Anatomy and physiology part 1 test 4
What happen when inhibition of osteoblasts by parathyroid hormone?
A decreased production of organic matrix
Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening?
A deficit of appositional bone growth
What is a major dynamic stabilizer of anterior displacement of the humerus?
Biceps brachii tendon
Contained within the spongy sections of bone, red bone marrow is responsible for what?
blood formation
Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via what?
Canaliculi
-FREEBIE: Spines of what structure form a part of the pelvic outlet?
bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the rami of the ischium and the sacrotuberous ligament on either side, and posteriorly by these ligaments and the tip of the coccyx.
The coxal joint is a ball-and-socket joint, in which the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
False
The ossicles serve as attachment sites of several muscles that control the mandible, tongue, and larynx.
False
The shoulder is the only multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint in the human body.
False
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Increase bone resorption"
Increases blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Increased urinary excretion of phosphate"
Increases blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Inhibition of osteoblasts"
Increases blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Parathyroid hormone"
Increases blood calcium
What does parathyroid hormone do to the kidney?
Increases the renal conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol, which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood
What does menisci mean?
Increasing the depth of the articular surface of the keen, much like the labra of the shoulder and hip, are fibrocartilaginous extensions of the synovial membrane.
Is Hydroxyapatite organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Is Provides hardness organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Is calcium carbonate organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Both the forearm and the lower belong to what kind of membrane?
Interosseous membrane
What does it call when spinning a bone along its longitudinal axis away from the midline of the body?
Lateral rotation
Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the what of a bone?
Length, until the plate is depleted in early adulthood
What kind of bone is Femur?
Long bone
What kind of bone is Ulna?
Long bone
What kind of bone is radius?
Long bone
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Lower blood calcium
Is "Pubic arch less than 90 degrees" a characteristic of male or female?
Male
Is" Round obturator foramen" a characteristic of male or female?
Male
Is"Heart shaped pelvic inlet " a characteristic of male or female?
Male
Is"Narrower false pelvis" a characteristic of male or female?
Male
What are the muscles belong to lower leg?
Malleoli Fibula, Medial condyle Anterior crest
The most active form of vitamin D is called what?
calcitrol
What happen when synostoses replaced by synchondroses?
Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood
How does the movement of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements works?
Utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers
Which bone is a part of the skull and not just associated with it?
Vomer
Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow __________.
at different rates
Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________.
calcium phosphate
Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.
calcium; phosphate
To help regulate body calcium levels, bone has two reserves. The disadvantage of the stable reserve is that it __________.
cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid
Bone elongation is a result of __________.
cartilage growth
Intramembranous ossification produces the __________.
flat bones of the skull
When you hold out your hands with the palms up, __________ your wrists will tip your palms toward you.
flexing
Raising your hand and placing it on the shoulder of a person standing in front of you, requires __________ of the shoulder.
flexion
-FREEBIE: What is the hole through a bone called that usually allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels?
foramen
A hole through a bone that usually allows passage for nerves and blood vessels is called a(n) _________.
foramen
The thin layer of compact bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.
epiphyseal line
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________.
epiphyseal plate
The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the __________.
epiphysis
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
estrogen; osteoclast activity
Which joint sacrifices stability for mobility?
glenohumeral (shoulder joint), that's why they need ligamentous structures to act as an active stabilization
Unlike other joints, a __________ does not join two bones to one another.
gomphosis
One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally __________.
greater than 100 degrees
In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream.
tibia
The talocrural joint is formed by the union of the __________, the _________, and the _________.
tibia; fibula; talus
What ligament protect the knee from medial displacement due to laterally applied forces?
tibial collateral
Which joint is an extremely complicated synovial joint? and why
tibiofemoral, because its potential for multiaxial motion when flexed
The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.
osteoclasts; mineral resorption
The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas __________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
osteoclasts; osteocytes
what does it turn into when osteoblasts encases in matrix?
osteocytes
The most common bone disease is __________.
osteoporosis
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________.
parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture.
pathologic
A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the __________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the __________.
periosteum; endosteum
The proximal radioulnar joint is a __________ joint.
pivot
If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing __________ at the ankle.
plantar flexion
What ligament resist posterior and lateral movement of the tibia; its fibers originate superomedially on the femur and attach posterolaterally on the tibia?
posterior cruciate
The __________ is not part of the tibiofemoral joint.
posterior tibiofibular ligament
What does it call when rotation of the forearm as if you're turning over a can to empty?
pronation
When doing a pushup, your shoulders __________ as your body is pushed upward.
protract
What joint is a cartilaginous joint in the anterior pelvis?
pubic symphysis
The antebrachium contains the __________.
radius and ulna
The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________.
resorption
The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.
rickets; osteomalacia
A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system.
ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
The joint between the left and right parietal bones is called the __________.
sagittal suture
The __________ houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and is found in the __________.
sella turcica; sphenoid bone
Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will then turn the tissue into what? (step 3)
soft callus
Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called __________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called __________.
soft callus; hard callus
-FREEBIE: Where are spicules and trabeculae found?
spongy bone
Spicules and trabeculae are found in __________.
spongy bone
What kind of bone is Sphenoid bone?
irregular bones
what is found between layers of concentric lamellae?
lacunae
What anchored BONE to BONE?
ligament(similar structure of the tendons, which is sheets of collagenous connective tissue)
What joints you can find on the elbow?
-Humeroulnar -Proximal radioulnar
What can you find in the upper limb?
-Humerus -Ulna -Radius -Carpus -Metacarpal bones
Under normal circumstances, the wrist can be hyperextended, but the elbow cannot.
True
An articulation, or joint, is defined as ___________.
any point where two bones meet
Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as __________.
appositional growth
The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called __________.
articular cartilage
-FREEBIE: What are the most stable joints in the body?
coxal joint
After calcidiol transport to the kidneys thru the blood, it allowed the final conversion to what?(step 3)
Calcitriol
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?
Calcium
Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.
False
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur are involved in the hip joint.
False
Men have one rib fewer than women.
False
What can you find in the femur?
-Greater trochanter -Intercondylar fossa
what are the carpal bones?
-Hamate -Scaphoid -Lunate -Pisiform
What are the joints that move in 1 plane?
-Hinge -Pivot -Tibiofemoral joint
What bones you can find in the pelvis?
-Hip bone -Sacrum
Sunlight contacting the epidermis converts what to Vitamin D3?(Homework 7, step 1)
-7-dehydrocholesterol -Vitamin D3 otherwise known as cholecalciferol
Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the changes that take place in bones as a person ages. Check all that apply.
-Adults have fewer bones because many bones fuse through the years. -The adult pelvis is a single hip bone, which results from the fusion of three childhood bones. -The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206.
What are the description of gomphosis?
-An example of this joint is the attachment of a tooth to its socket -This term refers to the joints's similarity to a nail hammered into wood -This joint is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament
What are the example of first-class lever?
-Atlanto-occipital joint of the neck -Rocking of the foot on the tibia with raised toes -Children playing on a seesaw -Flexing the calf muscles and rolling onto the balls of the feet
What are the hints for depressions?
-Aveolus -Fossa -Fovea -Sulcus
What are the joint that move in 3 planes?
-Ball-and-socket -Hip joint -Glenohumeral joint
What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
-Body 4-5 times larger than vertebral foramen -Body appears bean shaped
-FREEBIE: What are the factors that determine the range of motion of a joint?
-Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. -Well exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation. -Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces. -When extending the elbow, it is the shape of the olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus, that limit its range of motion.
What are the hints for passages or cavities?
-Canal -Fissure -Foramen -Meatus -Sinus
What are the example of appendicular bone?
-Clavicle -Fibula
What bones you can find in the pectoral girdle?
-Clavicle -Scapula
List the bones in the appendicular skeleton in order (Proximal to Distal)
-Clavicle -Scapula -Humerus -Ulna -Lunate -Trapezoid -Metacarpel II -Proximal phalanx II -Middle phalanx II -Distal phalanx II
What are the key words to show its an articulation?
-Condyle -Head -Facet
What are the description of the hip joint?
-Coxal joint -Arterial damage entering the fovea capitis can result in necrosis -Acetabular labrum increased the depth of the socket
What are the key words to show its an extensions?
