Anatomy Exam 3

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Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The ________________ filament theory explains how muscle fibers shorten during contraction.

Sliding

Ch. 12 Nervous System: A change in membrane potential insufficient to cause an action potential is know as a ____________________ ____________________

Subthreshold value

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When muscles contract, they produce heat and movement. True or False?

True

Ch. 12 Nervous System: True or False: Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes a) True b) False

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The outer gray matter of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex.

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The prefrontal cortex, which deals with personality and decision making, is not fully myelinated until the early 20s.

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The primary auditory cortex recieves and processes auditory information.

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The primary visual area (cortex) interprets incoming visual information.

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The reticular activating system (RAS) helps keep you aware and alert.

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The ventricles of the brain are continuous with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord.

True

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is the thin filament made up of? a) Actin b) Myosin c) Troponin d) Tropomyosin

a) Actin c) Troponin d) Tropomyosin

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Are pumps a type of active transport or passive transport? a) Active b) Passive

a) Active

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The refractory period occurs immediately ______________________ an action potential. a) After b) Before

a) After

Ch. 12 Nervous System: What happens if the cell reaches or exceeds threshold? a) An action potential b) Nothing

a) An action potential

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The neuromuscular junction is an example of a(n)... a) Chemical synapse b) Electrical synapse c) It is not a synapse

a) Chemical synapse

Ch. 12 Synapses and Neurotransmitters: Which type of synapse is the Neuromotor Junction? a) Chemical synapse b) Electrical synapse

a) Chemical synapse

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Usually during axial muscle contraction, the more moveable muscle attachment, the _________________ attachment is pulled toward the less moveable muscle attachment. a) Superior b) Inferior

a) Superior

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Gyri are characteristic of the a) Cerebellum b) Diencephalon c) Brainstem d) Cerebrum

d) Cerebrum

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Which type of muscle has widespread muscle fibers over a broad area that collect themselves onto a common attachment site? a) Parallel muscles b) Penate muscles c) Circular muscles d) Convergent muscles

d) Convergent muscles

Ch. 14 Spine: Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located? a) Dorsal/posterior horn b) Lateral horn c) Anterior/ventral horn d) Dorsal root ganglia

d) Dorsal root ganglia

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Place the events of an EPSP in order a) More Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell than K+ leaves b) The local current of Na+ becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock c) The inside of the cell becomes more positive d) Excitatory neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated cation channel

d) Excitatory neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated cation channel a) More Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell than K+ leaves c) The inside of the cell becomes more positive b) The local current of Na+ becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Emotional responses are regulated in the a) Epithalamus b) Thalamus c) Cerebellum d) Hypothalamus

d) Hypothalamus

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Can't Stand the Heat Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease in which the body's immune system attacks the myelin covering of the axons in the central nervous system. It can present with a variety of neurological symptoms that may come and go, but the condition progressively worsens. Experts believe the disease develops in a genetically susceptible person following exposure to an environmental trigger. Bob is a 29 year-old, hard-driving and aspiring attorney. He graduated top in his class from law school and never does things halfway. In his spare time, he enjoys outdoor sports, especially golf. Lately, however, his swing has been off and he's experienced tingling and weakness in his left leg, which seems to worsen during the hot part of the day. Over the weekend, Bob had gone with friends to the beach, and after about an hour of lying on the sand, he was so weak he could not get up without help. He went to see his doctor. Weakness Read the report and answer all questions. Bob's doctor performed a detailed neurological exam and found Bob did, in fact, have left leg weakness and an unsteady gait. There was also a mild sensory deficit over the dorsal aspect of his right hand. When the doctor asked Bob to look at a picture of a grid to check his visual acuity, Bob's left eye was fine, but when using only his right eye, he reported several missing lines and segments of the grid. A careful history revealed that Bob has had at least two similar episodes in the past three years. Since Bob's previous symptoms had disappeared, he had dismissed them as insignificant. Bob's doctor ordered a computerized tomography scan (CT) of Bob's brain. The CT findings were diagnostic of multiple sclerosis (MS). The symptoms of multiple sclerosis present when the body's immune system attacks the myelin covering of the axons in the central nervous system. Myelin is a product of the oligodendrocytes and provides insulation for the axons. Oligodendrocytes are constantly renewing and regenerating the myelin wrappings around the axons. In MS, the damage occurs at a faster rate than the oligodendrocytes can replace the myelin, leaving the axon permanently exposed. Damage to the myelin impairs the nerve cell's ability to propagate a wave of depolarization; thus, there is poor communication between neurons. The breakdown in neuronal communication is what leads to the symptoms of MS. The term multiple sclerosis refers to the scars (scleroses, also known as plaques) that are left in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord after an episode of inflammation. 1. Myelin is critical to nervous system function since it provides insulation for the neuronal axons and facilitates rapid propagation of neural impulses. a) It is the source of acetylcholine and thus critical to neuronal signal propagation. b) It provides insulation for the neuronal axons and facilitates rapid propagation of neural impulses. c) It is used by neurons as an emergency energy source during times of low blood glucose. 2. The cells of the nervous system that produce myelin are the a) Microglia. b) Unipolar neurons. c) Astrocytes. d) Oligodendrocytes.

