Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam

an eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.

an antagonist is

a muscle working in opposition to another muscle

what is tropomyosin?

a protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix

A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called

elastin

The four primary tissue types are

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

what bone is part of the axial skeleton?

rib

T tubules are invaginations of the

sarcolemma

what the the longest muscle in the body?

sartorius

neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are

bipolar

the humerus articulates with the radius at the

capitulum

the opposite of depression is

elevation

Ridges of the cerebellar cortex are called

folia

what is not a cartilaginous joint?

fontanelles

the spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called _____

fontanels

the spinal cord begins at the

foramen magnum

the glenoid cavity is where the

humerus articulates with the scapula

parathyroid hormone causes

increased RANKL and decreased OPG

appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone tissue

on the surface of the bone

The movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of ____ muscle

smooth

The type of muscle found in the walls of of blood vessels is ____ muscle

smooth

which epithelial types is mismatched with its function?

squamous epithelium- stretching

the epidermal layer found only in thick skin is

stratum lucidum

the insertion is

the end of the muscle where the action occurs

the coccyx is

the most inferior portion of the vertebral column

the prime mover is

the muscle that does most of the movement

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited

in short-term memory...

there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation

myosin is also known as the

thick myofilament

which ventrical is located between the two halves of the thalamus?

third ventrical

articular facets on the transverse processes are characteristics of ______ vertebrae

thoracic

the sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

the motor roof of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the _____ root

ventral

of the following muscles of the head, which one wraps around the orbits?

orbicularis oculi

closing or puckering the lips is the action of the _____ muscle

orbicularis oris

the brachioradialis is named for its

origin and insertion

when a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. what does this?

osetoclasts

When blood calcium levels are low

osteoclast activity increases

the opposite of retraction is

protraction

the function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

what muscle is named for its location?

quadriceps femoris

the opposite if eversion is

inversion

nail cells are produced by the

nail matrix

which is not a carpal?

navicular

which type of tissue contains cells called neurons?

nervous tissue

mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors

the mastoid process

contains mastoid air cells

the opposite of extension is

flexion

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium

which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory

vestibulocochlear

the brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?

vestibulocochlear, vagus, optic

what statements describe lower motor neurons?

1. have axons extending into peripheral nerves 2. send signals to skeletal muscles.

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

1. resistance to infection. 2. sensation to environmental stimuli. 3. thermoregulation.

a sharp object penetrated a synovial joint. in which order were they penetrated?

1. skin 2. tendon or muscle 3. ligament 4. fibrous capsule 5. synovial membrane

description of partial thickness burns

1. they are subdivided into first and second degree burns 2. they may involve only the epidermis

what statements apply to arrector pili?

1. they consist of smooth muscle tissue. 2. they are associated with hair follicles. 3. they extend from the dermal root sheath to the papillary layer of the dermis.

which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side?

1.loss of pain and thermal sensation below injury on the right side. 2.loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side. 3.loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury.

what represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off?

1.the muscles of the back are stretched. 2.the muscle spindle is stretched. 3.action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase. 4.action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase. 5.skeletal muscle of the back contract.

the spinal cord ends at the

2nd lumbar vertebrae

the primary mineral in bone is

Calcium

voltage-gated Na+ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of

Ca2+

which reflex shows the least synaptic delay?

Golgi tendon reflex

what is a function of the vertebral column?

It allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.

in Hyperpolarization

K+ tend to diffuse out of the cell

where in the brain are basal nuclei located?

Midbrain, Diencephalon,Cerebrum

depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is rapid influx (inflow) of

Na+

what muscle is named for its shape?

Trapezius

a synergist is

a group of muscles that work together to cause movement

what type of angular movements are allowed at the synovial joints?

abduction, extension, flexion

what functions apply to epithelial tissue?

acting as a barrier, secretion of substances

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus defines the term

adaptation

which type of cell contains large amounts of lipids?

adipocytes

the oculomotor nerve

adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.

a lack of mitochondria within skeletal muscle fibers would impair which ATP-yielding chemical process?

aerobic respiration

which of the following events in a stretch reflex occurs last?

alpha motor neurons transmit action potentials to muscle causing contraction

which of the following events will lead to depolarization

an increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid

which type of respiration rapidly produces ATP for short time periods?

anaerobic respiration

the anterior end of the ilia crest is the

anterior superior iliac spine

Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.

apocrine

the middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the

arachnoid mater

dendrites...

are the input part of the neuron

a biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

Increase in epiphysis size is the result of bone growth at the __________.

articular cartilage

of the following muscles of the thigh, which one is NOT part of the quadriceps group

biceps femoris

fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are _____ fibers

association

which is a synovial joint?

atlantooccipital

the first cervicle vertebrae is the

atlas

what is the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by disease?

autopsy

a victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. the victims skin will...

become pale

A tissue that has a fluid matrix is

blood

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

bone matrix

Ligaments attach

bone to bone

the thumb and big toe are similar in that

both have two rather than three phalanges.

Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.

both spongy and compact bone

white matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons

which type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart?

cardiac muscle

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is

carotene

Which skull canal does the internal carotid artery pass through?

carotid canal

the wrist is composed of eight bones called

carpal bones

protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

cell bodies or soma

the cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the

cerebellar peduncles

Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen and hydrogen are detected by

chemoreceptors

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _____ and is reabsorbed by the ______

choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation

what type of circular movements are allowed at synovial joints?

circumduction, pronation, rotation

the collar bone is the

clavicle

lamella are characteristics of..

compact bone tissue

a condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called

complete tetanus

what is not a function of a skeletal muscle?

constriction of organs

actin myofilaments

contain strands of fibrous actin.

the zygomaticus major muscle

contributes to laughing and smiling.

the depressor anguli oris muscle

contributes to pouting.

the sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys action potentials to the CNS

What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

articular cartilage

covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.

the peripheral nervous system includes the

cranial nerves

Rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross-bridges form but can't release.

what represents functions of connective tissue?

cushioning, insulating

the bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called

cyanosis

pacinia corpuscles respond to

deep cutaneous pressure and vibration

Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in

depolarization

friction ridges of the hands and feet are produced by projections into the epidermis called

dermal papillae

the pyramids of the medulla contain

descending motor tracts

what disc-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?

desmosomes

the sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as _____ root

dorsal

the gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the

dorsal column/medial lemniscal system

the most superficial meningeal layer is the

dura mater

the thickest of the meninges is the

dura mater

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

endochondral

what statement about bone growth is true?

endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

the superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the

epidermis

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

epidural space

which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?

epimysium

the habenula and pineal body are both found in the

epithalamus

the type of lamella found between osteons is

interstitial

which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?

epithelial tissue

which of the following will help cool the body?

evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

The elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis

which muscle extends the big toe?

extensor hallucis longus

which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles?

external abdominal oblique

The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a(n)

external callus

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to

fall

a ccell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a _____.

fibroblast

a joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a _____ joint.

fibrous

the flat bones of the skull develop from

fibrous connective tissue

which cranial bone forms the bony eyebrow ridges and roofs of the orbits?

frontal

what correctly lists the arrangement of components found in a third-class lever?

fulcrum-pull-weight

the adductor longus is named for its

function and size

cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia

an intercalated disc is an example location of ...

gap junctions

the bulge of the calf is caused by the ____ and _____ muscles

gastrocnemius, soleus

the type of movement between carpal bones is described as

gliding

the joint between a tooth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a

gomphosis

the acromion processs

has an articulation with the clavicle

the accessory nerve

has both a cranial and spinal component, provides innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, is cranial. nerve XI, has fibers that join the vagus nerve.

woven bone

has its collagen fibers randomly oriented

the autonomic nervous system

has two sets of neurons in a series

axons...

have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.

if the broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

the obturator foramen is found in the

hipbone

the stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the

hyponychium

the thermostat or nucleus that monitors blood temperatures is located in the

hypothalamus

the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the _______

infundibulum

axillary nerve

innervates deltoid and teres minor muscles

the taste area is located in the

insula

the cerebellum functions as a comparator. this means that the cerebellum compares

intended movements with actual movements

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

interneuron

a neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a/an

interneuron

the fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae is the

intervertebral disk

An example of a symphysis is the

intervertebral joint

hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to find fluids that contain it. hyaluronic acid...

is a good lubricant for join cavities

the conus medullaris

is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

calcitonin

is associated with decreased osteoclast activity

the central nervous system

is the site for processing information

a person sits on his/her

ischial tuberosity

Intact skin provides protection because

it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes

As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called

keratinization

thin sheets of bone matrix are

lamellae

what are three major regions of the cerebellum

lateral hemispheres, flocculonodular lobe, vermis

The arm is attached to the thorax by the

latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major

the pelvic diaphragm is formed by the

levator ani and coccygeus muscles

which muscle will elevate the scapula?

levator scapulae

For the resting membrane potential, increasing the sodium ion concentration in the ECF results in

little change in membrane potential

the bone that forms the chin is also the only bone connected to the skull by a freely moveable joint. this bone is the

mandible

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to

manufacture blood cells

the extracellular material of tissues is called

matrix

which facial bone is matched correctly with its function?

maxilla- possesses sockets for teeth

a synchondrosis

may be temporary.

