Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1 (Connects)

Which of the following are statistical tests?

- T Test - Chi-square test

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

1) It is consistent with what is already known. 2) It is testable and falsifiable.

Place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom.

1. Atom 2. Cell 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism

Which evolutionary process leads to the establishment of species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction?

Adaption

What are features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures called?

Adaptions

What are the benefits of a large sample size? Select all that apply. It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome. It controls for individual variation. It controls for chance events. It eliminates the probability of random variation.

All except for #4.

Which habitat refers to living in the trees?

Arboreal

Which philosopher believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?

Aristotle

What is the smallest particle of matter with a unique chemical identity?

Atom

A physician who is listening to your heart beat is utilizing which diagnostic procedure?

Auscultation

The "Galen of Islam" whose influential textbook was the leading authority in European medical schools for 500 years is ______.

Avicenna

Who was the Muslim scholar that wrote the book called The Canon of Medicine?

Avicenna

Rene Descartes and Francis _____ revolutionized the philosophy of science, arguing for a more systematic enterprise aimed at new discoveries.

Bacon

Which philosopher is credited with leading scientific inquiry along the modern path by using the scientific method?

Bacon ~ Bacon and Descartes were reformers who revolutionized thinking about how science was conducted

What is the ability to walk upright on two feet called?

Bipedalism

Who is known as the father of the theory of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

Who was the physician to the Roman gladiators that wrote one of the most influential medical textbooks of his era?

Claudius Galen

In which of the following does a surgeon learn a procedure on animals before practicing on humans?

Comparative Physiology

Which is an example of a class of tissue?

Connective

________ is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

Evolution

Which statement best describes a theory?

Explanatory statement that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study.

The practice of diagnosing illness by opening a body is known as what type of surgery?

Exploratory

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following ?

Fact

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

False

True or false: Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth.

False

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

False

True or false: The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not the fine details of cells.

False

True or false: The work of Galen is considered the birth of experimental physiology.

False

True or false: Vesalius was the first to describe the "cell theory."

False

What type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

Gross

Which of the following best describes Aristotle?

He was a philosopher who believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well.

True or false: The double-blind method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving treatment and which are receiving placebo.

High

Who was the Greek physician considered to be "the father of medicine"?

Hippocrates

The ______ oath is a code of ethics for physicians.

Hippocratic

Which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?

Histopathology

The Englishman who invented the modern compound microscope in the 1600s and observed plant cells was Robert

Hooke

Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

Hypothesis

What is an educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?

Hypothesis

Which method of reasoning begins with a hypothesis or question and then tries to answer that question?

Hypothetico-deductive method

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified

The ______ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation. It is a specific tool within the scientific method.

Inductive

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

Law of Nature

Who was the Jewish physician that wrote 10 medical books and numerous books on diseases?

Maimonides

Who suggested that all organisms are composed of cells?

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe what?

Microorganisms

Which of the following states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors?

Natural Selection

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?

Observation

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

Organ System

What is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions called?

Organelle

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer Review

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

Plasma Membrane

Which forces can act as selective "pressure"? Better Catalogue Predators Disease Competition for food

Predators Disease Competition for food

Which branch of medicine is concerned with imaging, such as with X-rays?

Radiology

_____ is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body.

Radiology

Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat? Rich supply of leaves and fruit Relative safety from predators Relatively less competition Slow moving prey items

Rich supply of leaves and fruit Relative safety from predators Relatively less competition

Who improved the microscope and was the first to observe and describe cells?

Robert Hooke

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

Scientific Method

Which forces promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others?

Selection pressures

Experimenter bias is defined as which of the following?

The conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data.

What is an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study called?

Theory

True or false: The double-blind method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving treatment and which are receiving placebo.

True

Acronyms are terms that do which of the following?

Use the first letter of a series of words

Who was the first anatomist to publish an atlas of anatomy?

Versalius

Who was the Englishman from the 1500s known for his study of physiology, especially of the heart?

William Harvey

Which forces can act as selective "pressure"?

a) Predators b) Disease c) Competition for food

In anatomical terminology, the adjective comes ______ the noun.

after

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as

auscultation

An example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) ______ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) ______ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested.

control, experimental

Corpora is the plural form of

corpus.

What is the plural form of cortex?

cortices

Dissection and anatomy both mean ______.

cutting apart

The study of individual cells is called ______.

cytology

The term for the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships is ____.

dissection, dissecting, dissect, dissections, etc.

Terms that identify the discoverer of a structure are called

eponyms, eponym

A change in the genetics in a population over a period of time is called ______.

evolution

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is ______ bias.

experimenter, experimenter's

Students are looking at major arteries and veins on the surface of the heart, which does not require a microscope. They are studying the ______ of the heart.

gross anatomy

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called

histology

Part of a hip bone is an ______, while the final portion of the small intestine is the ______.

ilium, ileum

A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave is called a ______ of nature.

law

The name of a middle-ear bone is ______, while the name of a bony protuberance at the ankle is ______.

malleus, malleolus

Most exploratory surgery has been replaced with ______.

medical imaging techniques

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a living

organism.

The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is

pathophysiology

A _____ review is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field.

peer

The plural form of phalanx is ______.

phalanges

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as ______ effects.

psychosomatic

Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?

psychosomatic

The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the ______ size.

sample, sample size

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

tissue, tissues.

The name of a back muscle is ______, while the name of a wrist bone is ______.

trapezius, trapezium

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the ______ group contains the variable being tested.

treatment, experimental, tested

Endogastric means ______.

within the stomach.