Anatomy Exam 1
Elbow Joint:
radiohumeral joint, radioulnar joint, ulnahumeral joint
Dorsal cavity:
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Fibrous:
Composed of dense connective tissue, immovable joints; Example: Skull joints or distal radioulnar joints
Joints definition:
Conjunction of 2 bones: direct contact, cartilage, synovial fluid, or fibrous tissue
Greenstick fractures:
1 side fractures, 1 side bends
True ribs:
1-7 ribs, connect to sternum
Floating ribs:
11-12 ribs, don't connect to sternum in front
Appendicular skeleton consists of ___ bones
126
sagittal suture:
2 parietal bones
coronal suture:
2 parietal bones and frontal bone
Skeletal system consists of ___ bones.
206
Vertebral column vertebrae's:
26
False ribs:
8-10 ribs, connect through cartilage to sternum
Axial skeleton consists of ___ bones
80
Storage of minerals:
98% of Ca stored in bones
Adaptability:
Ability to adjust to environmental changes
Displaced fractures:
Abnormal bone arrangements
Metabolism:
Anabolism and catabolism
Tarsals:
Ankle bones
Compression fractures:
Axial load mechanism to "jam" bones
Vascular and Nerve Supply:
Blood vessels and nerves supply bone and medullary cavity; Enter through the Periosteum; Transport blood cells to red marrow and nutrients
Osteoprogenitor cells =
Bone STEM cells; heavily involved in repair of bone fracture
Cartilaginous:
Connected by cartilage; limited mobility; Example: Intervertebral disc and vertebrae
Ligaments:
Connective tissue uniting bone to bone; stability of the synovial joint; limited synovial joint mobility; absorb shear forces (lateral) and sagittal plane forces; susceptible to repetitive microtrauma
Sutures:
CSL
Shock absorption, stability, and movement provided by accessory structures:
Cartilage, synovial fluid, bursa sacs, ligaments, meniscus, tendons, fat pads
Digestion:
Catabolism of nutrients for absorption
Right Lower Quadrant:
Cecum, appendix, and portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter
Lymphatic System:
Defense against infection and disease
Respiratory System:
Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Nervous System:
Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
Endocrine System:
Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Osteoclasts:
Dissolve bones to help with releasing CA into blood
Colles fracture:
Distal radius fracture
Urinary System:
Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
Epiphysis:
Ends of long bones; consists of red marrow
Blood cell production:
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Movement:
External and internal movements
Types of joints:
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
Metatarsals:
Five long bones that form the arch of the foot
Diarthorsis:
Free movable joint, low osseous strength, high risk of injury e.g shoulder
Synovial joints:
Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid (lubricating fluid)
Metaphysis:
Growth Zone
Calcaneus:
Heel bone
Synovial Joints :
High mobility, minimal stability with bony structures
4 main elements in the body:
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen
Synarthrosis:
Immovable joint, low risk for injury with high osseous strength (Skull)
Growth:
Increase in size
Phalanges:
Individual bones that give stability to the toes; similar to the hand, the great toe only has (two) phalanges, whereas the other toes have three phalanges.
Endosteum:
Inner surface of bone; consists of osteoprogenitor cells
Viscera Membrane :
Innermost lining; direct attachment to the organ
Absorption:
Intake of chemicals
Cardiovascular System:
Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
Components of pelvic girdle:
Ischium, ilium, and pubis
Functional Anatomy:
Kinematic representations of anatomy; permits our body to function
Fibula:
Lateral, thin shin bone
Left Upper Quadrant:
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
Osteocytes:
Mature bone cells; cause release of CA from bone to blood
Tibia:
Medial shin bone that plays a key role in transmitting weight for the lower extremity
Left Lower Quadrant:
Most of small intestine and portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
Comminuted fractures:
Multiple pieces of bone fragments
Calcium's role in bones:
Muscle contraction; Present in synaptic transition between axons; Stored in bones; Released from the bone (osteoclasts) to assist with blood calcium levels
Cervical vertebrae:
Neck (7)
Factors regulating bone growth:
Nutrition, Ca, Phosphate, Vitamins A,C,D
Periosteum:
Outer Surface of Bone; provides route for nervous and vascular supply; participates in growth and repair
Parietal Membrane:
Outer lining; outer wall
Pelvic Girdle (Os Coxa):
Primary osseous structure connecting the lower extremities to the axial skeleton
Reproduction:
Production of new generations
Reproductive System:
Production of sex cells and hormones
Vertebral Column:
Provide an attachment for the ribs and connect pelvis to the sacrum, protect the spinal cord, load distribution for bodyweight, posture, and muscle attachment.
Excretion:
Removal of wastes
Responsiveness:
Respond to change
Right Upper Quadrant:
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine
Patella:
Sesamoid or floating bone that protects the knee joint
Diaphysis:
Shaft; medullary cavity that consists of yellow marrow
Amphiarthorsis:
Slightly movable joint e.g. Radial Ulna Joint
Differentiation:
Specializing to adjust to body requirements
Skeletal System:
Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
Types of joints:
Synarthrosis, amphiarthorsis, and diarthorsis
Saddle Joints:
Synovial joints form a saddle to allow movement in two planes; Example: Thumb MCP joint
Gliding (Planar) Joint:
Synovial joints formed by two flat surfaces, and may move in one or two planes; Example: Carpal bones
Hinge Joint:
Synovial joints that move in one direction; Example: Elbow
Pivot Joint:
Synovial joints that move in one plane; Example: C1/2
Condyloid Joints:
Synovial joints that move in two planes; Example: Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)
Ball-and-Socket Joints:
Synovial joints that permit movement in all three planes; Example: Shoulder or hip join
Example of Tarsal:
Talus, which articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint to assist with load bearing
Hip joint:
The pelvis and the femur articulate to form the ball-and-socket hip joint (acetabulum)
Femur:
Thickest and longest bone of the human body; Forms the ball-and-socket joint (hip) with the acetabulum of the pelvis, creates stability
Ventral Cavity:
Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
Pott fracture:
Tibia/Fibula fracture
Spongy bone:
Trabecular or cancellous; surrounds medullary cavity
Types of Osseous Fractures:
Transverse fractures, displaced fractures, compression fractures, spiral fractures, and epiphyseal fractures
Transverse fractures:
Transverse to long axis
Respiration:
Use of oxygen by the cells
Compact Bone:
Walls of bone; dense/solid
Angular Motion:
abduction/adduction, flexion/extension
Ventral:
anterior or front
Vertebral body:
anterior portion of the ventral body
Skeletal system is made of:
bones, cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissue.
Minerals:
calcium is the main mineral in bones
Organization of the human body:
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
Utero born formation:
chondrocyte formation, dissipation of cartilages and calcification of outer matrix, vascular supply established and compact bone forms for ossification centers.
Pectoral girdle:
clavicle and scapula
Proximal:
closer to middle of the body
Childhood bone formation:
creation of medullary cavity and cartilage converts to bone, growth plate remains cartilage.
Wrist and hand joints:
distal radioulnar joint, carpometacarpal joint, radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and interphalangeal joint
Each body cavity is lined with _______________ membrane.
double-layered
FOOSH:
fall on an outstretched hand
Distal:
farther from the middle of the body
Aging and the skeletal system:
female age goes up, estrogen goes down; osteoclast control is lost (osteoclasts are overactive), Bones become porous; osteoporosis
Hip joint:
femoacteabular joint
Joints defined by histological:
fibrous = synarthrosis, cartilaginous = amphiarthrosis, synovial = diathrosis
Sacrum vertebrae:
five fused vertebral bodies (1)
flat bones:
flat all sides
Osteoblast:
forms bone matrix
Support:
framework for attachment of other structures
Skull:
frontal bone (forehead), parietal bone (superior), occipital bone (posterior), temporal bone (lateral), sphenoid bone (butterfly, inside), and ethmoid bone (olfactory nerve, above nasal bone)
Kinematic gross movements occurs with various joints and planes:
frontal plane, sagittal plane, and transverse plane
special movements:
inversion/eversion, dorisflexion/plantarflexion, lateral flexion, elevation/depression
Lumbar vertebrae:
large vertebral body vertebrae (5)
Transverse Processes:
lateral bony projections; attachment site for muscles
Long bones:
length > width
Muscular System:
locomotion, support, heat production
Shapes of bones:
long, short, flat, and irregular
Synovial fluid function:
lubricant, protection of articular cartilage, shock absorption and decrease friction, and nourish chondrocytes
Two categories of anatomy:
macroanatomy or gross anatomy and microanatomy
Red bone marrow:
making of stem cells
Facial bones:
maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw), zygomatic arch (cheekbones), and hyoid (U-shaped bone)
Primary knee ligaments:
medial collateral ligament, anterior collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and patellar ligament
Appendicular skeleton:
mobility > stability, reliance on the muscular system
Functions of the skeletal system:
movement, protection, support, hemopoiesis, and storage.
Lambdoid suture:
occipital bone and 2 parietal bones
Highest Component Element:
oxygen
Knee joint:
patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint
Upper Extremity:
pectoral girdle to fingertips
Appendicular skeleton is made of the following:
pectoral girdle, upper extremity, and lower extremity
Lower Extremity:
pelvic girdle to toes
Abdominal cavity consists of the:
peritoneal cavity
Thoracic cavity consists of:
pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum cavity
dorsal:
posterior or back
Spinous Process:
posterior projection
Synovial joints: subdivisions:
predominant joint of the skeletal system
Digestive system:
processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
Rotation:
pronation/supination, external/internal rotation, rotation
Integumentary System:
protection from environmental hazards; temperature control
Bursa sacs:
provide cushioning to the synovial joint (bony prominence and muscle); reduce friction
short bones:
round, cube like bones
Frontal Plane (coronal plane):
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body.
Sagittal Plane:
separates right and left portions of the body.
Transverse Plane (horizontal plane):
separates super and inferior portions of the body.
Axial skeleton is made of the following:
skull, facial bones, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
Vertebral foramen:
spinal cord opening
Birth bone formation:
spongy bone formation in epiphysis and growth plate.
Anatomical position definition:
standardized language for accurately reporting information
Anatomical position:
standing of lying supine with feet facing forward; hands by the side and palms supinated (facing forward)
Ankle joint:
subtalar joint, talocrural joint (primary joint), tarsometatarsal joint, tarsal joint
Ankle ligaments:
talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament
Anatomy:
the study of the human body
Coccyx vertebrae:
three to four fused vertebral bodies; tailbone (1)
Caudal:
towards bottom or inferior
Medial:
towards center of body
Cranial:
towards head or superior
Lateral:
towards outside of body
Thoracic Cage:
true, false, and floating ribs
Thoracic vertebrae:
vertebrae connect to ribs (12)
Molecular Composition of the human body:
water (66%), proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Intervertebral discs:
water-filled pad; shock absorption and protection