Anatomy Ch.12 connect

Which is most likely to be the threshold potential for a neuron? -90 +35 -55 -70 0

-55

Which is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron? +10 mV -70 mV 0 mV +35 mV

-70 mV

Select all that apply Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system? -Schwann cells -Microglia -Satellite cells -Astrocytes -Ependymal cells -Oligodendrocytes

-Microglia -Astrocytes -Ependymal cells -Oligodendrocytes

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true about sodium? -Na+ has more influence on the resting membrane potential than any other ion. -Na+ is pumped into the cell by the Na+-K+ pump. -Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF. -The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+.

-Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF -the resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+

Select all that apply Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for coordinating the other bodily systems so as to maintain homeostasis? -Nervous system -Endocrine system -Immune system -Cardiovascular system

-Nervous system -Endocrine system

Select all that apply Choose the characteristics of neuroglia. -They are less numerous than neurons. -They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. -Their main properties are excitability and conductivity. -They protect the neurons and help them function.

-They protect the neurons and help them function -They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold

Select all that apply Indicate which of the following statements are true about signal conduction along unmyelinated fibers. -The red band in the diagram represents the relative refractory period. -A zone of depolarization excites voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential. -Unmyelinated fibers have voltage-gated channels along their entire length. -The signal conduction in unmyelinated fibers is saltatory.

-Unmyelinated fibers have voltage-gated channels along their entire length -a zone of depolarization excites voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential

Select all that apply Which is true about signal conduction in myelinated axons? -It is slower than signal conduction in unmyelinated axons. -Action potentials are only generated at the nodes of Ranvier. -The signal moves more rapidly through the internodes than it does through the nodes of Ranvier.

-action potentials are only generate at the nodes of ranvier -the signal moves more rapidly through the internodes than it does through the nodes of ranvier

Select all that apply How do neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission? -Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters -Promoting myelination by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells -Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons -Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter

-adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters -increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons -altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter

Select all that apply Which are properties of action potentials? -All or none -Self-propagating -Graded (amplitude proportional to stimulus strength) -Nondecremental (signal maintains amplitude)

-all or nothing -self-propagating -nondecremental

Select all that apply Select the four categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition. -Glycoproteins -Amino acids -Neuropeptides -Acetylcholine -Monoamines -Sterols

-amino acids -neuropeptides -acetylcholine -monoamines

Select all that apply Which would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end? -Addition of receptors onto presynaptic membrane -Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber -Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob -Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft -Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid

-cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve -reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob -enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft -diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid

Select all that apply Which are characteristics of local potentials? -Decremental -Graded -All-or-none -Self-propagating

-decremental -graded

Select all that apply Long-term potentiation may be involved in long-term memory. The molecular changes that occur in long-term potentiation include which of the following? -Entrance of calcium into the dendrite -A decrease in the number of NMDA receptors -The release of nitric oxide which triggers more glutamate release -Binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors

-entrance of calcium into the dendrite -the release of nitric oxide which triggers more glutamate release -binding of glutamate to nmda

Select all that apply Which neurotransmitters are classified as monoamines? -Epinephrine -GABA -Acetylcholine -Serotonin -Cholecystokinin -Glutamate

-epinephrine -serotonin

Select all that apply Increasing the intensity of a stimulus may increase which of the following? Select two answers from the list below. -Firing frequency of individual neurons -Amplitude of individual action potentials in each neuron -Number of activated neurons -Duration of individual action potentials in each neuron

-firing frequency of individual neurons -number of activated neurons

Select all that apply Which neurotransmitters produce EPSPs? -Glycine -Aspartate -GABA -Glutamate

-glutamate -aspartate

Select all that apply Which neurotransmitters are classified as amino acids? -Cholecystokinin -Acetylcholine -Serotonin -Epinephrine -GABA -Glutamate

-glutamate -gaba

Select all that apply Which neurotransmitters produce IPSPs? -Aspartate -Glutamate -Glycine -GABA

-glycine -gaba

Select all that apply Which statements are true about signal conduction along myelinated fibers? -Ions can be exchanged with the ECF only at the nodes of Ranvier. -There are few voltage-gated ion channels at the myelin-covered internodes and multiple channels at the nodes of Ranvier. -No nerve signal conduction occurs at the internodes. -Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier.

-ions can be exchanged with the ECF only at the nodes of ranvier -there are few voltage-gated ion channels at the myelin-covered internodes and multiple channels at the nodes of ranvier -action potentials occur only at the nodes of ranvier

Select all that apply Which correctly describe axonal transport? -It is a type of transport that occurs only in anaxonic neurons. -It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport). -It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma).

