Anatomy and physiology chapter 6

68) Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite. B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix. C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone. D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix. E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.

A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.

145) Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following except that it A) is released in large amounts early in life. B) increases the number of osteoclasts. C) increases the activity of osteoclasts. D) produces a severe osteoporosis. E) is released by some cancer tumors.

A) is released in large amounts early in life.

70) Which structure is called an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

B) 2

24) Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

B) flat bones.

33) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

C) 2

101) Where does growth in length occur? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

C) 3

51) Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells.

C) osteoblasts.

59) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) trabeculae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

C) osteons.

148) If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become A) denser. B) thicker. C) osteopenic. D) stronger. E) calcified.

C) osteopenic.

62) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal.

C) parallel.

55) Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called A) elastic fibers. B) reticular fibers. C) perforating fibers. D) superficial fibers. E) calcified fibers.

C) perforating fibers.

72) The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) remodeling of compact bone D) remodeling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis

C) remodeling of compact bone

27) Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

C) sesamoid bones.

63) The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30

D) 10 to 15

8) A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) sinus B) fossa C) meatus D) foramen E) cavernosa

D) foramen

144) What is the correct sequence of steps in bone repair? 1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone. 2. A hematoma occurs. 3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury. 4. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bone at the site of repair. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 4, 2, 3, 1 E) 2, 3, 1, 4

E) 2, 3, 1, 4

87) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. What is the correct order for these events? 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone. A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

29) Which of the following is not true of osteocytes? A) Osteocytes maintain protein and mineral content of matrix. B) Osteocytes take part in repair of damaged bone. C) Osteocytes form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. D) Osteocytes are located within lacunae. E) Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei.

E) Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei.

90) Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue structures. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) It may also cause cardiovascular problems.

A) It results in short, stubby fingers

115) ________ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix. A) Sex B) Growth C) Thyroid D) Parathyroid E) Pancreatic

A) Sex

61) Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment. D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium. E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.

A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.

73) Identify the structures labeled "4." A) concentric lamellae B) circumferential lamellae C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum

A) concentric lamellae

65) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epiosteum. D) mediosteum. E) paraosteum.

A) endosteum.

11) The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the A) epiphyses. B) diaphyses. C) epiphyseal plates. D) metaphyses. E) periphyses.

A) epiphyses.

21) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line.

A) fossa.

139) A fracture that affects the malleolus on both lower leg bones is called a ________ fracture. A) carpal B) Pott's C) Colles D) complex E) double-split

B) Pott's

142) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pott's C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles

B) Pott's

16) ________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet. A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat

B) Sesamoid

37) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called A) Volkmann's canal. B) a lacuna. C) a trabecula. D) a Haversian canal. E) a canaliculus.

B) a lacuna.

6) A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) foramen. B) sinus. C) fossa. D) canal. E) meatus.

B) sinus.

57) The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

B) trabeculae.

110) A lack of exercise could A) cause bones to become thicker. B) cause bones to store more calcium. C) result in porous and weak bones. D) cause bones to become longer. E) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.

C) result in porous and weak bones.

132) A(n) ________, or closed, fracture does not break the skin. A) plain B) internal C) simple D) contained E) common

C) simple

9) The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. A) 88 B) 115 C) 174 D) 206 E) 251

D) 206

49) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) A synovial membrane B) Elastic cartilage C) A serous membrane D) Articular cartilage E) Serous fluid

D) Articular cartilage

30) Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? A) Osteoclasts maintain protein and mineral content of matrix. B) Osteoclasts are responsible for laying down osteoid. C) Osteoclasts form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. D) Osteoclasts are located within lacunae. E) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix.

E) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix.

53) Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are A) concentric lamellae. B) osteons. C) Haversian systems. D) interstitial lamellae. E) circumferential lamellae.

E) circumferential lamellae.

93) Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the A) proximal epiphysis. B) periosteum. C) metaphysis. D) distal epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

E) diaphysis.

131) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a A) dislocation. B) contortion. C) rupture. D) fragmentation. E) fracture.

E) fracture.

47) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells. A) osteopropagator B) osteoforming C) osteocreator D) osteotrophic E) osteogenic

E) osteogenic

154) The natural age-related loss of bone mass is called A) osteogenesis imperfecta. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomalacia. D) osteodysplasia. E) osteopenia.

E) osteopenia.

107) The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called A) restoration. B) osteolysis. C) resorption. D) ossification. E) remodeling.

E) remodeling.

114) Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur? A) bone B) kidneys C) small intestine D) liver E) skin

E) skin

94) Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true? A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible. B) Administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length. C) Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood. D) More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates. E) Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.

A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.

78) The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is A) appositional growth. B) interstitial growth. C) intramembranous growth. D) endochondral ossification. E) epiphyseal ossification

A) appositional growth.

123) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

A) calcitonin.

67) The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are A) circumferential lamellae. B) osteoid plates. C) trabeculae. D) concentric lamellae. E) epiphseal ridges.

A) circumferential lamellae.

121) Of the total organic components in bone most of it is A) collagen. B) keratin. C) keratohyalin. D) elastin. E) actin.

A) collagen.

134) A ________ fracture shatters the bone. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

A) comminuted

105) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) marrow cavity E) trabeculae

A) epiphysis

97) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

A) grow longer.

7) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a A) head. B) crown. C) capitulum. D) corona. E) bulb.

A) head.

117) Calcitonin does all of the following except A) increase bone deposition. B) inhibit osteoclasts. C) cause kidneys to excrete calcium. D) cause less calcitriol to be secreted. E) increase its level in pregnant women

A) increase bone deposition.

17) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

A) long

23) Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

A) long bones.

60) Adipose tissue is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

A) medullary cavity.

75) Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as A) perforating canals. B) canaliculi. C) interstitial canals. D) concentric ducts. E) concentric canals.

A) perforating canals.

92) Intramembranous ossification A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull. B) explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length. C) occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone. D) occurs inside a bag of cartilage. E) occurs in all bones before birth.

A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull.

58) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) osteon C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

A) spongy

2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) other tissues that connect bones

A) tendons

74) What lines the structure labeled "7"? A) the endosteum B) blood vessels C) the central canal D) spongy bone E) trabeculae

A) the endosteum

111) When stress is applied to a bone, A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B) osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases. C) the bone becomes thin and brittle and ultimately fractures. D) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E) blood supply through the nutrient artery diminishes and thus remodeling proceeds at a much slower rate.

A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.

108) How do sex hormones affect bone growth? A) Testosterone stimulates osteoclast activity. B) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement. C) They stimulate the cleavage of hydroxyapetite. D) They cause osteoporosis. E) Estrogen causes slower epiphyseal closure.

B) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement.

106) In normal adult bones, A) there is no turnover of minerals. B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.

B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year.

69) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

B) are organized along stress lines.

99) When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected.

B) become narrower.

95) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) cartilage replaces bone. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) compact bone replaces spongy bone.

B) bones grow wider.

109) Which hormone increases calcium and phosphate ion absorption by the intestines? A) parathyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) thyroxine D) calcitonin E) estrogen

B) calcitriol

91) Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of A) concentric lamellae. B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. C) growth of trabeculae. D) osteoblasts in the endosteum. E) cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis.

B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.

86) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoid model.

B) cartilage model.

147) The condition known as osteopenia A) affects mostly women. B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass. C) is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet. D) is rarely seen as people age. E) only affects the femur.

B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.

141) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the A) epiphyseal plate. B) external callus. C) dense tuberosity. D) condyle. E) fracture facet.

B) external callus.

19) A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet.

B) foramen.

