which of the following types of substances

glucocorticoids

A client reports to the health care clinic and says that is has been 6 weeks since her last menstrual period, the nurse performs a pregnancy test and would expect to note the presence of which of the following in the blood test results if the client is pregnant?

human chorionic gonadotropin

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

human chorionic gonadotropin

Several regulatory hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the

hypophyseal portal system

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be

identical

Peyer's patches are found in the

ileum

the basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that

in oogenesis one mature ovum is produced and in spermato four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

A hospitalized client is experiencing an episode of hypoglycemia, The nurse understands that the physiological mechanism that should take place to combat this decline in the blood glucose level is

increased glucagon secretion

Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?

inhibin

Which male hormone inhibits the secretions of FSH?

inhibin

the fact that humans do not become sick from animal diseases is a result of

innate immunity

which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

innervation of skeletal muscles

A client has been hospitalized for an endocrine system dysfunction of the pancreas. The nurse providing care for the client anticipates that the client will exhibit impaired secretion of which substances?

insulin

Interferons

interfere with viral replication within cells

fever is cause by

interleukin-1 (pyrogen)

the cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called

interstitial cells

A client has abnormal amounts of circulating T3 and T4. The nurse caring for the client anticipates that the client may have a deficiency of which of the following dietary elements?

iodine

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

is a bundle of nerves through which hormones are transferred from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

Immunocompetence

is the ability of individual cells to recognize and bind to a specific antigen

The nurse explains some of the purposes of the placenta to a client during a prenatal visit. The nurse determines that the client understands some of these purposes when she states that the placenta?

is the way the baby gets food and oxygen

The neurohypophysis (or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland) is NOT a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

lymph capillaries are absent in all of the following except

jejunum

The male scrotum is homologous to the female

labia majora

developmental events during weeks 17-20 include...

lanugo hair covering the skin

A nursing student is conducting a clinical conference on immunity. In discussing active versus passive immunity, the student emphasizes that active immunity

lasts much longer than passive immunity

Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?

luteinizing hormone

small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed

lymph nodes

Select the CORRECT statement about lymph transport

lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles

Neurons have a high metabolic rate requiring abundant amounts of ______ and glucose

oxygen

Milk ejection or letdown reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy

oxytocin

which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphatic structure?

pancreas

which of these glands has more exocrine than endocrine tissue

pancreas

A ______ circuit produces a continuous stream of output even after the input has stopped

parallel after-discharge

A client's serum calcium level is high. The nurse plans care accordingly and understands that the inhibitory mechanism of which hormone has been affected?

parathyroid hormone

which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to

peristaltic contractions

which of the following is NOT a form of a surface barrier defense against microorganisms?

phagocytes

an innate immune system defense includes

phagocytosis

which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

phenylephrine

antibodies that act against foreign substances are released by

plasma cells

immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open to reestablish a baseline potential?

potassium

secretion of progesterone stimulates

preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

progesterone levels are their highest

A nurse is conducting a prenatal class on the female reproductive system. When a client in the class asks why the fertilized ovum stays in the fallopian tube for 3 days, the nurse responds that the reason for this is that it

promotes the fertilized ovum to begin its development and allows for normal implantation in the superior, posterior portion of the uterus

which of the following is characteristic of most complete antigens?

reactivity with an immunoglobulins

the primary function of the uterus is to ....

receive, retain and nourish a fertilized ovum

relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to

relax the pubic symphysis

which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective

The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of

the bulbospongiosus muscles

estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy ?

the corpus luteum

which of the following will occur just after ovulation

the endometrium enters its secretory phase

select the false statement regarding labor

the expulsion stage of pregnancy is the time from the labor's onset until the cervix is fully dilated by the babys head

A pregnant client tells the clinic nurse that she wants to know the sex of the baby as soon as it can be determined. The nurse knows that the client should be able to find out at 12 weeks gestation because by the end of the 12th week...

the external genitalia are visible and distinct

which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?

the infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary

A nursing instructor is reviewing information on the organs of the immune system. The instructor asks a nursing student to name the location of Kupffer cells. The student responds correctly by indentifying the location of this cell type as

the liver

which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the mammary glands of both male and females?

the mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system?

A second nerve impulse CANNOT be generated until

the membrane potential has been reestablished

saltatory conduction is made possible by

the myelin sheath

Identify the FALSE statement

the outermost tissue layer of a nerve is the perineurium

the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to pressure of a hormone is dependent on

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which of the following glands is responsible is responsible for 70% of the volume of semen?

the seminal vesicles

why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation

the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes

Which of the following statements about sperm is NOT true?

the tail is the genetic and locomotor regions of the sperm

what effect does age have on the size of the thymus

the thymus initially increases in size and then degenerates during late adolescence

shortly after implantation

the trophoblast forms two distinct layers

concerning the vagina

the vaginal orifice is covered by the hymen in prepubscents

proteases and acrosin are enzymes. how do they function in reproduction?

they act to break down the protective barriers around the egg allowing the sperm to penetrate

concerning the breast,

they are attached to the pectoralis major muscle by suspensory ligaments

which of the following is true of immediate hypersenitivities?

they are commonly the result of environmental allergens

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is TRUE about the role they play?

they regulate the temperature of the testes

The major development of organ systems takes place in the

third to eighth week of development

A majority (3/4) of the body's lymphatic system drains into the

thoracic duct

Which of the following is NOT a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?

thymus

A client with an endocrine disorder has experienced recent weight loss and exhibits tachycardia. The nurse determines that which of the following glands is most likely to be responsible for those findings?

thyroid

which of the following organs is influenced by TSH in adults?

thyroid gland

which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?

to provide defenses for the CNS

which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

transporting respiratory gases

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemai (increased blood flow) caused by

vasodilation

The structure containing the oocyte just prior to ovulation is know as a

vesicular follicle