-it involves transport of proteins within the axon (ie synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma -it is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport)

Select all that apply Which describes slow axonal transport? -It may be either anterograde or retrograde. -It results in movement of 0.5 to 10 mm/day. -It is used to renew worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons. -It works in a stop-and-go fashion.

-it is used to renew worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons -it works in a stop-and-go fashion

Select all that apply Which statements are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump? -It moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. -It can only transport Na+ and K+ down their concentration gradients. -It requires the use of ATP. -It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane.

-it moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell -it requires the use of ATP -it helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane

Select all that apply Choose the major cytoplasmic inclusions in a neuron. -Lipid droplets -Lipofuscin -Synaptic vesicles -Glycogen granules -Melanin

-lipid droplets -lipofuscin -glycogen granules -melanin

Select all that apply Which are usually found inside the cell body (or soma) of a mature neuron? -Mitochondria -Rough endoplasmic reticulum -Nucleus -Centrioles -Synaptic vesicles

-mitochondria -rough endoplasmic reticulum -nucleus

Select all that apply Which are true regarding the absolute refractory period? Select all that apply. -No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. -It refers only to a small patch of the membrane; other parts of the neuron can still be stimulated while a small area of it is refractory. -Another action potential can be generated, but only by a stimulus greater than the original. -It occurs during the depolarization and repolarization phases of the action potential.

-no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential -it refers only to a small patch of the membrane; other parts of the neuron can still be stimulated while a small area of it is refractory -it occurs during the depolarization and repolarization phases of the action potential

Select all that apply Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) maybe result from which of the following? Select all that apply. -Opening Cl- channels -Opening Ca2+ channels -Opening K+ channels -Opening Na+ channels

-opening Cl- channels -opening K+ channels

Select all that apply Which factors influence the speed of nerve signal conduction? -Type of neuron (multipolar vs. unipolar) -Size of soma -Presence of myelin -Diameter of axon

-presence of myelin -diameter of axon

Select all that apply Which are the principal types of neural circuits? -Reverberating circuit -Parallel after-discharge circuit -Converging circuit -Diverging circuit -Repeating short circuit

-reverberating circuit -parallel after-discharge circuit -converging circuit -diverging circuit

Select all that apply Which are functions of astrocytes? -Secrete nerve growth factors -Form blood-brain barrier -Regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid -Form myelin around axons in CNS -Convert blood glucose to lactate for neurons to use for fuel

-secrete nerve growth factors -form blood-brain barrier -regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid convert blood glucose to lactate for neurons to use for fuel

Select all that apply Which are common symptoms of Parkinson disease? -Slurred speech -Change in gait; smaller and slower steps -Deafness -Progressive loss of motor function

-slurred speech -change in gait; smaller and slower steps -progressive loss of motor function

Select all that apply Which are names for the cell body of a neuron? -Ganglion -Inclusion -Neurosoma -Soma -Astrocyte

-soma -neurosoma

Select all that apply The visceral motor division of the PNS is also called the autonomic division. Which of the following are functions of this division? -Stimulating smooth muscle -Controlling gland secretion -Accelerating or decreasing heartbeat -Initiating contraction of skeletal muscles

-stimulating smooth muscle -controlling glands secretion -accelerating or decreasing heartbeat

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true about sodium? -The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+. -Na+ is pumped into the cell by the Na+-K+ pump. -Na+ has more influence on the resting membrane potential than any other ion. -Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF.

-the resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+ -Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF

Select all that apply Which three factors contribute the most to the formation of the negative resting membrane potential? -There is a higher concentration of K+ in the intracellular fluid as compared to the extracellular fluid. -Outward K+ diffusion causes positive and negative charges to accumulate on either side of the membrane where they attract each other. -Open leak channels in the plasma membrane allow K+ to diffuse across the membrane, down its concentration gradient. -In the intracellular fluid, the concentration of K+ is much higher than the concentration of Na+.

-there is a higher concentration of K+ in the intracellular fluid as compared to the extracellular fluid -outward K+ diffusion causes positive and negative charges to accumulate on either side of the membrane where they attract each other -open leak channels in the plasma membrane allow K+ to diffuse across the membrane, down its concentration gradient

Select all that apply Which statements are true regarding postsynaptic potentials? -They are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. -They are caused by neurotransmitters. -They include EPSPs and IPSPs. -They depend on the myelination of nerve axons.

-they are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. -they are caused by neurotransmitters. -they include EPSPs and IPSPs.

Select all that apply Which statements are true about Schwann cells? -They assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. -They are only found in the central nervous system. -They form the neurilemma. -They form the myelin sheath in the PNS.

