Anatomy chapter 1, 2, 3, 4

Two cell types found in nervous tissue

-Neurons -Neuroglia or Glial Cells

How many coccyges are in the adult vertebral column?

1

Which rib articulates with manubrium

1

Which rib does not articulate with the sternum or any other rib?

11 and 12

The thoracic cage consists of _____ pairs of ribs.

12

Which rib articulates at sternal angle

2

How many sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

5

how many pairs of ribs are classified as true ribs?

7

Define phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis in which a cell uses pseudopods to surround and engulf other matter. The vesicle formed is called a phagocytic vesicle.

Define pinocytosis

A form of endocytosis in which the plasma membrane invaginates to form a vesicle, taking solutes and the fluid in which they are dissolved into the cell. Referred to as "cell drinking".

Define Solution

A mixture of dissolved substances within a fluid.

Exocytosis

A process in which a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents out of the cell.

Place these structures in order of increasing complexity

A string of amino acids, A helix or pleated sheet, A folded coil, Combination of multiple folded structures.

________ transport refers to movement of substances that require energy, such as the ATP-powered protein pump that moves substances across the membrane.

Active

What process moves substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient?

Active transport.

Connective tissue that is storage location for triglycerides

Adipose

Location of simple squamous epithelium

Air sacs of the lungs, Inner lining of the heart and blood vessels, and serous membrane of the viscera.

Place, in correct order, the sequence of molecules formed during the production of a collagen fiber.

Alpha-collagen chains, collagen molecule, tropocollagen, collagen fibril, collagen fiber.

The term talus refers to the

Ankle

movement of two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane

Antiport

A loose connective tissue that loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues allowing passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues, and providing an arena for immune defense.

Areolar

Examples of hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage,

What structures are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Auditory Tubes, and respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the bronchi.

The fluid connective tissue that travels through vessels

Blood

The only connective tissue with a liquid matrix

Blood

What muscle tissue is composed of cells that are branched, striated, uninuleated and under involuntary control

Cardiac

The wrist is composed of eight ______ bones arranged into two rows

Carpal

A type of supportive connective tissue with a rubbery matrix

Cartilage

what type of connective tissue is avascular class

Cartilage

Substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and speed up the rate of reaction by bringing reactants into a position that allows them to react with each other are ________.

Catalysts.

A positively charged ion

Cation

The basic structural and functional unit of life

Cell

The study of energy production in a muscle fiber would be an example of _______ physiology.

Cell

The organelle composed of a short cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules.

Centriole

Energy formed from bonds between atoms

Chemical

Potential energy stored in bonds of molecules is _________ energy.

Chemical

During cartilage growth and development, cells called _________ produce the extracellular matrix. One these cells are surrounded by matrix, they become mature cells called __________.

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes

Identify the fiber type of connective tissue that is strong, flexible, and resists stretching.

Collagen

Exocrine glands are classified as _________ if they have a branched duct.

Compound

Identify locations of serous membranes.

Covering organs within trunk cavities, and lining the trunk cavities.

Cytokinesis is the division of the cell's __________ to form two cells.

Cytoplasm

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is the hereditary material mostly found within the nucleus. DNA determines the structural and functional characteristics of cells by specifying the structure of proteins. DNA is classified as a nucleic acid.

Possible effects that can be caused by receptor proteins

Deactivation of enzymes, Activation of enzymes, and opening of channel proteins.

A type of reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones

Decomposition reaction

A structure that is more internal is described as being:

Deep

A permanent change in protein structure

Denaturation

A change in the three dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties is known as

Denaturation.

The changes in an organism over time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death

Development

What is the study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Development Anatomy

The characteristic of life that involves the various changes in an organism over time and typically includes growth and differentiation

Development.

The changing of a stem cell to a specific type of white blood cell would be an example of the process of _______________.

Differentiation.

The process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function.

Differentiation.

A finger or toe

Digit

If blood pressure increases, the control center (brain) will cause a response in which blood vessels ______, resulting in a ______ in blood pressure.

Dilate, Drop

A carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars bound together

Disaccharide

The cartilage that provides flexible support in locations such as the external ear and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage

The fibers that are made of a protein whose coiled structure allows the fibers to stretch and recoil

Elastic fibers

The region of highest probability where electrons can be found surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

Electron cloud

The study of the development of the embryo during the first eight weeks following conception.

Embryology

The Capacity to do work

Energy

The lateral and medial __________ are small processes on the humerus proximal to the trochlea and capitulum.