136) In a ________ fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

B) greenstick

79) During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis. A) metaphyseal vessels B) nutrient arteries and veins C) periosteal vessels D) endosteal vessels E) diaphyseal artery and vein

B) nutrient arteries and veins

31) Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells? A) osteoblasts B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteoprogenitor cells E) osteogenic cells

B) osteoclasts

48) Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called A) osteolytics. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteogenics. E) osteocytes.

B) osteoclasts.

50) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells.

B) osteoclasts.

43) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

B) osteocytes.

52) The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called A) osteon. B) osteoid. C) hydroxyapatite. D) mesenchymal tissue. E) calcium phosphate.

B) osteoid.

146) A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes making them brittle and compromises normal function is called A) osteopenia. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomyelitis. D) osteitis. E) osteomalacia.

B) osteoporosis.

54) The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the A) circumferential lamellae. B) periosteum. C) endosteum. D) concentric lamellae. E) perichondrium.

B) periosteum.

41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

B) protein-crystal

103) What process is shown at #6? A) primary ossification B) secondary ossification C) length growth D) width growth E) fracture repair

B) secondary ossification

14) The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) flat

B) sesamoid

12) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

B) short

18) A ________ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone. A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle

B) trochanter

113) Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except A) vitamin A. B) vitamin E. C) vitamin C. D) the hormone thyroxine. E) vitamin D.

B) vitamin E.

120) Of the total inorganic components in bone, calcium accounts for what percent? A) 17% B) 9.7% C) 39% D) 72% E) 0.72%

C) 39%

100) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 3, 4, 2, 1

C) 4, 2, 1, 3

66) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

C) Spongy

128) Hundreds of years ago, explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented? A) Supplement the diet with more calcium from meat. B) Increase levels of testosterone to stimulate bone repair. C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C. D) Drink more water to promote bone remodeling and repair. E) Amputate fractured limbs to prevent the spread of scurvy.

C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C.

84) The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as A) hardening. B) ossification. C) calcification. D) osteogenesis. E) remodeling.

C) calcification.

119) If blood calcium levels rise above 11mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated? A) parathyroid hormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

C) calcitonin

45) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

C) canaliculi.

140) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

C) compression

3) The shaft of long bones is called the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) diaphysis. D) paraphysis. E) endophysis.

C) diaphysis.

98) Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A) high levels of vitamin D. B) too much calcium in the diet. C) elevated levels of estrogen. D) too little thyroxine. E) an excess of growth hormone.

C) elevated levels of estrogen.

152) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for Mary? A) thyroid hormone B) growth hormone C) estrogen D) parathyroid hormone E) calcitonin

C) estrogen

13) A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid

C) flat

81) A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of A) bone spurs. B) osteoporosis. C) heterotopic bone formation. D) osteodysplasia. E) osteomalacia.

C) heterotopic bone formation.

83) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? A) elastic cartilage B) synovial cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage E) osseous cartilage

C) hyaline cartilage

46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) osteoid matrix. B) calcium carbonate. C) hydroxyapatite. D) calcitriol. E) proteolytic enzymes.

C) hydroxyapatite.

88) Secondary ossification centers occur A) in the diaphysis. B) at the periosteum. C) in the epiphyses. D) in the metaphyses. E) in dermal bones.

C) in the epiphyses.

150) Aging has what effect on the skeletal system? A) progressive loss of processes and tuberosities B) fusion of joints, especially in the vertebral column C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix D) increase in the number of cranial foramina E) increase in adipose tissue in epiphyses

C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix

32) Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) immature bone cell

C) mature bone cell

28) Canaliculi are A) also known as Volkmann's channels. B) the same as Haversian canals. C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply. D) layers of bony matrix laid down in rings. E) have both a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.

C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply.

80) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) phosphorylation B) resorption C) ossification D) osteopropagation E) remodeling

C) ossification

34) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoid cells.

C) osteoblasts.

15) Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

C) sutural

4) A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tubercle B) trochanter C) trochlea D) tuberosity E) trabeculae

C) trochlea

10) Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

C) vertebra

40) ________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteolytic

D) Osteogenic

35) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Osteoid cells

D) Osteogenic cells

44) How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be more compressible.