-Crest -Epicondyle -Process -Spine -Trochanter -Tubercle -Tuberosity
What are the effects on osteoclasts by circulating calcitonin? (step 3)
-Decrease in bone resorption and a concurrent increase in bone deposition due to the activity of osteoblasts
What kind of joints you can find in the ankle/foot?
-Distal tibiofibular -Intertarsal
what kind of joints you can find on the hip?
-Femoroacetabular -Sacroiliac
What can you find in the lower limb?
-Femur -Patella -Fibula -Tibia -Tarsus
What are the description of long bones
-Femur -Serve as levers for body movements -Length and width proportions greatly differ
What are the examples of third-class lever?
-Flexing the elbow -Bending at the knee
What bones you can find in the skull?
-Frontal bone -Maxilla -Mandible
What joints you can find on the shoulder?
-Glenohumeral -Acromioclavicular
What are the description about the shoulder?
-Glenohumeral joint -Extreme ranges of motion a trade-off for lack of stability -Rotator cuff acts as a dominant active stabilizer
What are the kinds of fibrous joint?
-Gomphoses -Sutures -Syndesmoses
Choose the factors that determine a joint's range of motion. Check all that apply.
-In many cases, joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone surfaces. -Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. -In many joints, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion.
Choose the accurate statement(s) regarding the types of fibrous joints. Check all that apply.
-In syndesmoses joints, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable. -In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. -Sutures are immobile, or only slightly mobile, fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other.
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?
-Include a bifid(split) spinous process -Transverse foramina -One of these has no vertebral body
What is the functions of calcitriol? and what are the 3 targets organs?(step 4)
-Increase blood calcium -3 target organs: small intestine, skeleton, and kidneys
The circulating calcitonin inhibits what and stimulates what?(Step 2)
-Inhibits osteoclasts -stimulates osteoblasts within minutes
What are the structures of the orbit?
-Lacrimal -Zygomatic -Maxilla
What can you find in both the humerus and femur?
-Lateral epicondyle -Neck -Head -Medial epicondyle
What can you find in the humerus?
-Lesser tubercle -olecranon fossa -Trochlea -Capitulum
What are the structures of the cranium?
-Occipital -Parietal -Temporal
Identify the correct statements regarding the the treatment of fractures. Check all that apply.
-Open reduction involves the surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments. -Hip fractures are usually pinned and early ambulation (walking) is encouraged because it promotes blood circulation and healing.
List the bone from sacrum to the floor (proximal to distal)
-Os coxa -Femur -Patella -Tibia -Talus -Calcaneus
what are the bones that go thru intramembranous ossification?
-Parietal bone -maxilla
What are the paired bone?(have 2)
-Patella -Humerus -Maxilla -Nasal -Parietal -Clavicle
What are the kinds of synovial joint?
-Plane -Hinge -Pivot -Condyloid -Saddle
What are the joints that move in 2 planes?
-Plane -Saddle -Condylar -Metacarpophalangeal joints
What are the functions of the bone of the bone of the skeleton?
-Provide structure to the body -Serve as a support to hold up the body -Maintain proper positioning of some organs
What joints you can find on the wrist/hand?
-Radiocarpal -Metacarpophalangeal
what are the characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
-Ribs facets -Vertebral foramen appeals cicular
What are the descriptions of irregular bones?
-Sacrum -Oddly shaped bones usually found in the axial skeleton
What are the description of short bones?
-Scaphoid -Length and width are similar in proportion -Allow small degrees of motion usually in two degrees of freedom
What are the characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
-Sharp, inferiorly projecting spinous process -Rib facets -Superior articulating facets face posteriorly
What is the example of second-class lever?
-Sitting in a chair and raising the knee
What are the structures you can find in both cranium and orbit?
-Sphenoid -Ethmoid -Frontal
What are the descriptions of flat bones?
-Sternum -"Flat" name misleading as bones are often curved
What bones you can find in the thoracic cage?
-Sternum -Ribs -Costal cartilage
Where does the minerals store in the skeleton? What is the function of the mineral?
-Stored in the skeleton -Acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain electrolyte balance throughout the body
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?
-Superior articulating facets face superiorly
What are the kinds of cartilaginous joint?
-Synchondroses -Symphyses
What are the description of the ankle joint?
-Talocrural joint -Eversion sprains produce damage to the lateral ligaments
What are the tarsal bones?
