anatomy and physiology exam#2 chapter 5

Stratum Corneum

Broad zone of 20 to 30 cell layers Protective, durable overcoat Waterproof, tough = relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, & physical assault

Stratum Basale:

Deepest layer (located near the basement cells) -Attached to the underlying dermis. -Single row of renewing keratinocytes that are getting ready to get pushed up. -10-25% = Melanincoytes -Small portion are merkel cells.

Stratum Spinosum:

Overlies the stratum basale. -Where the cells go once they have pushed up from the stratum basale. -Filaments in the cells that resist tension. -Keratinocytes have a spiny appearance. -Contain langerhen cells.

Stratum granulosum

Three to Five layers thick Keratinocytes flatten out & organelles begin to disintegrate Accumulate two types of granules Keratohyaline granules - help form keratin in upper layers Lamellated granules - waterproofing glycolipids Plasma membranes thicken due to cytosol proteins bind the inner surface & the lipids coat the outer surface Cells die as they move further away from the nutrients

Stratum Lucidum

Visible only in thick skin Few layers thick, dead clear cells

1) Keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the: a) epidermis b) papillary region of the dermis c) reticular region of the dermis d) subcutaneous layer e) All of the above are correct

a

18) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the epidermis? a) It is keratinized. b) Blood vessels travel from the dermis to the outer layers through special channels. c) All of the cells in the epidermis reproduce rapidly. d) It is made mostly of areolar connective tissue. e) Both A and C are correct.

a

20. A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it a. consists of cells with much intercellular material between them. b. has no blood supply to the tissue. c. covers the outside of organs. d. commonly is found lining body cavities.

a

25) The papillary region of the dermis consists mostly of: a) areolar connective tissue. b) adipose tissue. c) smooth muscle. d) stratified squamous epithelium. e) dense irregular connective tissue.

a

34) Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are? a) A modification of the epidermis. b) Are identical to hair but contain ten times as much keratin c) Are extensions of the carpal bones d) Have nothing to do with skin.

a

40) Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin? a) Absorption b) Protection c) Sensation d) Maintains homeostasis

a

7) The stratum basale contains: a) stem cells of keratinocytes b) many blood vessels c) eccrine sweat glands d) hair follicles e) Both A and B are correct

a

The reproducing cells of the epidermis are found in the a) Stratum basale b) Stratum spinosum c) Stratum lucidum d) Stratum corneum e) All of these layers contains reproducing cells

a

11. The muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is a. smooth. b. skeletal. c. intercalated. d. none of the above

b

13) Which of the following is present in thick skin but not in thin skin? a) stratum germinativum b) stratum lucidum c) stratum corneum d) stratum granulosum e) dermal papillae

b

14. The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is a. cuboidal. b. transitional. c. pseudostratified. d. columnar.

b

18. The type of muscle found in blood vessels is a. cardiac. b. smooth. c. striated. d. voluntary.

b

3. The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is a. stratified squamous epithelium. b. simple squamous epithelium. c. simple cuboidal epithelium. d. simple columnar epithelium.

b

4) The layer of the skin from which new epidermal cells are derived is the a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum basale c) Stratum lucidum d) Dermis e) Reticular layer

b

43) ALL of the following events occur during deep wound healing EXCEPT : a) vasodilation of blood vessels. b) suspension of the rules of contact inhibition. c) formation of a blood clot. d) synthesis of scar tissue by fibroblasts. e) increased permeability of blood vessels.

b

5) The function of keratin is to: a) make bone hard b) make skin tough and waterproof c) protect skin from ultraviolet light d) provided added pigment to the skin of Asian races e) provide nourishment to the epidermal cells

b

6. Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of a. adipose tissue. b. fibrous connective tissue. c. muscle tissue. d. loose connective tissue

b

7. Cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because a. cartilage cells cannot reproduce. b. they lack direct blood supplies. c. the intercellular material is sesamoid. d. cartilage cells are surrounded by fluids

b

9) The epidermis is made up of: a) dense irregular connective tissue b) stratified squamous epithelium c) areolar connective tissue d) smooth muscle e) All of the above are correct

b

9. Bone cells are arranged in concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called a. osteons. b. osteonic canals. c. lacunae. d. canaliculi.