-they assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers -they form neurilemma -they form the myelin sheath in the PNS

Select all that apply Which statements characterize neurotransmitters? -They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. -They stimulate the opening of voltage-regulated gates at the postsynaptic membrane. -They are released in response to stimulation. -They are found in dendrites of postsynaptic neurons. -They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.

-they bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell -they are released in response to stimulation -they are synthesized by presynaptic neurons

Select all that apply Which are characteristics of neural pools? -They may be concerned with a particular body function. -They classify neurons based on shape. -They consist of sensory neurons that synapse directly onto motor neurons. -They consist of complex patterns of interneurons.

-they may be concerned with a particular body function -they consist of complex patterns of interneurons

-Satellite cells:::: In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons -Schwann cells::::: In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. -Ependymal cells::::::::: In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF. -Microglia:::::::: In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue

.

What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons? -25:1 -1:50 -1:10 -10:1

10:1

Alzheimer disease affects about ______ of the US population over the age of 65. 11% 25% 2% 47%

11%

Match each point in the action potential to the corresponding description of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channel activity.:::: 1) Resting membrane potential matches = Both types of voltage-gated channels are closed. 2) Depolarization begins matches = Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; voltage-gated K+ channels open more slowly 3) Repolarization begins = Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate; voltage-gated K+ channels remain open longer

123

Match the neuropeptide with its corresponding location and action. 1) Substance P = Brain, small intestine, and pain-receptor neurons; mediates pain transmission. 2)Enkephalins = Various areas of the brain, spinal cord; act as analgesics by inhibiting substance P, secretion increases during labor. 3) β-endorphin = Digestive tract, spinal cord, and many parts of the brain; secreted as a hormone by the pituitary; suppresses pain; reduces fatigue; may produce "runner's high" 4) Cholecystokinin (CCK) = Cerebral cortex and small intestine; suppresses appetite.

1234

Indicate the order of events that are initiated in an adrenergic synapse, after norepinephrine binds to its receptor. 1. G protein dissociates from receptor protein 2. G protein binds to adenylate cyclase 3. adenylate cyclase is activated 4. ATP is converted to cyclic AMP by adenylate cyclase 5. cyclic AMP induces multiple effects in the cell

12345

List in chronological order the stages of regeneration of a nerve fiber:: 1) degeneration of axon and myelin distal to injury 2) swelling of soma; dispersal of nissl bodies 3) sprouting of axon growth processes 4) growth process enters regeneration tube 5) reestablishment of synaptic contact

12345

Place these events into the order in which they occur during a single action potential. Instructions::: 1) local potential depolarizes membrane 2) threshold is reached 3) depolarization spike 4) repolarization 5) hyperpolarization

12345

Click and drag on elements in order The nervous system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. List, in order, the basic steps that describe how the nervous system carries out this task. -A command is issues to effectors such as muscles or glands (1) -Information received by sensory receptors is transmitted to the CNS (2) -Information is processed and an appropriate response is determined (3)

2, 3, 1

What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system? -Visceral and somatic nervous systems -Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems -Motor and sensory nervous systems -Central and peripheral nervous systems

Central and peripheral nervous systems

Which type of neuron lies entirely within the CNS and carries out the integrative function of the nervous system? -Sensory -Interneuron -Autonomic -Motor

Interneuron

Select all that apply List the three functional classes of neurons. -Unipolar neurons -Interneurons -Motor neurons -Sensory neurons -Multipolar neurons

Interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons

Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons? -K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF. -Na+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF. -K+ is more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF. -Na+ and K+ have equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.

K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF

Which best describes an electrical potential? -A form of potential energy that can produce current -The opposition to the flow of electrical current across a membrane -The movement of charged particles like ions -A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule

a form of potential energy that can produce current

he all-or-none law of action potentials states which of the following? -All neurons have the same resting membrane potential. -A neurotransmitter should bind to all the receptors or to none of them. -A neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold. -Neurons have either a relative or an absolute refractory period.

a neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold

Which best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons? -A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential. -A local potential is passively conducted down the entire length of the axon. -The signal is transmitted from one node of Ranvier to the next through saltatory conduction. -The entire axon depolarizes at the same time.

a wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential

After a nerve cell responds to a stimulus, the period of time when the cell can not respond again, regardless of the strength of stimulus, is called the _________ refractory period.

absolute

A cholinergic synapse uses which of the following as its neurotransmitter? -Serotonin -Endorphin -Acetylcholine -Norepinephrine

acetylcholine

Unlike local potentials, action potentials are nondecremental. What does this mean? -A neuron will only fire if threshold is reached. -Action potential amplitude is proportional to stimulus strength. -Action potentials cannot be stopped once they are generated. -Action potentials do not get weaker with distance.