-Talus -Calcaneus -Cuboid -Navicular
What are the description about the jaw?
-Temporomandibular joints -Two synovial cavity chambers separated by an articular disc
Consider the number of bones found in each region of the adult body, including both the left and right sides of the body as well as the phalanges on the hands and feet. Identify the correct statement(s). Check all that apply.
-There are 22 skull bones. -There are four bones in the pectoral girdles. -There are 56 phalanges.
What are the description of syndesmosis?
-This is a joint whose fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable -This is a joint in which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers -This is the joints that binds the distal ends of the tibia and fibula together -An example of this joint is the joint between the shaft of the radius and ulna
What are the description of suture?
-This joint closely binds the bones of the skull to each other -Examples of this joint include the coronal sagittal, and lambdoid -This joint lies between the temporal and parietal bones.
What kind of joints you can find on the knee?
-Tibiofemoral -Petellofemoral
What are the description of the knee joint?
-Tibiofemoral joint -Lateral forces likely to cause damage to the tibial collateral ligament, ACL, and medial meniscus -Intracapsular ligaments include the ACL and PCL
What can you find in the appendicular skeleton?
-Trochlea -Olecranon -Tibial tuberosity -Radial tuberosity -Greater trochanter
What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
-Wide, retangular shaped spinous process when viewed laterally -Superior articulating facets face medially
What is the lining rim of the glenoid fossa? function?
-glenoid labrum(ring of fibrocartilage) -function is to deepen the extremely shallow articulating surface of the glenoid
What are the unpaired bone? (only 1)
-hyoid -occipital -Mandible -Ethmoid -Vomer -Sacrum
What can you find in the axial skeleton?
-spinous process -Mastoid process -Jugular notch -Mandibular fossa -Foramen magnum
What are the processes of intramembranous ossification?
1) Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme 2)Calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteocytes 3)Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum 4)Filling of space to form compact bone at surfaces, leaving spongy bone in middle
Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
False
How many vertebrae is in the thoracic vertebrae?(top 2)
12
how many bones is in the adult appendicular?
126
At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten?
50 years old
Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.
False
FREEBIE: What is the average number of bones in the adult skeleton?
206
The average number of bones in the adult skeleton is __________.
206
-FREEBIE: How many bones are found in the right hand and wrist of an adult?
27
The right hand and wrist of an adult has __________ bones.
27
How many vertebrae is in the coccyx? Do they have a variability in the fusion?
3 to 5 , and yes
How many vertebrae is in the vertebral column?
33
How many vertebrae is in the lumbar vertebrae? (top 3)
5
How many vertebrae is in the sacral?(top 4) and it fused into what?
5, and are fused into 1 sacrum
How many vertebrae is in the cervical vertebrae?(top 1)
7
how many bones is in the adult axial?
80
Which of the following would directly affect osseous tissue?
A Vitamin C deficiency
What movement in the frontal plane away from the midline?
Abduction
What movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline?
Adduction
What is the function of the buffering compounds works to aid the body?
Aid the body in acid-base balance
Correctly identify the factor(s) that limit a joint's range of motion.
All of the choices* limit a joint's range of motion. -Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. -Well exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation. -Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces. -When extending the elbow, it is the shape of the olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus, that limit its range of motion.
-FREEBIE: What is an articulation?
An articulation is any point at which two bones meet
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.
An elevated level of osteoblast activity
FREEBIE: What is the name of the expanded head at each end of a long bone?
An epiphysis
Which of the following examples represents a bony joint, or synostosis?
An infant is born with right and left mandibular bones, but they soon fuse into a single bone.
What ligament attaches to the tibia anteriorly at the intercondylar eminence?
Anterior cruciate
The decline in bone breakdown and increased mineralization cases what?(step 4)
Blood calcium to decrease back to normal levels
What is the final steps of fracture repairing?
Bone remodeling, which converting spongy to compact bone
What are the things you can find in endochondral ossification?
Bony collar, metaphyses, HYALINE CARTILAGE, primary and secondary marrow cavities, epiphyseal plates
When levels of blood calcium increase in children, calcitonin is released from where? (step 1) (homework 7 Q27)
C cells of the thyroid gland
__________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.
Central canals
What is located in the middle of osteons? What does it contain?