Epicondyles

What tissue has very little extracellular matrix, because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures.

Epithelial tissue

The ducts of exocrine glands are lined with what tissue.

Epithelial tissue.

Four main types of tissue in the body

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

formed elements of blood

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

True or false: The collagenous fibers of dense irregular connective tissue are parallel and closely packed.

False

A type of lipid molecule that can store energy, insulate, and act to cushion the body.

Fat

The condyles at the proximal end of the tibia articulate with the _______ bone.

Femur.

Characteristics of hyaline cartilage

Fine collagen fibers, Relatively clear matrix.

What is found between the two serous membranes in a body cavity

Fluid

The observation that the plasma membrane appears to be neither rigid nor static has been described as ______ - _______ model of the plasma membrane.

Fluid-mosaic

Which of the following bones form the nasal cavity

Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, shpenoid bone.

List phases of the cell cycle in the correct order as they occur folowing cytokinesis:

G1, S, G2, M

a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of messenger RNA, which in most cases codes for one or more proteins

Gene

What cells are examples of mucus-secreting unicellular exocrine glands found in nonsecretory epithelia?

Goblet

The system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and attach them to proteins or lipids to form glycoproteins or glycolipids.

Golgi apparatus

Examples of organelles include

Golgi body, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus

The substance occupying the spaces between cells and fibers within connective tissue, composed mostly of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans.

Ground substance.

which of the following structural characteristics are TRUE of cervical vertebrae but NOT TRUE of any other type of vertebrae?

Has transverse foramina, and Spinous process tends to be befid in shape.

What part of the phospholipid is polar and hydrophilic

Head

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the serous membranes surrounding the _______.

Heart

Thermal energy

Heat

The study of tissues

Histology

The study of tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials

Histology

Growth of an organism refers to which of the following?

Increase in extracellular materials, increase in cell number, and increase in cell size.

Membrane proteins that cross the entire width of the membrane are called _______ proteins and membrane proteins that are attached to either the inner or outer surface of the lipid bi-layer are called ________ proteins.

Integral, peripheral

What filaments are thicker than microfilaments. They provide mechanical strength to a cell.

Intermediate

Simple columnar epithelium can be found lining which organs?

Intestines, gall bladder, uterus and uterine tubes, and stomach

Identify the ways that water is protective in the body

It acts as a cushion, It can act as a barrier, and it is a natural lubricant.

Predict what will happen when a lipid soluble molecule encounters the lipid bilayer.

It dissolves into the membrane.

Energy that actively performs work

Kinetic

Osteocytes occupy spaces within compact bone called...

Lacunae

what muscle is uninucleated, nonstriated, and under involuntary control?

Smooth

Which of the following bones form part of the orbit of the eye?

Sphenoid, Maxilla, Frontal.

Trabeculae, or plates of bone, are found within what bone tissue?

Spongy

Indicate all choices that describe glycogen.

Stored in the liver, an energy storage molecule in animals, and a long chain of glucose molecules.

Disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

A person is lying in what position when lying face up on their back

Supine (prone is face down)

What bones or structures form the ankle joint?

Talus, Medial Malleolus, and Lateral malleolus.

What corresponds to Type I, Type II, and Type III collagen.

Tendons, ligaments, skin, and bone are type I, Cartilage is type II, and reticular fibers are type III.

which is a three dimensional protein that is formed by the interaction of R groups in the primary structure?

Tertiary structure

The bones of the skull that protect the brain and associated sense organs

The Cranium

Define Solute

The Substance to be dissolved.

Define cytosol

The viscous fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic inclusions.

List the names of the vertebral curvatures

Thoracic, Lumbar, Cervical, Pelvic

the rough surface at the anterior proximal end of the tibia that provides attachment for the theigh muscles

Tibial tuberosity

Changing the shape of an enzyme ultimately results in an alteration of function of that enzyme.

True

During some situations, there are beneficial deviation from body set points.

True

Some cell receptors are linked to protein complexes called a G protein complex

True

The plasma membrane of a cell consists of 45-50% lipids and 45-50% proteins.

True

True or False: A gene refers to the region of the DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a specific protein.

True

True or False: Carbon dioxide is formed when organic molecules such as glucose are metabolized by the cell.

True

What ribs each have costal cartilage anchoring them to the sternum?

True ribs

What can be used to visualize internal structures of the body?

Ultrasound, Radiographs, CT Scans, MRIs.

