Anatomy & Physiology Week 4-Integumentary, Bone Tissue, and Skeletal Systems

Hematopoiesis

production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones

Irregular Bone

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

Compact Bone

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

Fourth-degree Burn

burn in which full thickness of the skin and underlying muscle and bone is damaged

Third-degree Burn

burn that penetrates and destroys the full thickness of the skin (epidermis and dermis)

Osteoclast

cell responsible for resorbing bone

Spongy Bone

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

Ossification

(also, osteogenesis) bone formation

Osseous Tissue

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Fracture

broken bone

Basal Cell Carcinoma

cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin

Osteoblast

cell responsible for forming new bone

Scar

collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that is different from normal skin

Vitamin D

compound that aids absorption of calcium and phosphates in the intestine to improve bone health

Hypercalcemia

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

Hypocalcemia

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

Hypodermis

connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle

Red Marrow

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

Short Bone

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

Long Bone

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

Osteoporosis

disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

Rickets

disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency, which leads to the weakening of bones

Orthopedist

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

Periosteum

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

Albinism

genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production

Bone

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Cuticle

in hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb

Hair

keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis

Dermis

layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures

Perichondrium

membrane that covers cartilage

Sebum

oily substance that is composed of a mixture of lipids that lubricates the skin and hair

Skeletal System

organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection

Epidermis

outermost tissue layer of skin

Second-degree Burn

partial-thickness burn that injures the epidermis and a portion of the dermis

Melanin

pigment that determines the color of hair and skin

Osteocyte

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

Cartilage

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

Integumentary System

skin and its accessory structures

Eczema

skin condition due to an allergic reaction, which resembles a rash

Acne

skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands

Vitiligo

skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possible due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches

Nutrient Foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Sesamoid Bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

Bedsore

sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitus ulcers

Metastasis

spread of cancer cells from a source to other parts of the body

First-degree Burn

superficial burn that injures only the epidermis

Open Reduction

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture

Sudoriferous Gland

sweat gland

Callus

thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion

Flat Bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

Diaphysis

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

Corn

type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force

Sebaceous Gland

type of oil gland found in the dermis all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof skin and hair by secreting sebum

Keloid

type of scar that has layers raised above the skin surface

Melanoma

type of skin cancer that originates from the melanocytes of the skin

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

type of skin cancer that originates from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis

Keratin

type of structural protein that gives hair, skin, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties

Articulation

where two bone surfaces meet

Epiphysis

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow