Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Test Bank

match the serous membrane w/ its location visceral pericardium: ______________ parietal peritoneum: ______________ parietal pleural: _______________ drop down choices: a. adheres to the outside of the heart b. lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity c. lines the wall of the chest cavity

1) a. adheres to the outside of the heart 2) b. lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity 3) c. lines the wall of the chest cavity

when the body is in correct anatomical position, the upper appendages are _______to the heart. the 3rd digit is __________to the 2nd and 4th digit. the 5th digit is ________to the 1st digit. drop down choices a. lateral b. medial c. intermediate d. inferior e. superficial

1) a. lateral 2) c. intermediate 3) b. medial

the nose is ____to the eyes. the ears are _____to the eyes. the scapula is _____to the sternum. the antecubital is __________to the olecranal marking. drop down choices a. anterior b. lateral c. medial d. posterior

1) c. medial 2) b. lateral 3) d. posterior 4) a. anterior

in negative feedback, the ____________ monitors the controlled condition. input about the controlled condition is sent to the _______________, which evaluates the information received & compares it to the controlled conditions set point. if needed, a(n) _______________ will cause a change to the controlled condition. homeostasis helps maintain controlled conditions at a(n) _______________, which is the ideal range. drop down choises a. control center b. effector c. receptor d. set point

1) c. receptor 2) a. control center 3) b. effector 4) d. set point

feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of ______________; itching the mosquito bite is an example of _______________. dropdown choices: a. differentiation b. growth c. movement d. reproduction e. responsiveness

1) e. responsiveness 2) c. movement

if you eat a funnel cake, the following (simplified) events will occur: glucose from carbohydrates is absorbed in the intestine & level of glucose in blood rises. blood glucose levels rise and stimulates beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin; while simultaneously inhibiting alpha cells release of glucagon. insulin has a major effect of facilitating the movement of glucose into many cells, (i.e. liver); as a result, blood glucose levels fall. when blood glucose levels drop, the stimulus for insulin release disappears & insulin is no longer secreted. what type of feedback is occurring? ______________ what is the stimulus? ________________ what are the receptors? ______________ what is the output? ________________

1) negative 2) increased glucose levels in blood 3) beta cells 4) insulin

describe a feedback system & list its general components

a feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is monitored, evaluated & changed to maintain homeostasis. a feedback system will include a receptor that detects the stimuli, a control center that receives the input from the receptor & generates an output, & an effector that receives the output & produces a response.

describe the differences between positive & negative feedback systems

a positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the bodies controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition

a pt has a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). which abdominopelvic region would the doctor perform the surgery a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

a. A

which cavity contains the main control centers in the feedback cycle? a. A b. C c. D d. E

a. A

which radiographs were obtained using low-dose x-rays? a. A & B b. B & C c. C & D d. A & C e. B & E

a. A & B

which subspecialty of physiology deals w/ the effects of hormones control of reproduction? a. endocrinology b. cardiovascular physiology c. neurophysiology d. immunology e. pathophysiology

a. endocrinology

which tissue will form the top layer of the skin? a. epithelial tissue b. connective tissue c. muscular tissue d. necrotic tissue e. nervous tissue

a. epithelial tissue

the section shown in (B) results form cutting through a _______________ plane extending through the brain? a. frontal b. sagittal c. oblique d. midsagittal e. transverse

a. frontal

in the figure, the ascending colon & gallbladder are considered ____________ to each other a. ipsilateral b. contralateral c. lateral d. distal e. posterior

a. ipsilateral

the ribs are _____________ to the sternum a. lateral b. medial c. proximal d. distal e. superior

a. lateral

which two organs in the diagram are in the abdominal cavity? select all that apply a. liver b. stomach c. lung d. heart e. transverse colon

a. liver & b. stomach & e. transverse colon

what process occurs when amino acids build new proteins (select all that apply): a. metabolism b. anabolism c. catabolism d. responsiveness e. differentiation

a. metabolism & b. anabolism

if blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain level, thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited & stop secreting TRH. this is an example of: a. negative feedback b. positive feedback

a. negative feedback

swimmers ear is an infection in the outer ear canal. what anatomical term refers to the area infected? a. otic b. orbital c. ocular d. oral e. occipital

a. otic

abductor pollicis longus & extensor pollicis brevis are muscles that help move what anatomical marking? a. pollex b. tarsal c. hallux d. volar e. carpal

a. pollex

during sexual intercourse, stimulation leads to an increase in arousal & sexual behavior. this in turn leads to increased stimulation, until climax is reached & orgasm takes place. this is an example of a. positive feedback b. negative feedback

a. positive feedback

hydrochloric acid & pepsin are enzymes secreted by cells in your stomach to digest proteins. the presence of partially digested protein in the stomach triggers the secretion of more HCl and pepsin. thus, once digestion begins, it becomes a self-accelerating process. this is an example of a. positive feedback b. negative feedback

a. positive feedback

a component that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in blood would be the a. receptor b. muscle c. response d. effector

a. receptor

what are common characteristics of a negative feedback system (select all that apply)? a. regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods b. a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction c. important in mainting homeostasis d. involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine stimulus e. stimulate changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus f. rate of a process increases as the concentration of the product increases

a. regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods & c. important in mainting homeostasis & d. involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine stimulus & e. stimulate changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus

what cavity contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas & the duodenum? a. retroperitoneal b. visceral pleura c. parietal pericardium d. visceral peritoneum e. mediastinum

a. retroperitoneal

which of the following structures or regions could you clearly see when you are viewing the posterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position (select all that apply)? a. shoulder blade b. palm of the hand c. plantar surface of foot d. popliteal region of the knee e. gluteal region

a. shoulder blade & d. popliteal region of the knee & e. gluteal region

a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function is a(n) a. tissue b. organ c. molecules d. compounds e. organism

a. tissue

put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the urinary bladder is located a. ventral, abdominopelvic, pelvic, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal b. abdominopelvic, ventral, pelvic, visceral peritoneal, parietal peritoneal c. ventral, abdominopelvic, visceral peritoneal, pelvic, parietal peritoneal d. abdominopelvic, pelvic, ventral, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal

a. ventral, abdominopelvic, pelvic, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal

discuss the importance of body fluids & which one is considered to be the body's internal environment

an important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume & composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions containing the dissolved substances needed to sustain life. the fluid w/in cells is intracellular fluid (ICF) & the fluid found outside of cells is extracellular fluid (ECF). the ECF consists of interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, & vitreous. the ECF called interstitial fluid, which is the fluid found in the narrow spaces between cells & tissues, is also known as the body's internal environment. this is due to the fact that the proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them.

which plane divides the body into unequal right & left halves a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

b. B

place the events in correct order A: input about the controlled condition is sent to the control center. B: if needed, the control center sends output to an effector. C: effector can produce a response that helps maintain homeostasis. D: receptor monitors a controlled condition E-control center evaluates the value of the controlled condition compared to the set point. a. A, E, D, B, C b. D, A, E, B, C c. A, D, E, C, B d. D, E, B, A, C

b. D, A, E, B, C

blood is often drawn from the front of the elbow or the _____________ marking a. olecranal b. antecubital c. carpal d. digital e. antebrachial

b. antecubital

choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. the sternum is ___________ to the heart a. posterior b. anterior c. inferior d. superior e. lateral

b. anterior

place the following levels of organization from the most complex to the simplest level of organization a. chemical level, tissue level, cellular level, organismal level, organ level b. chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organismal level c. cellular level, tissue level, organ level, chemical level, organismal level d. chemical level, organ level, cellular level, tissue level, organismal level

b. chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organismal level

in the diagram, the calcaneal is _______________ to the popliteal region a. ipsilateral b. contralateral c. superior d. anterior e. medial

b. contralateral

cardiomyopathy worsens as the heart weakens. swelling in the legs occurs & is classified as a (select all that apply): a. symptom b. disorder c. disturbance d. disease e. sign

b. disorder & c. disturbance & e. sign

in the diagram, the femoral area is ______________ to the cervical area a. superior b. inferior c. medial d. proximal e. posterior

b. inferior

measuring the movements of protons in a magnetic field is a. computed tomography b. magnetic resonance imaging c. ultrasound scanning d. radionuclide scanning e. amniocentesis

b. magnetic resonance imaging

cutting open the chest at the sternal marking would represent a(n) a. sagittal plane b. midsagittal plane c. transverse plane d. oblique plane e. coronal plane

b. midsagittal plane

the two organ systems that predominantly regulate & maintain homeostasis are the a. cardiovascular & integumentary systems b. nervous & endocrine systems c. cardiovascular & respiratory systems d. respiratory & muscular systems e. urinary & integumentary systems

