Anatomy: Chapter 10 & 11

Blood antigens/antibodies produces

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human blood groups

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Lifespan of RBC?

100-120 days.

Plasma

90% water; over 100 different substances(including nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and various wastes) are dissolved in it; plasma protiens are most abundant solutes(made by liver);

Fibrinogin

A blood protein that is converted to fibrin during bood clotting.

Anemia

A decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood. causes: 1) a lower than normal number of RBC's 2) abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBC's

Lymphocites (WBC)

Agranulocyte, thin rim of cytoplasm around large nucleus, dark purple blue nucleus, part of immune system, B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes are inolved in graft rejection fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack.1500-3000 mm3 (20-45% of WBC's)

Which vessels have the highest/lowest pressure?

Aorta-highest/Vena cava-lowest

Hemophilia

Applies to several defferent hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting. "Bleeder's disease."

Vascular system

As the heart beats, blood is propelled into large arteries leaving the heart. Then it moves into smaller and smaller artieries called arterioles, which feed the capillary beds in the tissues. These beds are drained by venules, which in turn empty into veins that finally empty into the great veins (venae cavae) entering the heart.

Why does exchange between the blood and tissues occur in capilaries?

Because of how thin capillaries are exchanges are easily made between the blood and tissue cells.

Components of blood

Blood is a complex connective tissue in which the formed elements(living blood cells) are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma. Lacks collagen and elastin fibers, but has protiens. 45% erythrocites, less than 1% white cells and platelets, 55% plasma.

Tunica media

Bulky middle layer of a vessel wall. Mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle changes the diameter of the vessels as the diameter changes.

Clotting reaction

Called hemostasis, 3 steps: 1) vascular spasms-blood vessel goes into spasms, spasms narrow the blood vessel and decrease blood loss until clotting can occur. 2) platelet plug forms- platelets are attracted to exposed collagen fibers, become sticky and cling to the damages site, anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more, create platelet plug, or white thrombus. 3) a) tissue factor being released b) PF3 interacts with protein clotinf factors and calcuim ions to trigger the clotting cascade, prothrombin activator converts prothrobin to throbin, and enzyme. d) thrombin joins to fibrogin and turn into fibrin, forms a meshwork that traps RBC's and forms basis of clot.clot rectracts, squeezing serum from the mass and pulling edges of ruptured blood vessel together.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart. Thick walls because they must be able to expand as blood is forced into them and then recoil passivly as the blood flows off into the circulation during diastole. Their walls must be strong and stretchy enough to take the continuous changes in pressure. Oxygen rich

3rd period of cardiac cycle

Early diastole. At the end of systole, the ventricles relax and semilunar vavles close preventing backflow) and the ventricles are completely chambers for a moment. Intraventricular pressure drops. When it drops below the pressure in the atria (which has been increasingas blood has been filling their chambers), the AV valves are forced to open, and the ventricles again begin to be filled with blood, completing the cycle.

Thrombin

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

What hormone controls RBC prodution?

Erythropoietin. The kidneys play a major role in producing this hormone. When blood levels of oxygen begin to decline, the kidneys release it. It targets the bone marrow, prodding it into high gear.

What layers occur if you centrifuge a sample of blood?

Formed elements (redish mass called erythrocites/red blood cells) are at the bottom. Buffy coat is in the middle. Plasma is at the top.

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart(5 parts)

From the sinotrial node (SA), an impulse spreads through the atria to the Atrioventricula (AV) node, then the atria contract. At the AV node, the impulse is delayed to give the atria time to finish contracting. Then it passes through the AV bundle (bundle of His), the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers, resulting in a "wringing" contraction of the ventricles that begin at the heart apex and moves towards the atria.

Basophil (WBC)

Granulocyte, cytoplasm has large blue purple granules, stains dark blue, release histomine at sites of inflammation, contain heparin (anticoagulant). 20-50 mm3 (0-1% of WBC's)

Neutrophil (WBC)

Granulocyte, cytoplasm stains pale pink, nucleus stains deep purple, active phagocytes, number increases rapidly during short term or acute infections. 3000-7000 per mm3 (40-70% of WBC's)

Granulocytes v. Non

Granulocytes: Granule containing WBC's have lobed nuclei, which typically consist of sever rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material, include nutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Non: lack visible cystoplasmic granules, nuclei are spherical oval or kidney shaped, include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Monocytes (WBC)

Gray blue cytoplasm, dark blue purple nucleus kidney shaped, active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues, long term clean up team, increase in number during chronic infections. 100-700 mm3 (4-8% of WBC's)

Platelets & where do they come from?

Help clotting; not cels, they are fragments of mutinucleate cells called megakaryocytes, which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet pieces that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.

What is blood cell formation called?

Hemetopoiesis.

Tunica intima

Innermost layer of a vessel wall. Lines lumen (interior) of the vessels, thin layer of endothelium resting on a basement membrane.

Why is type-ab blood a universal recipient?

It has both antigens, so no antibodies are produced.

Why is type-o blood a universal donor?

It has no antigens

Heart sounds?

Lub-dup. Lub: First heart sound, caused by the closing of the AV valves. Dup: second sound, occurs when the semilunar vavles close at the end of systole. The first heart sound is louder and longer than the second heart sound, which tends to be short and sharp.

1st period of cardiac cycle

Mid-to-late diastole. The heart is in complete relaxation, the pressure is low, blood is flowing passivly into and through the atria into the ventricles from the pulmonary and systematic circulations. The semilunar valves are closed, and the AV valves are open. The the atria contract and force the blood remainging in their chambers into the ventricles.

Tunica externa

Outermost layer of vessel wall. Somposed mostly of fibrous connective tissue, its function is basically to support and protect the vessels.

Prothrombin

Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.

Role of the liver in the formation of clotting factors?

Produces clotting factors.

Formed Elements/number of them

RBC's, WBC's, and platelets. 4-6 million RBC's per mm3, 4000-11000 WBC's per mm3, 150000-500000 per mm3 of blood.

Erythrocites

Red blood cells, the formed elements that function in oxygen transport, anucleate, contain few organelles, bags of hemoglobin (iron bearing protein, transports bulk of oxygen carried in blood), lack mitochondria, don't use oxgyen that they transport, bioconcave disks (flattened discs with depressed centers on both sides), shape gives them large surface area making them good for gas exchange, viscosity directly proportional to number of RBC's, more hemoglobin = more oxygen. 4-6 million per mm3.

Where does blood cell formation take place?

Red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue In adults this tissue is found mostly in the skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, humerus, and femur. All formed elements arise from a common stem cell, the hemocytoblast, which resides in red bone marrow. Once a cell is commited to a specific pathway it cannot change

Eosinophil (WBC)

Red course cytoplasmic granules, nucleus stains blue red, kills parasitic worms by diluging them with digestive enzymes, increase during allergy attacks. 100-400 mm3 (1-4% of WBC's)

Veins

Return blood to the heart. Thin walls because they are far from the heart in the circulatory pathway, and the oressure in them tends to stay low. Larger veins have valves that prevent the backflow of blood. Oxygen poor.

Caridac cycle

The events of one complete heartbeat; the atria contract simultaneously and as they relax the ventricles contract. 3 periods. 1) mid to late diastole 2) ventrivular systole 3) early diastole

Cappillaries

The smallests of blood vessels (one cell layer thick) that are the site of gas, nutirent, and waste exchange between cells and the blood. They also connect arterioles to venules.

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle in each heartbeat.

Buffy coat

Thin whitish layer at the junction betweent the erythrocites and the plasma, contains leukocytes (white blood cellls that protect body), and platelets (cell fragments that help stop bleeding)

2nd period of cardiac cycle

Ventricular systole. Shortly after ventricular contraction (systole) begins, and the pressure withing the ventricles increases rapidly, closing the AV valves. When the intraventricular pressure is higher than the pressure in the large arteries leaving the heart, the semilunar valves are forced to open, and blood rushed through them out of the ventricles. During ventricular systole, the atria are relaxed, and their chambers are again filling with blood.

Severe shock

When the body loses over 30% of its blood, it causes low pressure in the heart anf eventually it becomes so low that the blood cannot pump blood and goes into cardiac arrest

Sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. Oxygen count of the blood is lower than normal.

Thromboplastin

an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot

Polycythemia

increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

What do the numbers of blood pressure mean?

systolic pressure(peak of contraction)/diastolic pressure(relaxation)

Cardiac output (CO)

the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in 1 minute. CO= HR(heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

Peripheral resistance

the amount of friction the blood encounters as it flows through blood vessels.

Agglutination

the clumping together of cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies called agglutinins.

Fibrin

the fibrous insluble protien formed during the clotting of blood

Heart rate

the number of times per minute the heart contracts.

Blood pressure

the pressure blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels, it is this force that keeps blood circulating continuosly between heartbeats.

3 layers making up vessel wall

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.