b

1. Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? a. epithelial tissue b. connective tissue c. brain tissue d. muscle tissue

c

10. Which of the following are cellular fragments? a. red blood cells b. white blood cells c. blood platelets d. blood plasma

c

11) The outermost layer of the epidermis is the: a) Stratum lucidum b) Reticular layer c) Stratum corneum d) Superficial fascia e) stratum basale

c

13. Smooth muscle is found in the wall of a. the stomach. b. the intestine. c. the stomach and intestine. d. neither the stomach nor the intestine

c

15. The difference between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions is the a. place where the glands that produce them are located in the body. b. number of cells that produce the secretions. c. amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product. d. amount of glycoprotein secreted with the glandular product

c

16) The stratum corneum is: a) the innermost layer of the epidermis. b) highly vascular. c) made up of dead cells. d) seen only in the palms and soles. e) the layer in which keratin begins to form.

c

16. Connective tissue fibers are produced by a. macrophages. b. mast cells. c. fibroblasts. d. all of the above

c

2) Nourishment to cells in the epidermis is provided by: a) blood vessels running through the stratum basale b) keratinocytes c) blood vessels in the dermal papillae d) bacteria that live in sebaceous glands e) Both A and C are correct

c

21. Adipose tissue is a specialized form of a. fibrous connective tissue. b. elastic connective tissue. c. loose connective tissue. d. reticular connective tissue.

c

27) Striae are: a) free nerve endings sensing touch. b) the epidermal ridges that form fingerprints. c) stretch marks resulting from tears in the dermis. d) intermediate filaments connecting desmosomes. e) areas of fat storage.

c

33) The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum granulosum c) Stratum germinativum d) Stratum lucidum

c

49) Differences in skin color among human races is due primarily to the: a) total number of melanocytes. b) total number of keratinocytes. c) amount of melanin produced by melanocytes. d) amount of keratin produced by keratinocytes. e) amount of iron in hemoglobin molecules.

c

8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of nervous tissue? a. It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. b. It contains the most highly specialized body cells. c. Its intercellular space is filled with collagen. d. Its functional cells are sensitive to changes in their surroundings.

c

) Absorption of damaging light rays is the primary function of: a) keratin b) sebum c) cerumen d) melanin e) Keratohyalin

d

12) Sweat is produced by: a) keratinocytes. b) melanocytes. c) ceruminous glands. d) sudoriferous glands. e) sebaceous glands.

d

12. Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the a. stomach. b. intestine. c. urinary bladder. d. none of the above

d

15) Hair and nails are modifications of the a) Melanocytes b) Hypodermis c) Sudoriferous glands d) Epidermis e) Dermis

d

17) Melanocytes a) are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale b) Forms structures called melanosomes c) Produces a substance incorporated by other cells d) All answers are correct

d

17. What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue? a. They support and bind nervous tissue together. b. They help nerves grow after injury. c. They provide nutrients to neurons. d. They support and bind nervous tissue together, and they provide nutrients to neurons.

d

19. Collagen is a major component of a. bone. b. ligament. c. tendon. d. all of the above

d

2. Epithelial tissue functions in a. secretion . b. absorption. c. protection. d. all of the above

d

23) Just beneath the stratum basale of the epidermis is the: a) stratum corneum of the epidermis. b) hypodermis. c) reticular layer of the dermis. d) papillary regions of the dermis. e) skeletal muscle.

d

28) Fat storage is an important function of the: a) epidermis. b) papillary region of the dermis. c) reticular region of the dermis. d) subcutaneous layer. e) All of the above except the epidermis.

d

37) Production of new hairs is the responsibility of the: a) arrector pili. b) cortex of the hair. c) cuticle of the hair. d) matrix cells. e) papilla of the hair

d

4. The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is a. pseudostratified. b. ciliated. c. mucus-secreting. d. all of the above

d

5. Loose connective tissue contains a. collagenous fibers. b. elastic fibers. c. gel-like ground substances. d. all of the above

d

10) "Goosebumps" occur due to: a) over‑stimulation of secretion from sudoriferous glands b) over‑stimulation of secretion from sebaceous glands c) separation of the epidermis from the dermis d) vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin e) the action of arrector pili muscles as they raise hairs to an upright position

e

14) The function of melanin is to a) make skin tough and waterproof b) Connect the epidermis to the dermis c) Provide flexibility to skin d) Provide nutrients to dying epidermal cells e) Protect skin from ultraviolet light

e

19) The "ABCD" signs are used to assess: a) the seriousness of decubitus ulcers. b) whether sufficient oxygen is being transported by blood. c) the percentage of surface area lost to a burn. d) a person's total risk of developing skin cancer. e) a skin lesion suspected of being a malignant melanoma.

e

26) The reticular layer of the dermis consists mostly of: a) areolar connective tissue. b) adipose tissue. c) smooth muscle. d) Stratified squamous epithelium. e) dense irregular connective tissue.

e

8) Which of the following is most superficial? a) stratum basale b) papillary region of the dermis c) hypodermis d) stratum granulosum e) stratum corneum

e