b. nervous & endocrine systems

which structure or region could one clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position? a. shoulder blade b. palm of the hand c. plantar surface of foot d. popliteal region of the knee e. gluteal region

b. palm of the hand

amputation of the arm at the shoulder would be a(n) a. frontal plane b. parasagittal plane c. transverse plane d. oblique plane e. midsagittal plane

b. parasagittal plane

which describes the study of the functions of body structures? a. anatomy b. physiology c. endocrinology d. histology e. immunology

b. physiology

during a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache & anxiety. these changes in your body functions are considered a. signs b. symptoms c. receptors d. controlled condition e. responsiveness

b. symptoms

which cavity is lined by serous membrane (select all that apply)? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

c. C & d. D & e. E

according to the diagram, an appendectomy would be performed a. B b. D c. G d. H e. I

c. G

which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure? a. skin b. arteries c. brain d. heart e. pituitary gland

c. brain

bunions are awful painful, pressure-sensitive areas that lead to displacement of the big toe. what term refers to the big toe? a. pollex b. tarsal c. hallux d. pedal e. carpal

c. hallux

which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells & tissues? a. lymph b. blood plasma c. interstitial fluid e. vitreous body

c. interstitial fluid

which examples exhibit the basic life process of growth? a. muscle contraction b. digestion of proteins c. lifting weights & gaining muscle mass d. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen

c. lifting weights & gaining muscle mass d. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen

which subspecialty of physiology addresses pharmacology, chemistry, & physiology of nervous tissue? a. endocrinology b. cardiovascular physiology c. neurophysiology d. immunology e. pathophysiology

c. neurophysiology

based on the correct levels of organization, why is the skin considered an organ? a. chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-organ system-organism. organs interact to form systems. b. cellular-chemical-tissue-organ-organ system-organism. organs are a combination of cells c. organism-organ system-organ-tissue-cellular-chemical. organs are a combination of tissues. d. organs are a combination of molecules

c. organism-organ system-organ-tissue-cellular-chemical. organs are a combination of tissues.

If one was reviewing the pattern of tissue changes associated with disease development, they would be studying a. exercise physiology b. renal physiology c. pathological anatomy d. cardiovascular physiology e. immunology

c. pathological anatomy

if someone receives CPR, compressions will be performed on the ______________ area a. pelvic b. umbilical c. sternal d. otic e. inguinal

c. sternal

cutting the body in half at the diaphragm, would create the thoracic cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity. what plane would create these halves? a. frontal b. sagittal c. transverse d. oblique e. midsagittal

c. transverse

mothers are able to visualize a fetus during pregnancy through a. computed tomography b. magnetic resonance imaging c. ultrasound scanning d. radionuclide scanning e. amniocentesis

c. ultrasound scanning

put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the lungs are located a. thoracic, ventral, parietal pleura, visceral pleura b. ventral, visceral pleura, thoracic, parietal pleura c. ventral, thoracic, parietal pleura, visceral pleura d. thoracic, ventral, visceral pleura, parietal pleura

c. ventral, thoracic, parietal pleura, visceral pleura

if a doctor listens to a gurgling noise w/in the GI tract, they are performing a. inspection b. palpation c. percussion d. ausculation

d. ausculation

hormonal or electrical signals are sent from the control center to the a. receptors b. stimulus c. afferent pathway d. effectors e. efferent pathway

d. effectors

which noninvasive diagnostic techniques is an example of inspection? a. tapping & listening for an echo to detect fluid in the lungs b. feeling the abdomen to detect tender organs c. listening for crackling sounds during breathing d. examining the surface of patient's skin for presence of a rash e. feeling the gonads to detect abnormal masses

d. examining the surface of patient's skin for presence of a rash

which body process is controlled using a positive feedback loop (select all that apply)? a. decreasing blood calcium in response to elevate blood calcium b. decreasing body temperature in response to elevated body temperature c. decreasing blood glucose in response to elevated blood glucose d. increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch e. decreasing heart rate in response to elevated blood pressure f. depolarization causes sodium channels to open & the opening of sodium channels causes the membrane to depolarize

d. increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch & f. depolarization causes sodium channels to open & the opening of sodium channels causes the membrane to depolarize

which cavity contains the heart? a. cranial cavity b. vertebral cavity c. abdominal cavity d. pericardial cavity e. pleural cavity

d. pericardial cavity

metabolism of the brain can be measured through a. computed tomography b. magnetic resonance imaging c. ultrasound scanning d. positron emission tomography e. low-dose radiography

d. positron emission tomography

the functions of the secretions of the pleura, is to... a. separate the thoracic & abdominal cavities b. protect the central nervous system c. prevent infection d. reduce friction between neighboring organs e. carry nerve impulses

d. reduce friction between neighboring organs

during a cadaver lab, the professor requests the students to cut the head w/ a transverse plane/a coronal plane. describe the results a. the student will have two halves, right & left b. the student will have two halves, superior & inferior c. the student will have two halves, anterior & posterior d. student will have four parts; divided vertically into anterior & posterior, & superior & inferior e. the student will have four parts; divided into right & left, & anterior and posterior

d. student will have four parts; divided vertically into anterior & posterior, & superior & inferior

choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. the heart is ___________ to the liver a. inferior b. anterior c. contralateral d. superior e. superficial

d. superior

which cavity contains the urinary bladder? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

e. E

which plane would allow one to view the heart & lungs from a posterior view? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

e. E

what physically separates the area labelled C from the area labeled D? a. visceral peritoneum b. mediastinum c. meninges d. parietal pericardial e. diaphragm

e. diaphragm

_____________ occurs when an embryonic stem cell becomes a neuron a. catabolism b. growth c. reproduction d. anabolism e. differentiation

e. differentiation

when you fingers touch your shoulder, they are considered __________ from the shoulder a. proximal b. contralateral c. lateral d. superficial e. distal

e. distal

an antigen is anything that can cause an immune response. which subspecialty of physiology deals w/ the study of these responses? a. exercise physiology b. renal physiology c. pathophysiology d. cardiovascular physiology e. immunology

e. immunology

when holding your arms out to the side at shoulder level, your fingers are _________ from your midline a. medial b. anterior c. proximal d. posterior e. lateral

e. lateral

mammography & bone densitometry are good examples of which medical imaging? a. computed tomography b. magnetic resonance imaging c. ultrasound scanning d. radionuclide scanning e. low-dose radiography

e. low-dose radiography

the pericardial cavity is located inside the a. parietal pleura b. visceral pleura c. parietal peritoneum d. visceral peritodeum e. mediastinum

e. mediastinum

the stomach is _______________ to the urinary bladder a. lateral b. medial c. distal d. inferior e. superior

e. superior

the section shown in (C) results from cutting through a ______________ plane extending through the brain? a. frontal b. sagittal c. oblique d. midsagittal e. transverse

e. transverse

describe the anatomical position

in the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer w/ the head level & the eyes facing forward. the feet are flat on the floor & directed forward & the arms are at the sides w/ the palms turned forward

how are reproduction, differentiation, & growth related?

reproduction occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell to form a zygote, followed by repeated cell divisions & the differentiation of these cells. growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase, in the number of cells, or both.

name the structural levels of the body & briefly describe each level.

the chemical level consists of atoms & molecules. the cellular level consists of cells which are the smallest form of life. the tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function. the organ level consists of organs, constructed from different types of tissue that can provide several different specific functions. the organ systems consist of one or more organs that are interlinked in general functions. the organism is made up of all the organ systems, which work to provide homeostasis.

list & briefly describes the six basic life processes

the six basic life processes include: 1) metabolism: sum of all chemical processes in the body. 2) responsiveness: body's ability to detect & respond to internal & external stimuli. 3) movement: motions that range from movements w/in individual cells to movement of the entire body. 4) growth: increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells. 5) differentiation: process that converts a cell from unspecialized to specialized. 6) reproduction: formation of new cells for growth & repair or production of a new individual

explain the relationship between the skeletal system & the urinary system?

the skeletal system supports & protects organs w/in the body, stores minerals. w/in the bones are the cells that produce blood cells. the urinary system helps regulate the production of red blood cells & helps maintain the body's mineral balance.

same the cavities of the trunk & serous membranes that line them

the two main cavities of the trunk are the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities. the thoracic cavity can be divided into three smaller cavities called the pericardial cavity, & two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities. the pericardial cavity is lined by the pericardium. the pleural cavity is lined by the pleura. the central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. it is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column & from the first rib to the diaphragm. the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal & pelvic cavities, both of which are lined by the peritoneum.