Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

DNA replication proceeds simultaneously at several sites on the same molecule. What separates the base pair at the start of DNA replication?

A protein known as helicaseattaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands.

Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each.

Accessory structures of the skin include the hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Hair's primary functions are protection, warmth and sensory reception. Nails protect the tips of the fingers and toes. The two main types of sweat gland -eccrine and apocrine - are responsible for regulating body temperature.

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Blood integrates organs and organ systems by transporting and exchanging fluid with various organs and organ system to allow them to function and work properly allowing the organism to survive.

Explain the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Eccrine glands occur over most of your body and open directly onto the surface of your skin. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas abundant in hair follicles, such as on your scalp, armpits and groin.

Identify the four types of tissue membranes and the characteristics that make them functional.

Epithelial tissue refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands. Connective tissue binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body. Muscle tissue is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement, and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart. Nervous tissue is also excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Explain the functions of various epithelial tissues and how their forms enable their functions.

Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

In looking through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle?

If you were to look at skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle using a microscope, you would see differences in their structure. Muscle tissues differ in structure. Skeletal muscle fibres are packed into regular parallel bundles. Smooth muscle has bundles of thin and thick filaments

Explain the functions of various connective tissues and how their forms enable their functions.

Major functions of connective tissue include: 1) binding and supporting, 2) protecting, 3) insulating, 4) storing reserve fuel, and 5) transporting substances within the body. Connective tissues can have various levels of vascularity. Cartilage is avascular, while dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized.

Describe the characteristics of muscle tissue and how these enable function.

Muscle tissue is characterized by properties that allow movement. Muscle cells are excitable; they respond to a stimulus. They are contractile, meaning they can shorten and generate a pulling force. When attached between two movable objects, such as two bones, contraction of the muscles cause the bones to move

Discuss the characteristics of nervous tissue and how these enable information processing and control of muscular and glandular activities.

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.

What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?

Only materials that are relatively small and nonpolarcan easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?

Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients, respectively. Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down their electrical gradient.

Describe the layers of the skin and the functions of each layer.

Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

The skin consists of two layers and a closely associated layer. What are the basic functions of each of these layers?

The epidermis provides protection, the dermis provides support and flexibility, and the hypodermis (fat layer) provides insulation and padding.

Describe the integumentary system and the role it plays in homeostasis.

The integumentary system is essential in maintaining homeostasis, a state of stability across factors like temperature and hydration, in the body. The integumentary system stores water and prevents dehydration as well as producing sweat to regulate temperature and rid the body of waste products.

Describe the structure and composition of nails.

The nail structure is divided into six parts: root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium, paronychium, and hyponychium. Each of these six components has a specific function, and if a component of the nail structure is disrupted, the nail can look abnormal. It produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed.

Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. Describe how the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis.

The nuclei and other cell organelles disintegrate as the cells die, leaving behind the keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that form the stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. The keratinocytes in these layers are mostly dead and flattened.

Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane, including its regulation of materials into and out of the cell.

The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.

Describe the functions of the various cytoplasmic organelles.

Vacuoles- Store water and other substances, food, pigments and waste products Provides turgidity to the cells Lysosomes- Digest and remove wastes from the cell Ribosomes- Synthesise proteins Plastids (only in plant cells)- Site for manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell Golgi apparatus- Modification and export of proteins

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional

a. columnar

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER

a. mitochondria

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. microglia

a. neurons

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a. production of proteins b. detoxification of certain substances c.synthesis of steroid hormones d. regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

a. production of proteins

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

a. skeletal muscle only

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

a. stratum spinosum

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue

b. adipose tissue

Sebaceous glands ________. a. are a type of sweat gland b. are associated with hair follicles c. may function in response to touch d. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

b. are associated with hair follicles

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins

b. integral proteins

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm

b. mesenchyme

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy

b. osmosis; pinocytosis

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface? a. transitional b. stratified columnar c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous

b. stratified columnar

location of hyaline cartilage

bone growth, synovial joint surfaces (teflon)

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion

c. active transport

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue

c. connective tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

c. dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling

c. fever

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a. stratum lucidum b. desmosomes c. folic acid synthesis d. Merkel cells

c. folic acid synthesis

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. papillary dermis d. stratum granulosum

c. papillary dermis

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional

c. simple squamous

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a. protects underlying organs b. helps maintain body temperature c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis d. a site to long-term energy storage

c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

c. they are all polymers of protein subunits

location of compact bone

contains bony columns called osteons, structural, Ca store

location of dense elastic connective tissue

covers vertebrae (stabilize), rib attachment

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. neuroglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

d. astrocytes

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration

d. down; concentration

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

d. stratum basale

Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. a. the walls of the pool b. the chlorine c. the flotation toys d. the water

d. the water

location of dense irregular connective tissue

dermis, heart valves, nerve/muscle sheaths

location of reticular connective tissue

dermis, internal organ structure (stronger than areolar)

location of areolar connective tissue

dermis, network of organ connections (spider-web like)

location of elastic cartilage

external ear, nose, epiglottis

location of adipose connective tissue

hypodermis, third layer of integument

location of fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee meniscus

location of spongy bone

marrow cavity, head of long bone shaft

location of dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments