Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 & 2 Review

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

Identify three different ways that growth can occur in the human body.

Growth can occur by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the size of existing cells, or increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells.

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

None of the above

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?

PET

What type of radiation does a CAT scanner use?

X-rays

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

a control center

The heart is within the ________.

mediastinum

Uracil ________.

1. Contains Nitrogen. 2. Is a pyrimidine. 3. Is found in RNA.

How is PET used in chemotherapy?

PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy

What happens to the charged electroscope when a conductor is moved between its plastic sheets, and why?

The plastic sheets jump to the conductor (the nail) because the conductor takes on electrons from the electroscope, reducing the repellant force of the 2 sheets

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?

ultrasounds

Which medical imaging technique is most dangerous to use repeatedly, and why?

CT scanning because it subjects patients to much higher levels of radiation than X-rays. It shouldn't be performed repeatedly.

________ reactions release energy.

Decomposition

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?

high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

Explain why CH4 is one of the most common molecules found in nature. Are the bonds between the atoms ionic or covalent?

(A carbon atom has four electrons in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, it will readily participate in chemical reactions that result in its valence shell having eight electrons. Hydrogen, with one electron, will complete its valence shell with two. Electron sharing between an atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen meets the requirements of all atoms.) The bonds are covalent because the electrons are shared. Although hydrogen often participates in ionic bonds, carbon does not because it is highly unlikely to donate or accept four electrons.

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

synthesis

Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body

the kidneys

Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have?

two

Name the six levels of organization of the human body.

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?

Dietary fats are digested and absorbed with the help of enzymes before getting released into the bloodstream as bigger particles cannot be absorbed. The fats are made of single fatty acid and three fatty acid chains bonded to a single molecule named glycerol. Fats can be harmful as well as beneficial. Saturated and Trans fats are harmful dietary fat whereas mono and poly saturated fats are beneficial.

Which of the following is a molecule, but not acompound?

H2

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________.

Hexose Monosaccharide

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?

Hydrogen and Hydrogen

Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding? Why or why not?

Identical atoms have identical electronegativity and cannot form ionic bonds. Oxygen, for example, has six electrons in its valence shell. Neither donating nor accepting the valence shell electrons of the other will result in the oxygen atoms completing their valence shells. Two atoms of the same element always form covalent bonds.

AB+CD→AD+BE Is this a legitimate example of an exchange reaction? Why or why not?

It is not. An exchange reaction might be AB+CD -> AC+BD or AB+CD -> AD+BC. In all chemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants are identical to the components of the product. A component present among the reactants cannot disappear, nor can a component not present in the reactants suddenly appear in products.

The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? What does this mean?

Lemon juice is 100 times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a one hundred-fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions.

During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends take him to the local emergency room. There, he is given an intravenous solution of bicarbonate. Why?

Lemon juice is acidic. When Eli drank the bottle of lemon juice it made its blood too acidic which made his respiratory system compensate for the blood acidity to increase respiration but it was not enough. Therefore, the immediate action of the emergency room was to administer the bicarbonate solution intravenously to counteract the acidity of the blood since bicarbonate in an alkaline solution.

Magnesium is an important element in the human body, especially in bones. Magnesium's atomic number is 12. Is it stable or reactive? Why? If it were to react with another atom, would it be more likely to accept or to donate one or more electrons?

Magnesium's 12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the second shell, and 2 in the valence shell. According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive) because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate in chemical reactions in which it donates two electrons.

If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?

Maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11 atoms of oxygen, because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration synthesis.

When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? In other words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?

Powder and liquid detergents have more enzymes and surfactants that work on grease and slime on the clothes. It is also easier for the molecules of the powder and liquid soaps to play its role as nonionic surfactants due to more freedom of its movement than that of a solid bar soap.

Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons.

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in an isotope. The number of neutrons is the difference between the mass and the atomic number 16= 8 protons + 8 neutrons 17= 8 protons + 9 neutrons 18= 8 protons +10 neutrons

If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?

The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.

What is the meaning of a mass number shown in parentheses?

The element has no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses

What happens when water encounters a glycosidic bond?

The glycosidic bond changes from a disaccharide to 2 monosaccharides

What is the function of magnets in an MRI

The magnets induce tissue to emit radio signals that can show differences between different types of tissue.

The most abundant elements in the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Why might having these elements in consumables be useful?

These four elements - oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen - together make up more than 95% of the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make elements, so it is helpful to have them in consumables.

Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean?

Ty's blood is slightly alkaline

Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development.

Ultrasonography does not expose a mother or fetus to radiation, to radiopharmaceuticals, or to magnetic fields. At this time, there are no known medical risks of ultrasonography

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

Water is a polar molecule. It has a region of weakly positive charge and a region of weakly negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar molecules. Oil is nonpolar, and are repelled by water.

. In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?

X-rays

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?

amino

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes

an ion

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________.

atom

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________.

breaking down stored energy

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n) ________.

cell

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

childbirth

AB→A+BAB→A+B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction.

decomposition

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.

differentiation

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.

double helix

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.

exercise physiologist

What kind of catabolism occurs in the heart

fatty acid catabolism

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel?

glucose

A phospholipid ________.

has both polar and nonpolar regions

Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.

health career, promote heath, respond to health

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

midsagittal plane

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________.

more than 80 neutrons each

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule?

nucleic acids

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

organ

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________.

organic

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.

oxygen

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________.

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogenand three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with________.

polar covalent bonds.

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________.

potential energy

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________.

protons

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

regional anatomy

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.

saliva contains enzymes

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________.

salt

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.

salt

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.

skeletal system

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution?

sodium ions and chlorine ions

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________.

specificity

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

stores energy for use by body cells

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

The lumbar region is ________.

superior to the popliteal region

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a ________.

suspension

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.

sweat glands to increase their output