Main goals of physiology

Understand how the body maintains homeostasis, and Predict and understand body responses to stimuli.

What type of glands are individual secretory cells found in a nonsecretory epithelium?

Unicellular

the movement of one specific ion or molecule across the membrane

Uniport

Term for body conditions that can change

Variable

Name the serous membrane is indicated in the figure.

Visceral peritoneum

The most abundant type of adipose tissue

White

Identify locations where you would find spongy bone

Within the interior of flat and irregular bones, and In heads of long bones.

When blood pH drops below 7.35, the resulting clinical condition is referred to as

acidosis

If the secretory cells of an exocrine gland form a dilated sac, the gland is called

acinar

The gland type shown in the image is a compound _________ gland

acinar

Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, with the aid of a carrier that requires ATP, is known as ________ transport.

active

The attraction of water to substances other than water is known as

adhesion

An ion with a net negative charge

anion

What organs are retroperitoneal?

aorta, vena cava, kidneys, pnacreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, bladder.

The loose connective tissue type found throughout the body, around blood vessels and nerves and under epithelium, holding these structures in place is _________ connective tissue.

areolar.

The smallest units of elements

atom

A chemical that binds protons in a solution and functions as a proton acceptor

base

Physical support of the body and protection of viscera are examples of the functions of what tissue?

bone tissue

Substances that resist changes in pH are known as

buffers

The largest tarsal, which forms the heel

calcaneus

a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

canal

A protein in a cellular membrane that performs transmembrane transport

carrier

The complex of DNA and protein, which consists of many different genes

chromosome

hair-like structures that project off the plasma membrane

cilia

water molecules attracted to other water molecules through hydrogen bonding demonstrates the property of what?

cohesion

The fluid between the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane

cytoplasm

The wrist is _______ to the elbow.

distal

Basic building blocks of matter

elements

Moving a substance into a cell using a vesicle to transport that substance through the membrane into the cytoplasm

endocytosis

The uptake of extracellular particles, molecules, or droplets by the invagination of the membrane and the formation of vesicles

endocytosis

Glands (such as sweat glands and mammary glands) are primarily composed of ________ tissue.

epithelial

Types of mediated transport

facilitated diffusion, active transport, secondary active transport.

The majority of energy in cells comes from aerobically breaking down _______ molecules in the mitochondria.

glucose

A cell placed in a _________ solution causes the cell to lose water and shrivel.

hypertonic

the cytoskeletal elements called _______ provide mechanical strength to cells

intermediate filaments

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another

ionic bond

The function of dense _________ connective tissue include withstanding stresses applied in unpredictable directions.

irregular

Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons

isotopes

Fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins are all classified as

lipids

The class of macromolecules that act protect, insulate, and provide the main component of cell membranes

lipids

The extracellular material of a tissue

matrix

Cytoskeletal elements called ______ are made of the protein actin and form networks within the cytoplasm. They provide structure to the cytoplasm, support for microvilli and the plasma membrane, and define the shape of the cell.

microfilaments.

The epithelium shown in the image is _________ stratified squamous epithelium.

nonkeratinized. The presence of nuclei in the apical cells indicate this is nonkeratinized.

Electrons equally shared between atoms

nonpolar, polar (polar covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared unequally.

nucleotides are subunits of

nucleic acids

A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions

organelle

For a serous membrane, the _______ layer lines the cavity wall and the ________ layer covers the surface of the internal organ.

parietal, visceral

During DNA replication the enzyme DNA __________ pairs the exposed base with its complementary base.

polymerase

Large tunnel like protein complexes with several enzymes that help break down proteins within the cell

proteasomes

A large molecule composed of glycosaminoglycans surrounding a protein core

proteoglycan aggregate

When two or more proteins associate to form one functional unit, the spatial relationship between the protein subunits is referred to as

quaternary structure

Which of the following things may be used to kill rapidly growing tissues

radioactive isotopes

The process of the decay of unstable isotopes known as radioisotopes

radioactivity

Plasma membrane proteins or glycoproteins called _______ act to bind chemical signals to the cell and initiate some kind of change

receptors

What angle is the joint between the manubrium and the gladiolus?

sternal

the movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane

symport

Posterior and dorsal mean ________ the body or body part.

towards the back of

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol

triglyceride.

