Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 4 (Exam 2)

lacunae

(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. microglia

A. neurons

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon c. microglia d. collagen fiber

B. axon

In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes

D. osteocytes

necrosis

accidental death of cells and tissues

gap junction

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

clotting

also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding

chondrocytes

cells of the cartilage

histamine

chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability

primary union

condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing

connective tissue proper

connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells

dense connective tissue

connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection

connective tissue membrane

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

mesenchyme

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive

neuron

excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses

matrix

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

elastic fiber

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

reticular fiber

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting "nets" within connective tissue

collagen fiber

flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

ground substance

fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

transitional epithelium

form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine

tight junction

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

parenchyma

functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ

mucous gland

group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant

reticular lamina

matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane

anchoring junction

mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

fibroblast

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

myocyte

muscle cells

oligodendrocyte

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain

Schwann cell

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system

fluid connective tissue

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

mucous connective tissue

specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord

neuroglia

supportive neural cells

loose connective tissue

(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

areolar tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional

A. columnar

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization

A. differentiation

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine c. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine

A. holocrine; apocrine

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes

A. mytoblasts

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

A. skeletal muscle only

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue

B. adipose tissue

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

B. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

B. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

C. dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial

C. embryonic

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling

C. fever

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. neuroglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

D. astrocytes

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage

D. hyaline cartilage

basement membrane

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

apocrine secretion

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

mesenchymal cell

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

goblet cell

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous

skeletal muscle

usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a. collagen b. histamine c. hyaluronic acid d. meylin

B. histamine

Atrophy refers to ________. a. loss of elasticity b. loss of mass c. loss of rigidity d. loss of permeability

B. loss of mass

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm

B. mesenchyme

striation

alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern

serous gland

group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface

exocrine gland

group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body

endocrine gland

groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood

cardiac muscle

heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

myelin

layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons

adipocytes

lipid storage cells

atrophy

loss of mass and function

wound contraction

process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together

apoptosis

programmed cell death

holocrine secretion

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

merocrine secretion

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

inflammation

response of tissue to injury

mesothelium

simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes

adipose tissue

specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat

astrocyte

star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier

apical

that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space

basal lamina

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

simple columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs

simple cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

simple squamous epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface

secondary union

wound healing facilitated by wound contraction

fibrocyte

less active form of fibroblast

cell junction

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa

D. mucosa

fibrocartilage

tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

elastic cartilage

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

supportive connective tissue

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

reticular tissue

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

smooth muscle

under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a. transitional b. stratified columnar c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous

B. stratified columnar

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. a. diet b. exercise c. genetic factors d. stress

C. genetic factors

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional

C. simple squamous

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. nuclei b. striations c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria

D. mitochondria

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous epithelium

tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion

stratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts

stratified cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

endothelium

tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium