Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 2 3 4 5

Inferior

(caudal) below something else, toward the tail.

Superior

(cranial, cephalic): above something else, toward the head.

Posterior

(dorsal): toward the rear or back of the body or structure.

Superficial

(external) : at or close to the body surface.

Deep

(internal): below or away from the body surface.

Anterior

(ventral): toward the front of the body or structure.

Most homeostatic control systems are negative feedback systems

Most homeostatic control systems are negative feedback systems, which act to reduce or stop the initial stimulus. Some are positive feedback systems, which act to increase the initial stimulus, as in the case of blood clotting.

umbilical

navel

scapular

shoulder blade region Posterior Body Landmark

carpal

wrist

Dorsal

A neurosurgeon orders a spinal tap for a patient. Into what body cavity will the needle be inserted? Ventral Thoracic Dorsal Cranial Pelvic

There are Six LEVELS of Structural organization.

ATOMS (at the chemical level) combine, forming the unit of life, the cell. CELLS are grouped into TISSUES, which in turn are arranged in specific ways to form organs. An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that perform a specific function for the body (which no other organ system can do). Together, All of the organ systems Form the ORGANISM, or living body.

Receptor , Control Center , Effector

All homeostatic control mechanisms have three components: (1) a receptor that responds to environmental changes (stimuli) and (2) a control center that assesses those changes and produces a response by activating (3) the effector.

Posterior and Dorsal

Anatomical terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include ventral and anterior. back and rear. posterior and dorsal. head and lateral.

Regional terms

Anterior and Posterior Surface Anatomy Visible landmarks on the body surface may be used to specifically refer to a body part or area.

The stomach exhibits the organ level of structural organization Glucose is at the chemical level

At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?

Homeostasis

Body functions interact to maintain homeostasis, or a relatively stable internal environment within the body. Homeostasis is necessary for survival and good health; its loss results in illness

1,4,2,3,6,5

Consider the following levels: (1) chemical; (2) tissue; (3) organ; (4) cellular; (5) organismal; (6) systemic. Which of the following choices has the levels *listed in order of increasing complexity? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6 3, 1, 2, 4, 6, 5 1, 4, 2, 3, 6, 5 4, 1, 3, 2, 6, 5 Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Systematic, Organismal

Body Cavities - Dorsal & Ventral, Oral, Nasal, Orbital, and Middle

Dorsal well protected by bone ; has two subdivisions (cranial: contains the brain, & spinal: contains the spinal cord) Ventral Thoracic: The superior cavity that extends inferiorly to the diaphragm; contains heart and lungs, which are protected by the rib cage. Abdominopelvic: The cavity inferior to the diaphragm that contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal portion is vulnerable becaue it is protected only by the trunk muscles. The pelvic portion is somewhat protected by the bony pelvis. The abdominopelvic cavity is often divided into four quadrants or nine regions. Smaller body cavities include the oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities. All are open to the outside of the body except the middle ear cavity.

How many organ systems make up the human body?

ELEVEN organ systems make up the human body: the INTEGUMENTARY, the SKELETAL, the MUSCULAR, the NERVOUS, the ENDOCRINE, the CARDIOVASCULAR, the LYMPHATIC, the RESPIRATORY, the DIGESTIVE, the URINARY, and the REPRODUCTIVE systems.

transverse section (cross section)

If you were dissecting a cadaver and wanted to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, which type of section would you make? To separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities, you would make a transverse section ( cross section ).

ability to Maintain One's Boundaries, to Move, to Respond to Stimuli, and to Reproduce

In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive? Survival also depends on the ability to maintain one's boundaries, to move, to respond to stimuli, and to reproduce

might have appendicitis

Joe went to the emergency room, where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. What might be his problem?

FALSE

Kidney function, bone growth, and beating of the heart are all topics of anatomy. True or false? False. They are all topics of physiology.

1-e, 2-c, 3-i, 4-f, 5-h, 6-a, 7-b, 8-d, 9-g

Match the proper anatomical term (column B) with the common name (column A) for the body regions listed below. Column A (#s) Column B(letters) 1. buttocks a. inguinal 2. back b. frontal 3. heel c. dorsal 4. front of elbow d. sural 5. toes e. gluteal 6. groin f. antecubital 7. forehead g. plantar 8. calf h. digital 9. sole of foot i. calcaneal

Metabolism is the function in which oxygen directly participates

Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important? In which life function does oxygen participate directly? Oxygen is required for the chemical reactions that release energy from food and form ATP. Metabolism is the life function in which oxygen directly participates.

Homeostasis

Refers to maintaining a relatively stable internal environment even though the outside world is continuously changing.

Body Planes and Sections

Sagittal section: separates the body longitudinally into right and left parts. Frontal (coronal) section: separates the body on a longitudinal plane into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse (cross) section: separates the body on a horizontal plane into superior and inferior parts.

