Anatomy Chapter 6 Cartilage and Bone

statements that characterize articular cartilage?

-helps reduce friction and absorb shock in moveable joints -It covers an epiphysis. -It is composed of hyaline cartilage.

statements that characterize the effects of exercise on bones

Exercise promotes bone remodeling. Exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin. Regular weight-bearing exercise can increase total bone mass.

statements correctly describe compact bone?

It forms the external walls of a long bone. It is solid and relatively dense.

Which blood vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?

Nutrient artery

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______

articular cartilage

In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a ______.

bony callus (hard)

The ______ provides the major weight support of a long bone.

diaphysis

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its ______.

diaphysis

A patient with hyperparathyroidism, a disease where too much PTH is produced, would be expected to have ______.

elevated blood calcium levels. decreased bone mass.

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called

osteocytes

Osteoprogenitor cells are located in ______.

the periosteum the endosteum

Functions of bone include ______.

-support and protection -blood cell formation -mineral storage -hematopoiesis

Which is a function of cartilage?

-supporting tissues (ex: external part of ear) -providing a gliding surface at articulations (joints) where two bones meet) -providing a model for formation of most of bones in body. in embryonic period, cartilage serves as a "rough draft" form that is later replaced by bone tissue.

The zones of an epiphyseal plate in their correct order. Start with the zone closest to the epiphysis.

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin

Which is an organic component of bone?

Collagen fibers

statements that characterize the effect of Vitamin D

It aids in the calcification of bone. It promotes absorption of phosphate and calcium into the blood.

statements that describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone

It contains hydroxyapatite crystals. It gives the bone its hardness.

statements that characterize endosteum?

It contains osteoblasts. It lines medullary cavities. It is active during bone repair.

statements that characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone

It contains parallel lamellae. It contains lacunae and canaliculi. It contains no osteons.

statements that characterize the periosteum

It helps to heal bone fractures. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones. It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone.

statements describe the matrix of bone?

It is harder than the matrix of cartilage. It is composed of organic and inorganic substances.

Which statements describe an osteon

It is microscopic. It is also called a Haversian system. It contains a central canal. It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone.

Ossification begins ______.

Ossification begins at 3rd month of prenatal development, in embryo By 23-23 years all bones are completely ossified

Osteoporosis is characterized by a significant loss in bone mass. What cell type is less active than normal during this disease?

Osteoblasts

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

Osteoclasts

What type of fracture is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads?

Stress fracture

statements that correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system

Tensile strength of bone decreases Production of the organic portion of bone matrix decreases

statements that characterize central canals of osteons

They are cylindrical channels. They contain blood vessels. They contain nerves

statement(s) that characterize osteoclasts?

They are phagocytic. They secrete hydrochloric acid. They have ruffled borders. They reabsorb bone matrix.

statements that characterize bone markings

They are sites of articulations. They indicate sites of blood vessels entry through bone. They can sometimes be used in skeletal remains to determine a person's sex. They mark points of attachment for tendons and ligaments.

statements that characterize concentric lamellae of osteons

They contain collagen fibers. They are rings of bone tissue. Their numbers vary among osteons.

statements that characterize osteocytes?

They maintain bone matrix. They reside in lacunae.

In an individual consuming a severe protein-deficient diet, how might their bones be affected?

They will likely be very brittle.

the bones formed through endochondral ossification.

Vertebrae Upper limb bones Lower limb bones

Which vitamin activates osteoblasts?

Vitamin A

Which vitamin promotes collagen production?

Vitamin C

A bone's growth in diameter is called ___ growth

appositional

Osteoprogenitor cells ______.

are stem cells produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast

A bone fracture tears ______, which causes bleeding and a fracture hematoma to form.

blood vessels

In bone, smooth muscle tissue is found in ______.

blood vessels of bone

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.

central canal

The cells that produce the matrix of cartilage are called ______.

chondroblasts

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______

concentric lamellae

As an adult ages, tensile strength in bone ______.

decreases

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through___ ossification.

endochondral

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.

endosteum

In osteolysis, the liberated calcium ______.

enters the blood

A thin line of compact bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a mature bone is called the _____

epiphyseal line

The structure that replaces the epiphyseal plate in adult bone is the ______.

epiphyseal line

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.

epiphysis

True or false: Osseous connective tissue is the only tissue type found in bones.

false

substance is the semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers; it is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone.

ground

A bony callus is ______.

hard

A blood clot within a bone fracture is called a fracture ____

hematoma

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.

hydroxyapatite crystals

Regular weight bearing exercise will ______ bone mass.

increase

When osteoblast activity out paces osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.

increases

A long bone's growth in length is called ______.

interstitial growth

The type of ossification that is also referred to as dermal ossification, is called _____ ossification.

intramembranous

bone growth within a membrane is called

intramembranous ossification

Chondrocytes sits in holes called ______.

lacunae

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the ______.

medullary cavity

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the ______.

metaphysis

About one-third of bone mass is composed of ______.

organic components

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic components

The formation and development of bone is ______.

ossification

Mature bone cells are called ______.

osteocytes

The release of stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix is called

osteolysis

A ____ fracture occurs in bone that has been weakened by disease.

pathologic

A fracture in a vertebra due to the presence of osteoporosis is an example of a ______.

pathologic fracture

Osteoblasts function to ______.

produce osteoid

The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the ______ epiphysis.

proximal

The organic components of bone provide ______.

resistance to stretching

In the structure of the epiphyseal plate, the zone farthest away from the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is the zone of ______.

resting cartilage

Cartilage is what type of tissue?

semirigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible and resilent

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called _____ bone

spongy

True or False: Bone markings on skeletal remains indicate where the soft tissue components once were.

true

Stress fractures tend to occur in ______.

weight-bearing bones

Depressions and grooves on bones usually indicate ______.

where blood vessels and nerves travel

The medullary cavity of adult bone contains___ bone marrow.

yellow