action potentials do not get weaker with distance

Another term for sensory division is ______ division. -afferent -central -peripheral -efferent

afferent

Neurons that convey information to the CNS are called sensory neurons, or __________ neurons.

afferent

Which term describes all neurons that carry signals towards the CNS? -Motor -Efferent -Somatic -Afferent

afferent

Where does saltatory conduction occur? -Across chemical synapses -Along dendrites -Along unmyelinated nerve fibers -Along myelinated nerve fibers

along myelinated nerve fibers

The neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA are examples of which of the following? -Bioamines -Amino acids -Glycoproteins -Neuropeptides

amino acids

Movement away from the neuron cell body toward an axon ending is called ______ transport. -retrograde -anterograde

anterograde

Which type of cell plays a role in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier? -Astrocyte -Satellite cell -Schwann cell -Microglial cell

astrocyte

Which term applies to the small swellings at the distal end of the axon of a neuron that contain synaptic vesicles? -Axon hillocks -Nodes of Ranvier -Axon terminals -Internodes

axon terminals

Which term refers to the passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon? -Synaptic signaling -Secretion -Active transport -Axonal transport

axonal transport

Labeled line coding depends on which of the following? -Axons carrying sensory information to the brain are activated by specific types of stimuli. -EPSPs from several synapses can add up to threshold at the axon hillock. -One neuron can enhance the effect of another. -Additional neurons are activated as the stimulus becomes stronger.

axons carrying sensory information to the brain are activated by specific types of stimuli

What type of synapse is formed on the cell body of the postsynaptic neuron? -Axosomatic -Axoaxonic -Axodendritic

axosomatic

What type of synapse is formed on the cell body of the postsynaptic neuron? -Axosomatic -Axodendritic -Axoaxonic

axosomatic

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is structurally classified as a ___________ neuron.

bipolar

Tetanic stimulation at a synapse is due to accumulation of which of the following in the synaptic terminal? -Calcium -Neurotransmitter -Enzymes -Sodium

calcium

Memories lasting for a few hours, such as remembering what someone said to you earlier in the day may involve posttetanic potentiation. This occurs because of which of the following? -There is an increase in the number of receptors for neurotransmitters. -Calcium remains in the synaptic knob elevated and a later signal releases a large burst of neurotransmitter. -There is a decreased level of calcium in the presynaptic neuron and a decrease of synaptic vesicles.

calcium remains in the synaptic knob elevated and a later signal releases a large burst of neurotransmitter.

Sensory (afferent) neurons do which of the following? -Receive incoming signals and initiate outgoing nerve signals -Carry signals to spinal cord and brain -Carry signals to muscles -Carry signals to glands

carry signals to spinal cord and brain

The brain and spinal cord are components of the ______ nervous system, while the nerves and ganglia are components of the ______ nervous system. -somatic, autonomic -sympathetic, parasympathetic -peripheral, central -central, peripheral

central, peripheral

At a GABA-ergic synapse, the postsynaptic receptor for the GABA neurotransmitter is which type of channel? -Calcium -Potassium -Sodium -Chloride

chloride

Which term refers to a synapse that releases acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon terminal? -Cholinergic -Electrical -Adrenergic -Serotonergic

cholinergic

The nervous system must interpret quantitative and qualitative information about its environment, thus it converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials. This process is called neural _________

coding

The respiratory center of the brain receives input from other parts (i.e from receptors for blood chemistry in arteries and stretch receptors in the lungs) to set a pattern of breathing. This is an example of which type of circuit? -Reverberating -Diverging -Parallel after-discharge -Converging

converging

The circuit in which several input nerve fibers synapse with fewer postsynaptic neurons is what type of circuit? -Converging circuit -Reverberating circuit -Parallel after-discharge circuit -Diverging circuit

converging circuit

Which term refers to the flow of charged particles from one point to another? -Current -Conductance -Electrical potential -Resistance

current

The processes that branch from the somas of most neurons are called ______. -axons -nerves -dendrites

dendrites

____________ are the processes of a neuron that usually receive signals from other neurons.

dendrites

During which part of the action potential do most voltage-gated sodium channels open? -Depolarization -Resting membrane potential -Hyperpolarization -Repolarization

depolarization

Which term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential? -Repolarization -Hyperpolarization -Depolarization -Polarization

depolarization

A single motor neuron stimulating hundreds of skeletal muscle cells is an example of which type of circuit? -Reverberating -Converging -Parallel after-discharge -Diverging

diverging

The type of circuit in which one input nerve fiber synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons is a __________ circuit.

diverging

Motor, or ___________, neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells).

efferent

The motor division is also called the ______ division. -afferent -peripheral -efferent -central

efferent

In the earliest twentieth century, biologists assumed that all synaptic communication was ___________ (instead of chemical) because neurons seemed to touch each other and communicated rapidly. Listen to the complete question

electrical

Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are the ___________ system, which communicates by means of hormones, and the __________ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell.

endocrine, nervous

Choose the name of the thin layer of fibrous connective tissue found around myelin in nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system. -Endoneurium -Axolemma -Varicosity -Axoplasm

endoneurium

Which are neuropeptides that act as analgesics (pain relievers)? -Catecholamines -Monoamines -Enkephalins -Cholecystokinin

enkephalins

In adrenergic synapses, a single NE molecule binding to a receptor can induce formation of many cAMPs. This results in activation of many enzymes that induce gene transcription and thus, production of multiple metabolic products. Which term refers to this process? -Enzyme amplification -All-or-none law -Synaptic delay -Saltatory conduction

enzyme amplification

Which glial cell produces and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid? -Astrocytes -Microglia -Oligodendrocytes -Ependymal cells

ependymal cells

Which neurotransmitter is a catecholamine? -GABA -Epinephrine -Serotonin -Acetylcholine

epinephrine

List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons. -Conductivity, contractility, excitability -Elasticity, conductivity, contractility -Excitability, irritability, highly mitotic -Excitability, conductivity, secretion

excitability, conductivity, secretion

Enzyme amplification occurs at which type of synapse? -Electrical -Inhibitory GABAergic -Excitatory adrenergic -Excitatory cholinergic

excitatory adrenergic

True or false: All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect.

false

True or false: Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS regenerate very fast whereas damaged nerve fibers in the PNS never regenerate.

false

True or false: Electrical synapses are able to integrate information and make decisions more rapidly than chemical signals.

false

True or false: Signal conduction is faster in unmyelinated axons because myelin increases the capacitance of the membrane.

false

True or false: The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability.

false

True or false: Voltage-gated ion channels are completely absent in the internodes of myelinated axons.

false

Which type of transport is used to move mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, and small molecules such as glucose toward the distal end of an axon? -Slow axonal transport -Fast axonal transport

fast axonal transport

Which best describes an electrical potential? -A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule -The movement of charged particles like ions -The opposition to the flow of electrical current across a membrane -A form of potential energy that can produce current

form of potential energy that can produce current

The plural form of ganglion is ______. -ganglia -ganglions -gangliae -gangliogia

ganglia

The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a(n) __________

ganglion

In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following? -Voltage-gated ion channels -Gap junctions -Na+-K+ pumps -Neurotransmitter receptors

gap junctions

A shift in membrane voltage to a value that is more negative than the resting membrane potential is called ______. -repolarization -polarization -hyperpolarization -depolarization

hyperpolarization

Which type of memory is important as you read (e.g. remembering the previous words in a sentence)? -Long-term -Immediate -Short-term

immediate

In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located? -In the dendritic terminal -In the axon terminal -In the synaptic cleft

in the axon terminal

The opposite of facilitation is presynaptic _________. This is a mechanism in which one presynaptic neuron suppresses another one.

inhibition

The trigger zone includes the axon hillock and the ___________ segment, a region between the axon hillock and the first glial cell.

initial

Which term refers to the segment of an axon between the axon hillock and the first glial cell? -Terminal arborization -Initial segment -Axon collateral -Trigger zone

initial segment

Between the nodes of Ranvier are myelin-covered segments of axon encircled by Schwann cells. Which term refers to these segments? -Axon collaterals -Synaptic knobs -Synapses -Internodes

internodes

Electrical currents in neurons are due primarily to the flow of which of the following through gated channels? -Molecular anions like nitrate -Ions such as sodium and potassium -Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine -Free electrons

ions such as sodium and potassium

At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels in the plasma membrane. Why does K+ diffusion result in a negative membrane potential? -All of the K+ diffuses out of the cell, leaving behind only negatively charged particles. -It creates a slight local accumulation of K+ on the outside of the membrane relative to the inside. -The overall concentration of K+ in the intracellular fluid drops below the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid.

it creates a slight local accumulation of K+ on the outside of the membrane relative to the inside