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable environment is referred to as HOMEOSTASIS.

What is the anatomical position? Why is it important that an anatomy student understand it?

The anatomical position is a standard position that serves as a reference point in descriptions of the body and its structures. In this position, the body is standing erect feet are parallel arms hang at the sides palms face forward It's important to understand it because most descriptions of the body using anatomical terminology refer to body regions as if the body is in the anatomical position regardless of its actual position.

palms turned toward one's back

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT thumbs pointed laterally arms at sides feet together and parallel palms turned toward one's back body erect This DOES NOT characterize the anatomical position : palms SHOULD BE FACING FORWARD

Physiology

The study of how a structure (which may be a cell, an organ, or an organ system) functions or works.

Anatomy

The study of structure. Observation is used to see the sizes, shapes, and relationships of body parts.

Left posterior antebrachial region

Use anatomical language to describe the location of a cut to the back of your left forearm.

superior, superficial, proximal, lateral, medial, posterior

Using the terms listed below, fill in the blank with the proper term. anterior superior medial proximal superficial posterior inferior lateral distal deep The heart is located superior to the diaphragm. The muscles are superficial to the bone. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow. In anatomical position, the thumb is lateral to the index finger. The vertebral region is medial to the scapular region. The gluteal region is located on the posterior surface of the body.

Negative Feedback System

When we begin to become dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the thirst sensation part of a negative or a positive feedback control system? Defend your choice. Thirst is part of a negative feedback system. Thirst prods us to drink fluids (the response), which in turn causes the thirst sensation to decrease and end. Were it a positive feedback mechanism, we would become even more thirsty (the stimulus for drinking would increase).

No , False

When we say that the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body are unchanging? NO We mean that they vary within a narrow and regulated range

Skeletal System

Which body system is most closely associated with the support and protection of the body organs? Nervous Integumentary Lymphatic Skeletal Endocrine The skeleton protects and supports the body organs as well as providing a framework for the skeletal muscles.

Cardiovascular System

Which body system is most closely associated with transport and delivery? Cardiovascular Respiratory Nervous Integumentary Reproductive The cardiovascular system is concerned with transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes.

Atmospheric Pressure

Which is not essential to survival? Water Oxygen Gravity Atmospheric pressure Nutrients

Hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric

Which of the following groupings of the abdominopelvic regions is medial? Hypochondriac, hypogastric, umbilical Hypochondriac, lumbar, inguinal Hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric Lumbar, umbilical, iliac Iliac, umbilical, hypochondriac

Effector, Control center, Receptor, Feedback

Which of the following is (are) involved in maintaining homeostasis? Effector Control center Receptor Feedback Lack of change

All

Which of the following organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity ? spinal cord small intestine uterus heart Of these organs, the small intestine and uterus are in the abdominopelvic cavity

Respiratory System

Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi? These organs are part of the respiratory system

midsagittal section

Which section type would separate the two eyes?

Urinary System

Which system functions to remove wastes and help regulate blood pressure? The urinary system rids the body of waste and helps regulate blood pressure

How are Anatomy and Physiology related?

Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy? Anatomy and physiology are related. A given function can occur only if the corresponding structure allows it

tarsal

ankle region

abdominal

anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs

patellar

anterior knee

crural

anterior leg ; the shin

antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

sacral

area between hips at base of spine Posterior Body Landmark

thoracic

area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages ; chest

lumbar

area of back between ribs and hips ; the loin Posterior Body Landmark

vertebral

area of spinal column Posterior Body Landmark

pelvic

area overlying the pelvis anteriorly

inguinal

area where the thigh meets body trunk ; groin

brachial

arm

axillary

armpit

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

sternal

breastbone area

buccal

cheek area

mental

chin

Proximal

closer to the point of attatchment

deltoid

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

Structure

determines what functions can occur; therefore, if the structure changes, the function must also change.

orbital

eye area

digital

fingers , toes

antebrachial

forearm

frontal

forehead

pubic

genital region

buttock

gluteal Posterior Body Landmark

cephalic

head Posterior Body Landmark

calcaneal

heel of foot Posterior Body Landmark

coxal

hip

axillary region

is the armpit

acromial region

is the point of the shoulder

Anatomy

is the study of the structure and shape of the body

fibular

lateral part of leg

oral

mouth

cervical

neck region

nasal

nose area

acromial

point of shoulder

popliteal

posterior knee area Posterior Body Landmark

olecranal

posterior surface of elbow Posterior Body Landmark

occipital

posterior surface of head or base of skull Posterior Body Landmark

pectoral

relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest

sural

the posterior surface of leg ; the calf Posterior Body Landmark

femoral

thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior)

Medial

toward the midline of the body