The central axis of the hair is the

medulla

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

medulla oblongata

a thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a

membrane

from which embryonic brain region does the cerebellum form?

metencphalon

if the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of

movement

which type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside and often contains mucous glands?

mucous

Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are

muscle spindles

which type of tissue is contractile?

muscle tissue

what statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscle is true?

muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively

the brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following

muscles of the arm and forearm

Using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation by the _____ nerve.

musculocutaneous

the distal portion of the nail is the

nail body

in the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called

nuclei

which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus

obturator

an action potential

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level

which type of bone cell has a ruffled border and secretes acids?

osteoclasts

which type of bone cell lies in a lacuna?

osteocyte

which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

osteocytes

Digestion of food is regulated by the

parasympathetic division of the ANS

the lambdoidal suture is located between the

parietal and occipital bones

Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called

phantom

vision is dependent upon

photoreceptors

identify the structures that are part of the epithalamus

pineal gland, habenula

the joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a ____ joint

pivot

a joint consists of two opposing flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a/an ____ joint.

plane

the joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a ____ joint

plane

An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?

portal of entry for microorganisms

skeletal muscle fibers

possess striations

the greater siatic notch is found on the

posterior side of the ilium

what is true during the resting membrane potential?

potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action?

premotor area

synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the

presynaptic terminals

the adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling down

receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are _____ receptors

primary

which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken?

primary auditory cortex

the sequence of events that produce growth at the epiphyseal plate is

proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling

The opposite of supination is

pronation

the perception of position and movement of body parts is

proprioception

the abdominal muscle that has its origin at the pubic crest and symphysis pubis is the

rectus abdominis

As the nervous system ages

reflexes become slower

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

Which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

receptors that in general do not produce an action potential, but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are _____ receptors

secondary

the knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?

sensory and motor neurons

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)

sensory or afferent neuron

whats the correct order of the reflex arch beginning with the sensory receptor

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneruon, motor neuron, effector

Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to

shiver

which type of muscle is attached to bones?

skeletal muscle

which type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells

smooth muscle

If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a(n) ____ sense.

somatic

the central nervous system includes the

spinal cord

the posterior, inferior projection from vertebrae is the

spinous process

which type of bones tissue appears porous?

spongy bone

which type of epithelial tissue is found in the mouth?

stratified squamous epithelium

the layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

stratum basale

what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from deepest to the most superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

if you accidentally cut your arm and see adipose tissue, which layers was/were cut?

stratum basale, subcutaneous layer, stratum corneum, dermis

rupturing the dermis may cause _____ to develop

stretch marks

Structurally, the simplest reflex is the

stretch reflex

joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint

A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action?

superior colliculi

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

surrounds each muscle fiber

the junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an

synapse

most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _____ joints

synovial

which joint is most moveable?

synovial

the superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?

tectum (roof)

the fasciculus gracillis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us

tell if an object is rough or smooth

the auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

the lateral fissure separates the ______ from the rest of the cerebrum

temporal lobe

the interthlamic adhesion connects the two portions of the

thalamus

the various types of epithelium are classified by

the shape of cells and number of cell layers

the origin is

the stationary end of the muscle

which statement concerning the subcutaneous layer is false?

the subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

the cerebral aqueduct connects

the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

what statement concerning sutures is false?

the tissue between the bones is hyaline cartilage

the plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K+ because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+

interconnecting rods of bone are

trabeculae

the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle

what muscle is not externally visible on the trunk of the body?

transverseabdominal

If a man exercises by doing push-ups every day, he would strengthen or enlarge which of the following muscles?

triceps brachii

there are _____ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave

two

the sagittal suture is located between the

two parietal bones

Wernicke area is necessary for

understanding and formulating coherent speech

which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?

vitamin D

channels that open or close in response to changes in electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called

voltage-gated ion channels

a reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the ____ reflex

withdrawal