Different sensory receptors in the skin respond to different types of stimuli. The brain can infer the type of stimulus detected by which nerve fibers are activated. What is this called? -Summation coding -Labeled line coding -Recruitment coding -Pattern coding

labeled line coding

Saltatory conduction means ______. -inhibitory -"leaping" -continuous -slow

leaping

The myelin sheath is composed mostly of which of the following? -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Lipids -Glycoproteins

lipids

Inclusions found in neurons include "wear-and-tear" granules that form when lysosomes degrade worn-out organelles and other products. What is the name of the golden-brown pigment that they contain? -Neurotransmitter -Melanin -Lipofuscin -Nissl bodies

lipofuscin

Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma? -Local potentials -Resting potentials -Synaptic potentials -Action potentials

local potentials

Which type of memory can store the most information? -Short-term -Long-term -Immediate -Working

long-term

Declarative and procedural memory are two types of what? -Immediate memory -Short-term memory -Long-term memory -Working memory

long-term memory

Which may be the basis for learning and long-term memory at the neuronal level? -Long-term potentiation -Summation -Recruitment -Labeled line coding

long-term potentiation

Which may be the basis for learning and long-term memory at the neuronal level? -Summation -Labeled line coding -Long-term potentiation -Recruitment

long-term potentiation

The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic plasticity. Which term refers to the neuronal pathways formed during learning? -Facilitated zones -Varicosities -Axon collaterals -Memory traces

memory traces

Neuroglial cells that act as macrophages within the CNS are ______. -microglia -satellite cells -astrocytes -ependymal cells

microglia

Which division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to glands and muscle cells? -Sensory -Afferent -Endocrine -Motor

motor

What creates electrical currents in neurons? -Movement of free electrons -Production of charged molecules called neurotransmitters -Movement of actin and myosin filaments -Movement of ions through channels

movement of ions through channels

Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as which of the following? -Anaxonic -Unipolar -Bipolar -Multipolar

multipolar

What are the effectors of motor neurons? -Sensory neurons -Skin and adipose tissue -Spinal cord and brain -Muscle and gland cells

muscle and gland cells

The pathway of neurons within a neural pool is called its what? -Neural circuit -Labeled line -Synapse -Pattern

neural circuit

Which term refers to the conversion of stimulus information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials? -Neural coding -Spatial summation -Neural integration -Presynaptic inhibition

neural coding

Which term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions? -Spatial summation -Retrograde transport -Neural integration -Presynaptic inhibition

neural integration

Which term refers to the thick outermost coil of a Schwann cell? -Endoneurium -Oligodendrocyte -Perineurium -Neurilemma

neurilemma

Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter? -Calcium ions -Cyclic AMP -Neuromodulators -Myelin sheaths

neuromodulators

Cholecystokinin and substance P are examples of which type of neurotransmitter? -Biogenic amines -Monoamines -Amino acids -Neuropeptides

neuropeptides

The ______ (the cell body of a neuron) gives rise to branch-like processes called ______, which are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons. -dendrites, axons -neurosoma, dendrites -axons, dendrites -neurosoma, axons

neurosoma, dendrites

Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron will end when nerve signals stop arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal or when which of the following occurs? -Neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors. -All postsynaptic receptors have neurotransmitter bound to them. -Receptors on postsynaptic membrane are removed.

neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors

Which term refers to the gaps between segments of myelin along an axon? -Internodes -Nodes of Ranvier -Initial segments -Synapses

nodes of ranvier

Which glial cell insulates nerve fibers from extracellular fluids and speeds up signal conduction in the brain? -Schwann cell -Astrocyte -Ependymal cell -Oligodendrocyte

oligodendrocyte

GABA has an inhibitory effect on postsynaptic neurons because it does which of the following? -Opens chloride channels -Closes calcium channels -Opens sodium channels -Closes potassium channels

open chloride channels

Which scientist conclusively demonstrated that neurons communicate by releasing chemical messages? -Camilo Golgi -Otto Loewi -Santiago Ramon y Cajal -Isaac Newton

otto loewi

What type of output will occur when a parallel after-discharge circuit is stimulated? -Output will last longer than the stimulus lasts. -Output will be widely dispersed to multiple targets. -Output is funneled, causing a short response of target.

output will last longer than the stimulus lasts

Taken together, the sensory and motor subdivisions make up which of the following? -Peripheral nervous system -Parasympathetic nervous system -Sympathetic nervous system -Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Synapses are not fixed for life. In response to experience, they can be modified to make transmission easier or harder. The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic _______

plasticity

Which term is used to refer to a cell membrane across which there is a separation of electrical charge, so that one side is more positive and the other side is more negative? -Permeable -Polarized -Amphipathic -Lipophilic

polarized

At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron. presynaptic postsynaptic

postsynaptic

In a chemical synapse, synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter are docked at release sites on the membrane of the presynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter receptors are found on the membrane of the _________ neuron.