D) The bone would be more flexible.

129) How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone? A) Vitamin D provides a framework for calcium in the matrix. B) Vitamin D is regulated by osteoclast activity. C) Vitamin D is produced by osteoblasts during endochondral ossification. D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract. E) Vitamin D replaces calcium in the skeleton.

D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

56) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

D) blood vessels.

126) A child with rickets often has A) oversized facial bones. B) long fingers. C) frequent bruises. D) bowed legs. E) inadequate muscle development.

D) bowed legs.

122) The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen.

D) calcium.

127) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A) potassium. B) iron. C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium.

D) calcium.

38) Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

D) chondroitin sulfate

133) An open or ________ fracture projects through the skin. A) external B) exposed C) complex D) compound E) complicated

D) compound

20) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea.

D) condyle.

124) The hormone calcitonin functions to A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.

D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.

112) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

D) gigantism.

143) While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis

D) hematoma

102) What type of tissue occurs at #1? A) elastic tissue B) fibrocartilage C) bone D) hyaline cartilage E) marrow tissue

D) hyaline cartilage

82) What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification? A) connective tissue membranes B) fibrocartilage C) mesenchymal tissue D) hyaline cartilage E) Wharton's jelly

D) hyaline cartilage

116) RANKL or receptor activators of nuclear factor kB A) are receptors that bind directly to PTH. B) are found on the surface of osteoclasts. C) are molecules that cause osteoblasts to lay down bone. D) is a signal molecule that stimulates osteoclasts development. E) causes calcium to be excreted by the kidneys.

D) is a signal molecule that stimulates osteoclasts development.

96) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle.

D) long bones have reached their adult length.

22) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

D) metaphysis.

89) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteolytic C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

D) osteoblast

36) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.

D) osteoid is calcified.

104) Identify the structure at #4. A) intramembranous bone B) spongy bone C) hyaline cartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme

D) periosteum

77) The superficial membrane of a bone is called the A) endosteum. B) ectosteum. C) cortical membrane. D) periosteum. E) osteoid collar.

D) periosteum.

25) Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

D) short bones.

135) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

D) transverse

5) A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a A) tubercle. B) trochanter. C) trochlea. D) tuberosity. E) trabecula.

D) tuberosity.

130) The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are A) more resistant to compression. B) stronger and heavier. C) stronger and contain more spongy bone. D) weaker and more flexible. E) weaker and more brittle.

D) weaker and more flexible.

71) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5

151) If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? A) increases in blood levels of calcium B) bone fragility C) decreased bone density D) increased osteoclast activity E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

1) Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

153) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for Mary? A) vitamin C B) vitamin D C) calcium supplements D) dairy products E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

39) ________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate

E) Calcium phosphate

76) ________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Calcium B) Mineral C) Elastic D) Carbon E) Collagen

E) Collagen

138) A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture. A) Pott's B) Long's C) tarsal D) common E) Colles

E) Colles

64) ________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. A) Blue B) Yellow C) White D) Gray E) Red

E) Red

149) Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men? A) Women typically do not get enough calcium in their diet. B) Men do not remodel the skeleton as fast as women. C) Pregnancy causes deossification of bones in women and will lead to osteoporosis. D) Men exercise more than women and therefore have less osteoporosis. E) Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause.

E) Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause.

118) If blood calcium levels drop below 8.5 mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated? A) parathyroid hormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

E) both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

125) Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except A) stimulating osteoclast activity. B) increasing the rate of calcium absorption. C) decreasing the rate of calcium excretion. D) raising the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibiting calcitonin secretion.

E) inhibiting calcitonin secretion.

26) Bones that have complex shapes are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

E) irregular bones.

42) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteoprogenitor cells. E) osteocytes.

E) osteocytes.

137) A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

E) spiral

85) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle

E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle