Anatomy and Physiology Final

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will form a mass of tissue connecting the broken ends called an internal _______.

callus

Medulla oblongata function

heart rate and breathing reflexes

Check all of the brain regions that are involved in memory

hippocampus, frontal cortex, amygdaloid body, and limbic system

A patient suffering from nerve damage is having trouble maintaining posture and moving his vertebral column. Which component of the nearby spinal nerves has been damaged?

dorsal rami

On an exam, a student is asked to briefly describe the structure and function of muscle tissue. Which of the following responses is the best description?

elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

________ tissue covers surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities.

epithelial

The material that surrounds cells in tissues is called __________.

extracellular matrix

Propels spermatozoa in humans

flagella

Any break in a bone is called a _________, and repair is done in stages by the body.

fracture

Stacks of flattened membranes; modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids

golgi apparatus

Medulla oblongata location

inferior part of the brainstem

The outer boundary of cells; controls entry and exit of substances

plasma membrane

A bullet enters the left lung and collapses it. Which cavity has been entered?

pleural

The __________ is most likely to be stimulated first upon hearing a spoken word.

primary auditory cortex

Major branches of a spinal nerve are called __________.

rami

Pons function

relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum

The process finishes with bone __________, wherein woven bone is replaced by _________ bone.

remodeling, compact

The _______ is a period of time when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).

absolute refractory period

Each glucose molecule metabolized by ____________ produces two ATP, allowing for muscle activity to continue for an additional 30-40 seconds.

anaerobic respiration

Which stage of the cell cycle immediately precedes the S phase?

G1

Picking up a heavy box from the floor is best performed with bent legs and a relatively straight back. Simply bending at the waist (and keeping the legs straight) makes it more difficult for the low back muscles to generate a strong contraction, and they are likely to become damaged. Which of the following best explains why the back muscles generate such a weak contraction?

They are overstretched, resulting in poor overlap between thick and thin filaments.

The protein-mediated movement of substances across a membrane that requires energy, such as the ATP, is called __________ transport.

active

As the delivery of oxygen to the muscle increases during the course of exercise ATP production occurs primarily via _________

aerobic respiration

As the delivery of oxygen to the muscle increases during the course of exercise, ATP production occurs primarily via ____________ .

aerobic respiration

each glucose molecule metabolized by an __________ produces to ATP, allowing for muscle activity to continue for an additional 30 to 40 seconds

anaerobic respiration

Receptor proteins are most closely associated with

cell communication

Ribosomes are most closely associated with

cell reproduction

Mitochondria are most closely associated with

cellular energy use

The division of the nervous system responsible for problem solving is the _____________.

central nervous system

Used in formation of microtubules found in cilia and flagella

centrioles

Move materials over the surfaces of cells

cilia

In the early stages of exercise ATP is produced by the action of ________

creatine kinase

In the early stages of exercise ATP is produced by the action of ____________ .

creatine kinase

The high energy molecule that donates a phosphate to ADP is ____________ .

creatine phosphate

The high energy molecule that donates to phosphate to ADP is ________

creatine phosphate

System of microtubules and microfilaments that gives cells support, shape, and movement

cytoskeleton

Commissures

extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

True or False Catalyst for permanently change your depleted during the course of a reaction

false

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.

gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.

A __________ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.

hematoma

A fascicle

is surrounded by perimysium.

If you were to insert an imaginary sagittal plane through your foot and divide it into two equal sections, how would you leave foot be divided?

left and right portions running from approximately the middle of the third tow to the middle of the heel.

Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

lysosomes

Increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption of substances

microvilli

Pons location

middle portion of the brainstem

Major sites of ATP synthesis by the process of respiration

mitochondria

The constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time is ___________.

muscle tone

Largest organelle of the cell; contains DNA

nucleus

Cells called ____________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.

osteoblasts

The structures upon which protein synthesis directly takes place

ribosome

Extensive membrane system upon which protein synthesis takes place

rough endoplasmic reticulum

solution A has a pH of 10 and solution B has a pH of two. Which of the following statements about the solutions is true?

solution B has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than solution A.

A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as __________.

striated and involuntary

Ribose is the

sugar found in RNA and ATP

Muscle tension can be increased with _________, which involves increasing the force of contraction of the muscle fibers, as well as with __________, which involves increasing the number of muscle fibers contracting.

summation; recruitment

Midbrain location

superior to the pons

Ribosomes are most closely associated with

synthesis of molecules

What is mediated transport?

the movement of molecules across a membrane by means of a protein carrier

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the __________ plane.

transverse

True or False Enzymes lower the level of the activation barrier

true

True or False after an enzyme has been used, it may act as a catalyst for another reaction.

true

True or False Action potentials travel fastest on large diameter, myelinated axons.

true

True or False Enzymes are proteins that actors catalyst

true

Mitosis forms

two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the mother cell.

Midbrain function

visual reflex center