postsynaptic

Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following? -Neurotransmitters -Postsynaptic potentials -Action potentials -Presynaptic potentials

postsynaptic potentials

Memories lasting for a few hours, such as recalling an incident earlier in the day, may be due to which of the following? -Parallel after-discharge -Posttetanic potentiation -Presynaptic inhibition

posttetanic potential

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons? -Chloride -Calcium -Sodium -Potassium

potassium

An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? -Kinetic energy -Chemical energy -Thermal energy -Potential energy

potential energy

Synapses in a certain pathway can be modified to allow signals to travel more easily across "trained" synapses. Which term refers to the process of making transmission easier? -Circulation -Termination -Propagation -Potentiation

potentiation

At a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron. presynaptic postsynaptic

presynaptic

The ability of a neuron to enhance the effect of another neuron is called what? -Presynaptic inhibition -Presynaptic facilitation -Action potential activation -Temporal summation

presynaptic facilitation

Firing additional neurons as a stimulus becomes stronger is an example of which of the following? -Presynaptic inhibition -Facilitation -Recruitment -Temporal summation

recruitment

Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus? -Excitatory period -Refractory period -Latent period -Inhibitory period

refractory period

The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period. relative absolute

relative

After a nerve cell responds to a stimulus, the period of time when the cell can not respond again except to an unusually strong stimulus is called what? -Depolarization phase -Relative refractory period -Resting membrane potential -Absolute refractory period

relative refractory period

Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling? -Local potential -Postsynaptic potential -Action potential -Resting membrane potential

resting membrane potential

Which type of axonal transport involves movement up the axon toward the soma? -Retrograde -Anaxonic -Synaptic -Anterograde

retrograde

Immediate memory, which is the ability to hold something in mind for a few seconds, might be based on activity in which type of neural circuit? -Diverging -Parallel-after-discharge -Converging -Reverberating

reverberating

In a which type of circuit will one input signal cause a prolonged and repetitive output because a neuron late in the circuit restimulates a neuron earlier in the circuit? -Reverberating -Parallel after-discharge -Converging -Diverging

reverberating

Propagation of an action potential down a myelinated axon in which the action potential appears to "jump" from node to node is called __________ conduction.

saltatory

Which term is used to describe signal conduction along a myelinated axon? -Continuous -Migratory -Local -Saltatory

saltatory

______ cells are glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that surround somas of neurons in the ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons. -Ependymal -Satellite -Schwann -Microglial

satellite

Which type of glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the PNS? -Satellite cell -Oligodendrocyte -Ependymal cell -Schwann cell

schwann cell

Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection? -Ependymal cells -Oligodendrocytes -Satellite cells -Schwann cells

schwann cells

Which two types of neuroglia are found only in the peripheral nervous system? -Oligodendrocytes and microglia -Ependymal cells and astrocytes -Schwann cells and satellite cells -Schwann cells and astrocytes

schwann cells and astrocytes

The release of a neurotransmitter is an example of which physiological property exhibited by a neuron? -Secretion -Excitability -Conductivity

secretion

Afferent neurons are ______ neurons. -motor -sensory

sensory

Which type of neuron begins in most body organs and carries information toward the central nervous system? -Interneuron -Sensory neuron -Motor neuron

sensory neuron

Short-term memory allows you to remember things for up to how long? Years Days Seconds Hours

short-term

Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago? -Immediate -Long-term -Short-term

short-term

Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon? -Less neurotransmitter will be released -More neurotransmitter will be released -Signal conduction will be slower -Signal conduction will be faster

signal condition will be faster

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are usually due to the entry of which type of ion? -Chloride -Nitride -Potassium -Sodium

sodium

Why is sodium more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF of most neurons? -Potassium and sodium are both cations. -Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins. -The neuronal membrane is more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium at rest. -There are no ion channels in the neuronal membrane.

sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins

The sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system are further split into which two subdivisions? -Proximal and distal -Autonomic and voluntary -Somatic and visceral -Spinal cord and brain

somatic and visceral

The motor division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ motor division that carries signals to the skeletal muscles and the ______ motor division (also known as the autonomic nervous system), which carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. -somatic, visceral -visceral, somatic -efferent, afferent -peripheral, central

somatic, visceral

The sensory division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints, and the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. -efferent, parasympathetic -somatic, visceral -visceral, somatic -motor, sympathetic

somatic, visceral

______ summation results when EPSPs occurring at multiple synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock. Temporal Spatial

spatial

When EPSPs from several synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock, this process is called what? -Facilitation -Spatial summation -Reverberation -Temporal summation

spatial summation

Parkinson disease is due to the progressive degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in which brain area? -Dorsal root ganglia -Substantia nigra -Hypothalamus -Thalamus

substantia nigra

There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial _________

summation

What are the two divisions of the visceral motor division? -sympathetic and peripheral -efferent and afferent -sympathetic and parasympathetic -central and efferent

sympathetic and parasympathetic

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the ______ division which tends to arouse the body for action and the ______ division which tends to have a calming effect. -sympathetic, parasympathetic -visceral, motor -central, peripheral -motor, sensory

