Anatomy & Physiology Cht 8 Questions

Which of the following is a sex-linked condition that more often affects males?

color blindness

Area of greatest visual acuity

fovea centralis

Hearing receptors within the spiral

hair cells

Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes from damage to the visual cortex on one side only is called ________

hemainopia

Eyeball is "too short"

hyperopia

Location of the cochlea

inner ear

Location of the vestibular apparatus

inner ear

The pupil is an opening within the ________

iris

Gland that releases tears

lacrimal gland

Location of the ossicles

middle ear

Contains millions of photoreceptors

retina

The innermost sensory layer of the eye that contains bipolar cells and ganglion cells is the ________

retina

Gustatory hairs are to taste as olfactory hairs are to _______

smell

Oranges, tomatoes

sour receptors

"Crossed eyes" resulting from unequal control of the external eye muscles is called ______

strabismus

Sugar, saccharine

sweet receptors

The five taste sensations are ________

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

The external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) is a narrow chamber situated in the ________ bone

temporal

The cochlear nerve transmits impulses to the auditory cortex located in the ________

temporal lobe

Type of humor located in the posterior segment

vitreous humor

The gel-like substance housed in the posterior segment of the eye is the ________

vitreous humor (body)

The ability of the eye to focus on close objects is known as ________

accommodation

Blurry images due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or len

astigmatism

Which of the following is associated with the external (outer) ear?

auricle (pinna)

Alkaloids

bitter receptors

The three sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are ________

blue, green, red

Increased pressure within the eye, which causes pain and possibly blindness

glaucoma

The auditory ossicle called the "anvil" is also known as the _______

incus

Fluid-filled part of the ear

inner ear

Location of equilibrium receptors

inner ear

Location of otoliths

inner ear

Location of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

middle ear

Tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from this region

middle ear

Our sense of static equilibrium is created by the ________

movement of otoliths along hair cells

Nearsightedness

myopia

The white of the eye is called the:

sclera

________ deafness arises when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells in the spiral organ of Corti, cochlear nerve, or neurons in the auditory cortex of the brain

Sensorineural

What gland releases tears onto the anterior surface of the eyeball?

lacrimal

Which of the external eye muscles is controlled by cranial nerve VI (abducens)?

lateral rectus

Stimulation of sour receptors

lemons

What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina

lens

Dynamic equilibrium receptors are found in the ________

semicircular canals

Which cranial nerve transmits hearing and equilibrium information to the brain?

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is ________

vision

1. The auricle (pinna)(ear) is indicated by ________ 2. The tympanic membrane is indicated by ________ 3. The semicircular canals are indicated by ________ 4. The cochlea is indicated by ________ 5. The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube is indicated by ________ 6. The malleus (hammer) is indicated by ________ 7. The stapes (stirrup) is indicated by ________

1. Label F 2. Label I 3. Label C 4. Label B 5. Label A 6. Label E 7. Label H

Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball and the process of light refraction

Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before being focused on the retina during normal vision. Refraction by the cornea and humors is constant, whereas the lens changes its shape to be either more or less convex as needed. The greater the convexity, the more light is bent.

The overlapping of the two visual fields that provides for depth perception (3-D vision) results in ________

binocular vision

Type of photoreceptor cell that detects colors

cones

The membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids is the _______

conjunctiva

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

conjunctivitis

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the ________

cornea

Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Which one of the following nerves serves the anterior tongue?

facial

The three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain are ________

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

The greatest visual acuity is housed in the _______

fovea centralis

The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the ________

iris

The ________ gland is located above the lateral end of each eye and releases tears

lacrimal

Flexible biconvex crystal-like structure

lens

The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the ________

lens

The vibration of sound waves cause the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as ________

malleus or hammer

Identify the pathway of vibrations as they travel from the tympanic membrane to the ossicles _______

malleus, incus, stapes

An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the ________

middle ear

The inability to see distant objects is termed "nearsighted" or ________

myopia

Prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in deterioration of the neural retina

night blindness

Vitamin A deficiency can lead to _______

night blindness

The type of chemoreceptor responsible for our sense of smell is called a(n) ________

olfactory receptor

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the ________

optic chiasma

Blind spot

optic disc

The region of the optic nerve lacking photoreceptor cells is known as the ________

optic disc (blind spot)

Which area of the retina lacks rods and cones and therefore does not detect images?

optic disc (blind spot)

Select the pathway along which images received by the retina of the eye will travel into the brain _______

optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiation, occipital lobe

Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called ________

otoliths

The fusion of ear bones is known as ________

otosclerosis

Location of ceruminous glands

outer ear

Location of the auricle (pinna) and external acoustic meatus

outer ear

The small, peglike projections of the tongue's surface are called ________

papillae

Eyes suddenly exposed to bright light experience _______

photopupillary reflex

The age-related condition resulting from decreased lens elasticity is known as ________

presbyopia

The function of the choroid layer of the eye is to ________

prevent light from scattering inside the eye

Which one of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation?

pungent

The rounded opening of the iris through which light enters the eye is called the ________

pupil

Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

retina

Metal ions in solution

salty receptors

The fibrous covering of the eye consists of the white outer layer, known as the ________, and a transparent portion known as the ________

sclera; cornea

The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the ________

scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed in the ________

semicircular canals

Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the ________

spiral organ of Corti

Sensorineural deafness occurs when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells of the _______

spiral organ of Corti or cochlear nerve

Sound waves entering the external auditory canal hit the eardrum, also known as the _______

tympanic membrane

The structure that divides the outer ear from the middle ear is a membrane known as the ________

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Amino acid glutamate

umami receptors

Proteins

umami receptors

Which one of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in either taste or smell?

vestibular (VIII)

Static equilibrium receptors are located in the ________

vestibule

The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the _______

vitreous humor (vitreous body)

Transparent portion of the fibrous layer

cornea

Explain static and dynamic equilibrium and their interrelationships

Static equilibrium is regulated by the maculae of the vestibule. The maculae report on the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is at rest. Each macula is a patch of receptor cells embedded in the otolithic membrane. The otolithic membrane contains otoliths which roll in response to changes in the pull of gravity. This movement causes the hair cells of the membrane to bend, sending impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum, relating information regarding the position of the head in space. Dynamic equilibrium is regulated by the semicircular canals. The crista ampullaris of the membranous semicircular canal consists of a tuft of hair cells and their gelatinous cap called the cupula. Movement of the head causes the cupula to move in the opposite direction, stimulating the hair cells, which then transmit impulses up the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum. Static and dynamic equilibrium work together to provide information to the cerebellum to help control balance