Anatomy Chapter 1

Lymphatic System

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream. Includes Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus, and Lymphatic Vessel.

Respiratory System

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound. Includes Pharynx, Lungs, Diaphragm, Nasal Cavity, Sinus, and Larynx.

Nervous System

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. Includes Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems.

Endocrine System

Directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems. Includes glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into Anterior and Posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into Left and Right portions. Parallel to long axis.

Deep

Farther from the body surface.

Anterior

Front; before.

Cranial/Cephalic

Head

Homeostatic Regulation

The adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis.

Movement

Ability to transport things within the internal or external environment.

Superior

Above; at a higher level.

Muscular System

Allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat. Includes Axial and Appendicular muscles and tendons.

Growth

An increase in size, number or cells, complexity of cells, or all three.

Responsiveness

An organism changes in response to its environment. Also called irritability.

Superficial

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.

Distal

Away from an attached base.

Lateral

Away from the body's longitudinal axis.

Posterior

Back; behind.

Ventral

Belly Side.

Inferior

Below; at a lower level.

Levels of Organization

Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System Level, and Organism Level.

Negative Feedback

Corrects deviations from normal; most common form of feedback loop. An example of this is Thermoregulation.

Reproduction

Creation of new generations of similar organisms.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions. Perpendicular to long axis.

Urinary System

Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products. Includes Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra.

Anatomical Regions

Major regions of the body. Uses two methods to map the surface of the abdomen and pelvis: Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Abdominopelvic Regions.

Digestive System

Processes food and absorbs nutrients. Includes Pharynx, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Salivary Gland, Anus, Mouth & Teeth, and Stomach.

Male Reproductive System

Produces sex cells and hormones. Includes Prostate Gland, Seminal Gland, Ductus Deferens, Urethra, Epididymis, Testis, Penis, and Scrotum.

Female Reproductive System

Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth. Includes Mammary Gland, Uterine Tube, Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina, and External Genitalia.

Integumentary System

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature. Includes skin, hair, and nails.

Skeletal System

Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells. Includes the Axial and Appendicular skeletons.

Positive Feedback

Reinforces deviations from normal. Variations from the norm are further increased. An example of this is Blood Clotting.

Microscopic Anatomy

Studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Includes Cytology and Histology.

Gross Anatomy

Studies visible structures. Also called macroscopic anatomy. Includes Surface Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, and Systemic Anatomy.

Caudal

Tail

Physiology

The function of anatomical structures. Human Physiology specialties include Cell Physiology, Special Physiology, Systemic Physiology, and Pathology.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment; the result of interdependence of organ systems functioning together.

Anatomy

The structure of how things are built. Means "a cutting open"

Metabolism

The total of all chemical reactions in an organism, uses absorbed resources from the environment, uses respiration for cellular reproduction of energy, and excretes the waste from chemical reactions.

Proximal

Toward an attached base.

Medial

Toward the body's longitudinal axis.

Cardiovascular System

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases. Includes Heart, Capillaries, Veins and Arteries.