Anatomy and Physiology 2 Respiratory Homework

Define Boyle's law.

Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilum

In quiet breathing

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure

All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that

it can convert carbonic acid into O2

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to

provide adequate alveolar ventilation.

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except

providing gas exchange.

The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?

rectus abdominis

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

Cooling the air

Air traveling from the segmental bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule

terminal bronchioles

Which of the following would be greater?

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

the volume of the thorax increases

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

Which is true regarding the blood air barrier?

Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier

What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration?

Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different?

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

Trachea

Which of these age-based changes is false?

Vital capacity increases.

transversus thoracis muscle

What is an accessory expiratory muscle?

pulmonary arterys

Which structure is located most superior at the hilum of the left lung?

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?

alveoli

Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute

12-18

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

2 alpha and 2 beta

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow?

Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli?

Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

tidal volume

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

Type I pneumocytes:

are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells.

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages

arytenoid

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Which of the following is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis?

larynx

In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the

lobar bronchi

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory tract

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

the chloride shift.

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia.

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body

Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?

More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer

is converted to carbonic acid

Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity.

Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation?

residual volume

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia

Respiratory minute volume, VE

is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT

Internal respiration

is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

respiratory minute volume

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

Lobar bronchi supply air to the

segmental bronchi.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

Emphysema

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

In emphysema, all of the following occur except

patients present with cyanosis.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

Conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?

It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.

Which of the following is false about the pharynx?

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages?

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

Define oxyhemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why.

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.

mucus escalator.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except

decreased number of dust cells.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

factor that affects the rate of external respiration

diameter of an alveolus

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

Which upper respiratory structure includes the portion of the pharynx between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagus?

laryngopharynx

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

Alveolar ventilation rate

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

Define Dalton's law.

Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture.

pulmonary lobule

Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure?

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?

It causes RBCs to swell.

Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs?

The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.

Where the slope is steep, a very small change in plasma PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin.

Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen.

Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

he visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the

thyroid cartilage