Anatomy Exam 2

What organs are targeted by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) to release pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine for digestion? A) gallbladder, stomach, liver B) liver, spleen, esophagus C) stomach, spleen, large intestine D) pancreas, gallbladder, liver

pancreas, gallbladder, liver

What part of the respiratory system routes air and food into their proper channels and plays a role in speech? A) tongue B) pharynx C) nasal conchae D) larynx

Larynx

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)? A) lymphocytes B) antigens C) mucous membranes D) pathogens

Lymphocytes

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________. A) inteferon B) T cells C) macrophages D) antigens E) histamine

Macrophages

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies

T cells

Which blood vessel directly feeds the glomerulus with blood from the cortical radiate artery? A) peritubular capillary B) efferent arteriole C) renal vein D) afferent arteriole

Afferent Arteriole

Where does exchange occur? A) nose B) pharynx C) larynx D) trachea E) alveoli

Alveoli

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. A) interferon B) antibody C) antigen D) pyrogen

Antigen

Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stomach for the conversion of pepsinogen into its active protein-digesting form called ________. A) pepsin B) rennin C) amylase D) peptidase

Pepsin

List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense.

Phagocytic Cells, Cytotoxic cells, antimicrobial proteins, the inflammatory response, and fever.

________ volume is the air moved into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing and is approximately 500 mL of air. A) Tidal B) Vital capacity C) Residual D) Inspiratory capacity

Tidal

The process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from the blood and places them into the nephron for removal from the body as urine is known as ________. A) glomerular filtration B) tubular reabsorption C) tubular secretion D) osmosis

Tubular Secretion

What is one of the main functions of the small intestine? A) absorption of nutrients B) absorption of water C) waste secretion D) vitamin conversion E) mineral secretion

absorption of nutrients

abnormal urinary constituents

glucose, protein, ketone bodies, erythrocytes, leukocytes, bile pigments

Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal? A) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine B) mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C) pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine D) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine E) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What does fever accomplish? A) Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process. B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.

Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.

What structures does a molecule of oxygen encounter on its way to the alveoli of the lungs from the nose? Trace the pathway.

First air enters to nose through nostrils. There are two nasal cavities in which hair and mucus are present. Here air is filtered and its temperature changes according to body temperature. Then air passes through pharynx where germs are removed and air moves to larynx then trachea. The trachea is further divided into two bronchi and each one leads to each lung. In trachea air is again filtered by action of mucus. Then it enters the lungs.

The hormone responsible for promoting the release of pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach is called ________. A) insulin B) cholecystokinin (CCK) C) gastrin D) secretin

Gastrin

All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________. A) spleen B) liver C) heart D) pancreas

Heart

Describe the three major renal processes

1. glomerular filtration: produces cell-and protein-free filtrate 2. tubular reabsorption: returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules & collecting ducts 3. tubular secretion: moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

Which statement is true of antibody IgE? A) IgE is mainly found in secretions such as tears and saliva. B) IgE is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. C) IgE is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma. D) IgE can fix complement. E) IgE is involved in allergies.

IgE is involved in allergies

Describe why and how B-cell and T-cell clonal selection occur.

In T-Cell clonal selection, the APCs present a part of an antigen to allow the t cells to activate and multiply in order to attack the antigens. While, in B-cell clonal selection, a specific B-cell matches an antigen and binds to it in order to activate. When it is activated, it will produce clones of itself to combat a virus in the body. Some clonal cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are short-lived cells that secrete antibody against the antigen. After the virus has been attacked, the B-cell will produce memory cells to combat that virus in the future.

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected? A) haptens B) pyrogens C) interferons D) antigens

Interferons

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph? A) trabeculae B) macrophages C) follicles D) erythrocytes E) lymphocytes

Macrophages

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

Oxygen is transported within the blood from the alveoli through pulmonary veins of the pulmonary circulation to the left side of the heart, while carbon dioxide is transported from systemic cells with deoxygenated blood through veins of the systemic circulation to the right side of the heart, then pumped into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries to enter pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli

Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called ________. A) villi B) haustra C) microvilli D) rugae

Rugae

Daniel has been stressed out lately as he has been juggling two jobs while taking classes at a local college. He appears at the clinic complaining of a pounding headache. Tests show that he has high blood pressure, and his corticosteroid levels are elevated. What is the relationship between his stress and his signs and symptoms?