Central canals, contain the blood vessels, and nervous supply of the compact bones
-FREEBIE: What zone of the metaphysis do chondrocytes multiply in?
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis. answer: cell proliferation
What bone found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses?
Compact bone
What bone has visible, obvious, central canals?
Compact bone
What bone is also called dense bone?
Compact bone
What bone is made up of osteons?
Compact bone
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.
DNA synthesis
What happen when sutures replaced by plane joints?
Decrease in nervous system protection
What happen when symphyses replaced by synostoses?
Decreased spinal mobility
What happen when gomphoses replaced by pivot?
Decreased tooth stability and resilience
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Calcitonin"
Decreases blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Increased use of sunblock"
Decreases blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Living at a northern latitude"
Decreases blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Osteoblastic activity"
Decreases blood calcium
What action lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane?
Depression
vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from where?
Digestive system
What action raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane?
Elevation
What is the internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plates called?
Epiphyseal line
What is the layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side?
Epiphyseal plate
Which of the bones below does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?
Ethmoid
Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone?
Ethmoid
What action usually returns a body part to zero position?
Extension
A radiograph (X-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines.
False
All ribs articulate with the sternum.
False
Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth.
False
Bony joints are the most common type of joints.
False
Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae.
False
Healthy paranasal sinuses are filled with mucus.
False
Symphyses are the most common type of fibrous joints.
False
What is the bone that goes thru endochondral ossification?
Femur
What kind of bone is Cranium?
Flat bones
What kind of bone is scapula?
Flat bones
What kind of bone is sternum?
Flat bones
What action usually decreases a joint angle?
Flexion
A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?
Flexion and extension
Break in a bone is called a what? (homework 7, Q 18) (step 1)
Fracture
What happen when blood calcium levels drop?
Glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity
What will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury? (step 2)
Hematoma
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling
Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by what?
Hormone calcitonin
Which hormone influences both resorption and deposition of bone?
Hormone calcitriol
Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?
Hydroxyapatite
What movement beyond the joint's zero position?
Hyperextension
-FREEBIE: Describe the precursor connective tissue in endochondral ossification
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone. answer: hyaline cartilage
What happen when condyloid replaced by hinge?
Inability to abduct, or adduct fingers
What happen when syndesmoses replaced by synostoses?
Inability to pronate, or supinate
Choose the incorrect statement regarding the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.
Incorrect: -The skull reaches about three-quarters its adult size by age 1. Correct: -The skull reaches nearly final size by 8 or 9 years. -The frontal bones usually fuse by age 5 or 6. -Most fontanels ossify by the time the infant is a year old. -The skull reaches about half its adult size by 9 months of age.
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Calcitriol"
Increase blood calcium
Is the following thing increase or decreases blood calcium? "Osteoclastic activity"
Increase blood calcium
What does the parathyroid hormone do when direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the same intestine(calcitriol)? (I don't know how to make this into a question, its homework 7, Q28)
Increase blood calcium levels
What happen when synovial rib attachment replaced by syndesmoses?
Increase in respiratory difficulty
What is the functions of parathyroid hormone?
Increase in the number of osteoclasts and greater rates of bone resorption
What happen when ball-and-socket replaced by hinge?
Increased stability of the shoulder
-FREEBIE: What kind of bone is a vertebrae classified as?
Irregular bones
What kind of bone is Vertebra?
Irregular bones
What happen when hinge replaced by condyloid?
Knee capable of adduction, or abduction
Identify the correct statement regarding the three types of sutures.
Lap sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges.
Which of the following bones forms the bulk of the hard palate?
Maxilla
Deepest layer of the bone
Medullary canal
Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand?
Metacarpal
What are the muscles belong to the forearm ?
Olecranon process Ulna Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process
Is Glycoproteins organic or inorganic?
Organic
Is Glycosaminoglycans organic or inorganic?
Organic
Is Proteoglycans organic or inorganic?
Organic
Is Provides flexibility organic or inorganic?
Organic
Is Resists tensile(pulling forces) organic or inorganic?
Organic
Is collagen organic or inorganic?
Organic
Involves excessive proliferation of osteoclasts, leading to rapid, disorderly bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones
Osteitis deformans(Paget's disease)
What cell abundant in mitochondria?