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Which term refers to summation that results from a single synapse firing rapidly in sequence? -Inhibitory -Temporal -Parallel -Spatial

temporal

When a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades, what is this process called? -Temporal summation -Spatial summation -Reverberation -Facilitation

temporal summation

What type of stimulation is caused by rapid, repetitive signals arriving at a synaptic knob, causing progressively larger quantities of calcium to accumulate and leading to synaptic facilitation? -Subthreshold -Reverberating -Tetanic -Prolonged

tetanic

Which of the following are characteristic of presynaptic inhibition? -The inhibiting neuron causes the stimulating neuron to release less neurotransmitter onto the responding neuron. -The inhibiting neuron releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter (like GABA or glycine) directly onto the responding neuron. -The inhibiting neuron forms an axodendritic synapse with the responding neuron.

the inhibiting neuron causes the stimulating neuron to release less neurotransmitter onto the responding neuron

Which of the following are characteristic of presynaptic inhibition? -The inhibiting neuron releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter (like GABA or glycine) directly onto the responding neuron. -The inhibiting neuron causes the stimulating neuron to release less neurotransmitter onto the responding neuron. -The inhibiting neuron forms an axodendritic synapse with the responding neuron.

the inhibiting neuron causes the stimulating neuron to release less neurotransmitter onto the responding neuron

Which best describes an electrical current? -The movement of charged particles like ions -A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule -The opposition to the flow of electrical current across a membrane -A form of potential energy that can produce current

the movement of charged particles like ions

In order for a peripheral nerve fiber to regenerate it must have which of the following? -The soma and at least some neurilemma intact -The entire axon intact -At least part of the perikaryon intact -All dendrites intact

the soma and at least some neurilemma intact

Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which of the following? -The type of receptors on the postsynaptic cell -The thickness of the postsynaptic membrane -The strength of the action potential -The amount of neurotransmitter released

the type of receptors on the postsynaptic cell

Which statement is true concerning the distribution of voltage-gated ion channels along a myelinated axon? -Voltage-gated ion channels are not found on myelinated axons. -They are much more numerous in the internodes. -They are equally distributed along the entire length of the axon. -They are much more numerous in the nodes of Ranvier.

they are much more numerous in the nodes of ranvier

Which are true about action potentials? -They get weaker with distance. -They usually cannot be stopped once they have begun (irreversible). -Their amplitude is proportional to stimulus strength (graded). -They may be excitatory or inhibitory.

they usually cannot be stopped once they have begun (irreversible)

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must depolarize up to a level called which of the following? -Spike -Hyperpolarization -Resting membrane potential -Threshold

threshold

Why would the synapses of a memory trace undergo synaptic potentiation? -To prolong the life of neurons in the pathway -To allow easier signal transmission along pathway -To restore a signal pathway that was lost -To prevent over stimulation

to allow easier signal transmission along pathway

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath? -To insulate the dendrites of a neuron -To increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon -To transmit nerve signals to adjacent cells -To help keep neurons warm

to increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon

What is the role of neural pools in the CNS? -To produce neurotransmitter -To process information -To generate action potentials -To speed up nerve conduction

to process information

The axon hillock and initial segment play an important role in initiating a nerve signal. They are collectively called the ____________ zone.

trigger

True or false: Action potentials occur only where there are voltage-gated ion channels.

true

True or false: As long as there is an electrical potential across a cell membrane, we say that the membrane is polarized. -True -False

true

True or false: Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. -True -False

true

Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as ______ neurons. -bipolar -multipolar -unipolar

unipolar

Which lists the structural categories of neurons? -Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar -Neurons, glia, satellite cells -Afferent, association, and efferent -Sensory, motor, and interneurons

unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar

An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be ______. -unmyelinated -myelinated

unmyelinated

How long can long-term memory last? -A few seconds -Up to a lifetime -A few minutes -A few hours

up to a lifetime

Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the entirety of which division of the nervous system? -Visceral motor -Somatic motor -Motor -Somatic sensory

visceral motor

When do EPSPs usually occur? -When potassium channels open -When calcium channels close -When chloride ions enter a cell -When sodium channels open

when sodium channels open

Looking up a new phone number and then dialing it from memory utilizes which type of memory? -Implicit memory -Long-term memory -Working memory

working memory