Anatomy: Ch 17

List three types of blood vessels and identify their functions

Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries Capillaries allow diffusion between blood and there interstitial fluids Veins carry blood from capillaries to the heart

What condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?

anemia

Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O- blood?

only with a person whose blood is O-

Define hematocrit

packed cell volume, the percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood

What are the functions of blood?

transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; regulate pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; restrict fluid loss at injury sites; defend against toxins and pathogens; and stabilize body temperature

Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood?

A person with type A blood also has anti-B antibodies, so if they received a transfusion of type B blood, the transfused red blood cells would clump, or agglutinate, potentially blocking blood flow to various organs and tissues

Identify the products formed during the breakdown of heme

After the removal of iron within macrophages, heme is converted into biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin. In the large intestine , bilirubin is converted to either stercobilins, which are eliminated in the feces, or urobilins, which are eliminated in the feces or in urine

Does an Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus require a RhoGAM injection? Explain your answer.

An Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus does not require a RhoGAM injection because the fetus is not at risk of Rh incompatibility. The fetus is not at risk because its RBCs lack Rh surface antigens, and the mother's plasma lacks anti-Rh antibodies

How do basophils respond during inflammation?

Basophils enter damaged tissues and release a variety of chemicals, including histamine, which promotes inflammation

In what way would a liver disease affect the level of bilirubin in the blood?

Bilirubin would accumulate in the blood and produce jaundice. This condition occurs because diseases that damage the liver impair its ability to excrete bilirubin in the bile

Compare oxyhemoglobin with deoxyhemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen, bright red Deoxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen, dark red

Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant Rh- women?

When RhoGAM (which contains anti-Rh antibodies) is injected into a pregnant Rh- woman, the anti-Rh antibodies circulate in the mother's bloodstream, where they destroy any fetal RBC's there. This prevents the mother's immune system from making antibodies against the developing fetus' red blood cells

Define hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

a condition in which maternal antibodies attack and destroy fetal red blood cells, resulting in fetal anemia; it occurs in a sensitized Rh- mother who is carrying an Rh+ fetus

What is determined by the surface antigens on RBCs?

glycolipids in the plasma membrane; determine blood type

Describe platelets and their origin

platelets develop from megakaryocytes. These large cells shed their cytoplasm in small, membrane-enclosed packets. These packets are the platelets that enter the bloodstream.

Define hemolysis

rupture of red blood cells, results in the release of hemoglobin

Define rouleaux

stacks of red blood cells

What is hematology?

the medical study of blood, blood-producing organs, and blood disorders

Define venipuncture

the piercing of a vein to obtain a blood sample

Define hemostasis

the stoppage of blood flow. It involves three phases: the vascular phase. the platelet phase, and the coagulation phase

List the following events in the process of hemostasis and clot dissolution in the proper order order of their occurrence

vascular spasm, platelet phase, coagulation, retraction, and fibrinolysis

Define hematopoietic stem cell

(hemocytoblast) is a multipotent stem cell whose divisions produce lymphoid and myeloid stem cells, which divide to form each of the various populations of blood cells

Briefly describe the vascular, platelet, and coagulation phases of hemostasis.

During the vascular phase, local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) occurs at the injury site. In the platelet phase, platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, and adhere to damaged blood vessel surfaces. In the coagulation phase, factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors (through either the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway, or the common pathway) to form a blood clot, a process involving the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibers of fibrin

Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells myeloid stem cells produce

Lymphoid stem cells originate in the red bone marrow and give rise to lymphocytes; these stem cells also produce lymphocytes in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. Myeloid stem cells are cells in red bone marrow that give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes

Compare pernicious anemia with iron deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia is insufficient red blood cell production that results from a local of vitamin B12; the blood cells that do develop tend to be macrocytic (abnormally large) and abnormally shaped Iron deficiency anemia results when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, impairing normal hemoglobin synthesis; these blood cells are microcytic (abnormally small)

Identify the two components making up whole blood, and list the composition of each

Plasma: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic wastes Formed elements: platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells White blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Describe a complete blood count (CBC)

a diagnostic blood test used determine underlying medical conditions. Includes the RBC count, WBC count, erythrocyte indices (such as hemoglobin content), hematocrit, platelet count, and WBC differential count

Describe hemoglobin

a protein - composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule - that gives RBCs the ability to transport oxygen in the blood

Identify the components of the cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, blood

Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection?

immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood

Identify the two types of leukemia

myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia

Identify the five types of white blood cells

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

neutrophils, phagocytic while blood cells that are generally the first to arrive at the site of an injury