If the duct and secretory portion of an exocrine gland are of uniform diameter, the gland is classified as a _________ gland.

tubular

A membrane bound sac within the cytoplasm of the cell

vesicle

Membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm

vesicle

Serous membranes have two layers. The outer surface of an organ in a trunk cavity is covered by the __________ layer of the serous membrane.

visceral

The ease with which a solution flows

viscosity.

Define Solvent

The fluid within which a substance is dissolved.

Define antiport

The movement of two or more solutes in opposite directions through a cellular membrane; for example, the Na-K pump.

The serous membrane associated with internal organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneum

Inflammation of the serous membranes lining the abdominal cavity

Peritonitis

The bones of the fingers

Phalanges

The space between the two serous membranes surrounding each lung is called

Pleural cavity.

Inflammation of the serous membranes lining the lungs

Pleurisy

Describe why phospholipids arrange themselves into a double layer when placed in a watery environment.

Polar heads are hydrophilic, and nonpolar tails are hydrophobic.

polymers formed of many simple sugars are classified as

Polysaccharides, and complex carbohydrates

The graph illustrates what type of feeback mechanism?

Positive

A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a region of one atom that has a slightly ________ charge and a region of another atom with a slightly ________ charge.

Positive, Negative

The energy that is stored and can be released and used later

Potential

Function of the control center within a feedback mechanism

Processes information, relates information to other informations, establishes the set point, controls effectors.

An enzyme is a

Protein, Catalyst.

The ________ system exchanges gases in the air, the ________ system involves sensation and control of the body, and the _________ system involves transport of chemical substances throughout the body.

Respiratory, Nervous, Cardiovascular

Chemical reactions that can proceed in either direction

Reversible

The organelles that "read" coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

Ribosome

A membrane that only allows some substances to pass through it, but restricts other substances

Semi permeable membrane

The substance between the layers of serous membrane that function to reduce friction between the visceral and parietal membranes.

Serous fluid

granule found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER, composed of RNA and enzymes, which assembles amino acids to make proteins describes a _______.

Ribosome

Which rib articulates with body of sternum

Ribs 3-7

Which rib articulates through costal cartilage of rib 7

Ribs 8-10 (false ribs)

The thoracic cage is composed of

Ribs and sternum

The movement of sodium and glucose from the lumen of the intestine into epithelial cells is an example of what type of transport

Secondary

Inflammation of the serous membranes lining the pericardium

Pericarditis

Indicate the two locations where simple cuboidal epithelium is found.

Lines most kidney tubules, and forms the glandular equthelium.

A tissue with open lacy network of relatively few protein fibers with widely scattered cells.

Loose connective

Examples of responsiveness

Making adjustments for maintaining body function, and Moving toward nutrients.

A plasma membrane protein is involved in helping to identify its cell to other cells. The protein is acting as a

Marker protein.

Proteins play many roles in the cell membranes of cells. What apply to these roles?

Markers, Anchors, Channels, Enzymes, Transporters

The amount of matter in an object is referred to as its...

Mass

By definition, a tissue is composed of

Matrix, and cells

Living and nonliving material that occupies space and has a mass.

Matter

Energy due to the moving of structures

Mechanical

In directional terms, the bridge of the nose is ________ to the eyes.

Medial

Two layers of peritoneum fused together

Mesentery

Organelle that synthesizes ATP

Mitochondria.

A change in the shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism.

Morphogenesis

What tissue exerts physical force on other tissues and organs

Muscular

Which are structures of the integumentary system?

Nails, hair, skin

Constriction between the body and head of a bone

Neck

what nervous tissue cells protect and assist neurons?

Neuroglia

What types of substances require vesicles for transport across the cell membrane?

Non-lipid soluble molecules, Large molecules, and small pieces of matter.

A depression in the margin of a bone

Notch

Identify the events that occur during prophase

Nuclear envelope disappears, Centrioles migrate to the poles, chromosomes condense, spindle fibers grow from the centriole.

Which organelle contains DNA?

Nucleus

A cut across the long axis of an organ at any angle other than a right angle

Oblique section (right angle is transverse section)

Characteristics of Life

Organization, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and responsiveness.

The amount of pressure exerted on one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis

Osmotic pressure

What serous membrane lines the inner surface of the body cavity

Parietal

The ________ pericardium lines the outer boundary of the pericardial cavity and the ________ pericardium covers the surface of the heart.

Parietal, visceral

The inferior most region of the trunk

Pelvis

Functions of the uses of energy when ATP is broken down.

Performing work such as opening a channel, production of heat, and the synthesis or breakdown of molecules.