Since Daniel is under prolonged stress, he may have activated hypothalamic centers that combat stress by regulating the release of ACTH. This hormone causes both catecholamines and corticosteroids to be released by the adrenal glands to act against the stress, which results in heightening the blood pressure and blood sugar levels. The elevated blood pressure explains why he has a headache.

Explain how the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances.

The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response.

Explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.

The respiratory membrane is known as a sandwich which includes the alveolar epithelial cells as well as the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. Gas exchange occurs across this membrane and is diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

The main hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate sodium ion concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is ________. A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) renin C) secretin D) aldosterone E) epinephrine

aldosterone

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________. A) interferon B) complement fixation C) natural killer cells D) keratin E) phagocytes

complement fixation

Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine? A) blood proteins B) red blood cells C) hemoglobin D) white blood cells E) creatinine

creatinine

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________. A) clones B) complement C) self-tolerant D) immunocompetent

immunocompetent

Oxygen is transported in the blood as ________. A) bicarbonate ion B) oxyhemoglobin C) carbonic acid D) deoxyhemoglobin E) carbonic anhydrase

oxyhemoglobin

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is commonly called breathing or ________. A) cellular respiration B) internal respiration C) respiratory gas transport D) pulmonary ventilation

pulmonary ventilation

The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance and separated by the renal columns are the ________. A) renal cortex B) renal fascia C) renal (medullary) pyramids D) renal pelvis E) calyces

renal (medullary) pyramids

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms? A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever

skin and mucous membranes

What does salivary amylase digest? A) protein B) starch C) fat D) vitamins E) minerals

starch

What are the smallest conducting passageways of the lungs? A) main (primary) bronchi B) alveoli C) terminal bronchioles D) alveolar ducts

terminal bronchioles

Five-year-old Charlie is angry he can't continue to play so he holds his breath. His carbon dioxide levels continue to climb and his parents are concerned what will happen to him. Predict how the respiratory system handles the rising carbon dioxide levels.

As carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the blood decreases becoming more acidic. The respiratorycenters in the brain stimulate the inspiratory muscles to contract and increase the breathing rate.Hyperventilation produces breathing that is deeper and more rapid than eupnea (normal breathing) andremoves more carbonic acid from the blood. Carbon dioxide is the primary stimulus for breathing;oxygen becomes an important stimulus when levels become dangerously low.

Air flowing out of the lungs is known as ________. A) expiration B) respiratory gas transport C) inhalation D) inspiration

Expiration

During ________, oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. A) internal respiration B) external respiration C) cellular respiration D) expiration

External Respiration

Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli is called ________. A) pulmonary ventilation B) inhalation C) external respiration D) internal respiration

External Respiration

Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true? A) T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses. B) T lymphocytes (T cells) produce antibodies. C) T lymphocytes (T cells) activate lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens. D) T lymphocytes (T cells) can target specific extracellular antigens. E) T lymphocytes (T cells) oversee humoral immunity.

T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.

Explain how tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion are nearly opposite processes.

Tubular reabsorption is the process by which the body reclaims substances within the filtrate that it wants to keep. Most reabsorption is an active process using membrane carriers. While secretion substances such as hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and creatinine are removed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules to be eliminated in urine.

Describe the normal characteristics of freshly-voided urine in a healthy adult.

Urine should be a translucent, light yellow color with little to no scent. pH should be 4.6-8.0.

What tube connects each kidney to the urinary bladder? A) urethra B) calyx C) ureter D) ductus (vas) deferens

Uterer

What are the fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area? A) haustra B) cilia C) villi D) rugae

Villi

The total amount of exchangeable air is known as ________. A) residual volume B) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) C) tidal volume (TV) D) vital capacity (VC)

Vital Capacity (VC)

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine? A) cecum, colon, rectum B) duodenum, jejunum, ileum C) cardiac, body, pylorus D) ileum, cecum, rectum

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________. A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time

individual genetic makeup

The adaptive (specific) defense system ________. A) is an innate defense B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances C) includes the skin and mucous membranes D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) provides mechanical barriers to the body

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

Which organ is responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces? A) stomach B) large intestine C) small intestine D) pancreas E) liver

large intestine

Bile is formed by the ________ and stored in the ________. A) spleen; liver B) liver; gallbladder C) gallbladder; liver D) pancreas; gallbladder

liver; gallbladder