Osteoblasts
What cell overactivity results in increased bone density?
Osteoblasts
What will deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs?
Osteoblasts
-FREEBIE: Of the different types of bone cells discussed in class, which would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
Osteoclasts
What cell is massive and multinucleate?
Osteoclasts
What cell is the bone resorbing cells?
Osteoclasts
Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
Osteoclasts
what cell have a ruffled border?
Osteoclasts
What bone cell encased in matrix?
Osteocytes
What cell trapped in lacunae?
Osteocytes
Defect of collagen deposition that renders the bones exceptionally brittle
Osteogenesis imperfecta
What cells differentiate into osteoblasts?
Osteogenic cells
What is stem cells?
Osteogenic cells
Inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection
Osteomyelitis
Most common bone disease; results in a severe bone density loss
Osteoporosis
The most common and deadly form of bone cancer
Osteosarcoma
When happen when levels of blood calcium decrease?
Parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid
Which of the following bones is adjacent to both the coronal and lambdoid sutures?
Parietal bone
Which of the following are not considered facial bones?
Parietal bones
Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?
Patella
-FREEBIE: What is a sesamoid bone?
Patella, a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large sesamoid bone.
-FREEBIE: What does a newborn pass through during birth?
Pelvic brim?
Most superficial layers of the bone
Periosteum
Layers of the bone(superficial to deep)
Periosteum Circumferential lamellae Central canal Endosteum Medullary canal
What is the function of the rotator cuff?
Produce forces that keep the humeral head in contact with the glenoid during movements powered by the larger musculature
What are the functions of the skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum?
Protection to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened, shell-like or caged structures
In an adult, which of the following is a bone that does not contain red bone marrow?
Radius
Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?
Removal of the thyroid gland
Which of the following is the most common spinal curvature deformity?
Scoliosis
What kind of bone is Talus?
Short bones
What kind of bone is capitate bone?
Short bones
What bone arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered?
Spongy bone
What bone composed of trabeculae?
Spongy bone
What bone convey strength with light weight?
Spongy bone
What bone found in greater proportions in bone epiphyses?
Spongy bone
What bone found in greater proportions in flat bones?
Spongy bone
What bone gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow?
Spongy bone
The manubrium is part of what bone?
Sternum
Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity?
Swimming
Bones that join together and hold in place with threads of collagen form a what joint?
Synarthrosis joint
What does it call when two bones join together and fuse so that no visible separation occurs?
Synostosis(bony joint)
What is the most complex joints?
Synovial joints(They display varying amounts of mobility)
Sinuses are absent from which bone?
Temporal
Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system?
Tendons
What happen to the epiphyseal plates when the cartilage is depleted?
The epiphyseal plates close and the bone can get no longer
Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?
The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate.
A soft callus forms during ___________.
The healing of a fracture
Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?
The knee
Which of the following is not a factor that determines the range of motion of a joint?
The length of the bone
What are the three auditory ossicles?
The malleus, incus, and stapes
Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle?
The sacroiliac joint
Which of the following is true regarding joints that are first-class levers?
Their mechanical advantage may be either greater or less than 1.0.
What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?
These are all fibrous joints.
The forearm acts as a third-class lever during flexion of the elbow.
True
The hemopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.
True
The ischium is posterior to the pubis and inferior to the ilium.
True
The optic canal is part of the sphenoid bone.
True
The pubic symphysis can be palpated as a hard prominence above the genitalia.
True
Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?
Transitional epithelium
Since the menisci connect the medial and lateral articular surface, what ligament provides a strut against separation?
Transverse ligament
Hypercalcemia is rare, but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of conditions.
True
If the Mechanical Advantage is greater than 1.0, the lever produces more force, but less speed or distance, than the force exerted on it. If the Mechanical Advantage is less than 1.0, the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input.
True
In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse.
True
Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.
True
Synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous texture similar to egg white.
True
The elbow has both pivot and hinge joints.
True
What is the function of the transverse humeral?
Works to keep the biceps brachii tendon in place during contractions of the biceps brachii muscle
What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?
Yellow bone marrow
Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means __________.
abnormal calcification of a tissue`
The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by __________.
absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts
What structure lying outside the confines of the joint capsule, but nonetheless critical to the support and movement of the synovial joints?
accessory structures
The _________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint.
acetabular labrum
Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except __________.
amino acids
What is the joint which bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones?
amphiarthrosis
Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones form a what joint?
amphiarthrosis joint
The __________ does not belong to the femur.
anterior border
What joint has the highest degree of movement of the synovial joint?
ball-and-socket joint
The sacs filled with synovial fluid that act as a cushion for muscles are called what?
bursae
What is the the inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs around the joints are especially numerous in the hand, knee, and foot?
bursitis
After Vitamin D3(cholecalciferol) transported via the blood to the liver, cholecalciferol is converted to what?(step 2)
calcidiol
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.
calcitriol
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis.
cell proliferation
It is common to find __________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone.
central canals
If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.
collagen
Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.
collagen
A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.
comminuted
A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.
comminuted
The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___________ joints.
condylar
FREEBIE: What is a rounded knob that articulates with another bone called?
condyle
Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue.
connective
What is the most complex joints?
diarthroses
In humans, normal chewing involves ___________ and __________ of the mandible.
elevation; depression
Is"anterior pelvic tilt " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Is"anteriorly facing acetabulum " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Is"coccyx movable and tiltea posteriorly " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Is"shallow lesser pelvis " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Is"shorter sacrum " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Is"wide greater sciatic notch " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Is"wider sacrum " a characteristic of male or female?
female
Some joints become synostoses by replacing __________ with __________.
fibers; bone
The ligament that attaches the lateral femoral epicondyle to the fibula is called the __________.
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)
What ligament resists lateral separation of the knee due to medially applied forces?
fibular collateral
One example of a multiaxial joint is the __________ joint.
humeroscapular
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.
hyaline cartilage
The hardness of bone comes from __________, whereas __________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
The __________ is a U-shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone.
hyoid bone
Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you, as if to tell them "Stop," requires __________.
hyperextension of the wrist
Choose the incorrect statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column.
incorrect: -The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. Correct: -The vertebral column physically supports the skull and trunk. -The vertebral column allows for the movement of the skull and trunk. -The vertebral column protects the spinal cord. -The vertebral column absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting.
The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _______________, which partly explains the nature of most shoulder dislocations.
inferiorly
Is Resists compressive forces (pushing) organic or inorganic?
inorganic
Elongation of bones is accomplished via what?
intersitial growth
To tip the soles of the feet medially, so they face each other, requires __________. Tipping them out laterally so they face away from each other is __________.
inversion; eversion
The jaw joint is the articulation of the __________ and the __________.
mandible; temporal bone
Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of __________.
mechanical stress on bone remodeling
The fibrocartilage pad between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia is called the __________.
medial meniscus
What does it call when spinning a bone along its longitudinal axis toward the midline of the body?
medial rotation
What can you find deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult?
medullary cavities
-FREEBIE: What are healthy paranasal sinuses lined with?
mucous membrane
Hypocalcemia can cause __________.
muscle spasms
Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called __________.
open
What does it call the movement of the thumb to approach and touch the fingertips?
opposition
Bone-forming cells are called __________.
osteoblasts
During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.
osteoblasts
What cell is the bone building cells?
osteoblasts
When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
osteoblasts; osteocytes
Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of __________.
serrate sutures
What are the examples of axial bone?
skull Hyoid sacrum sternum mandible rib
What does it call when rotation of the forearm as if you're asking someone to hand you money or slap down on your hand?
supination
FREEBIE: What structure can easily be palpated between the clavicles?
suprasternal notch
What is the joint between two skull bones?
suture
The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a __________.
symphysis
The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum, is a __________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by __________ joints.
synchondrosis; synovial
The least movable joints are _____________ joints.
synostosis
The most movable joints are ___________ joints.
synovial
The temporomandibular joint is a(n) __________ joint.
synovial`
What anchored MUSCLE to BONES?
tendons(sheets of collagenous connective tissue)
-FREEBIE: What structure in the knee prevents hyperextension?
the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Male and female pelves differ in all of the following features except __________.
the female sacrum is longer
Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________.
their bones contain larger quantities of collagen
Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in __________.
trabecular bone
Rib 7 is a __________ rib.
true
-FREEBIE: What type of rib is rib 7?
true rib
Red bone marrow does not contain __________.
yellow bone marrow