1b) It provides insulation for the neuronal axons and facilitates rapid propagation of neural impulses. 2d) Oligodendrocytes.

1d: Synaptic cleft 2a: Opening of sodium channels

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: How many net ATP are created from glycolysis? 1 2 3 4

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The sodium/potassium pump is going to pump how __(#)__ sodium out and __(#)__ potassium in?

3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Indicate the directions of axonal transport by aligning the proper label with each arrow in the picture. A B

A: Anterograde B: Retrograde

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Label each region of the neuron on the image. A B C D

A: Dendrite B: Cell body C: Axon D: Synaptic knob

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify the labels in the photo. A B C D E

A: End-plate potential reaches threshold B: Actin potential sent throughout the sarcolemma C: Voltage-sensitive DPH receptors are activated D: Conformational changes opens RyR1 channels E: Release of calcium into sarcoplasm

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify each of the following regions of a sarcomere from the picture. A B C

A: H zone B: A band C: I band

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Label each phase of the action potential as identified by the picture. A B C D

A: Hyperpolarization B: Resting C: Repolarization D: Depolarization

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify the components of a sarcomere in the picture: a) b) c) d) e) 1) M line 2) Z disc 3) H zone 4) A band 5) I band

A: I band B: A band C: H zone D: M line E: Z disc

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify each type of muscle contraction pictured: a) A b) B c) C 1) Isometric 2) Eccentric isotonic 3) Concentric isotonic

A: Isometric B: Concentric isotonic C: Eccentric isotonic

Ch. 12 Nervous System: A flow of electrical current called a(n) ____________________ _________________ is generated within the initial segment of a neuron.

Action potential

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Are pumps active transport of passive transport?

Active transport

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Encoding requires the proper functioning of two components of the limbic system, which are the ___________________ body and the hippocampus.

Amygdaloid

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: In the figure, letter A is pointing to the _____________________ mater.

Arachnoid

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The total length of the axon is called the ____________________ segment.

Conductive

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The folds of the cerebellar cortex are called _______________________.

Folia

Ch. 12 Nervous System: A cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n) _______________________.

Ganglion

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The cerebrum is composed of two large _____________________, which are easily identified on the superior aspect of the brain.

Hemispheres

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: An increase in muscle fiber is called ______________________.

Hypertrophy

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Although muscle fibers obey the all-or-none principle, the force of muscle contraction can be varied depending on how many ____________________ units are used.

Motor

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Oligodendroyctes create the ________________ sheath in the central nervous system.

Mylelin

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Thick myofilaments are composed of bundles of _________________ protein molecules.

Myosin

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and ________________________.

Neurons

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Does glycolysis require oxygen? Yes No

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which fibers are more fatigue resistant? Oxidative Glycolytic

Oxidative

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which fibers are red in color due to high amounts of myoglobin? Oxidative Glycolytic

Oxidative

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Are channels a type of active transport or passive transport?

Passive

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The H-band (or H-zone) is more lightly shaded because only _________________ filaments are present.

Thick

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. True or False?

True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cranial nerves are numbered according to their positions, beginning with the nerve that is most __________________. a) Anterior b) Posterior

a) Anterior

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: How is the glucose stored in the muscle cell? a) Glycogen b) Starch c) Cellulose d) Triglycerides

a) Glycogen

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The cerebral nuclei are collections of ________________ mater located deeper in the cerebrum a) Gray b) White

a) Gray

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which zone consists of ONLY the thick filament (no thin)? a) H zone b) I band c) M line d) A band

a) H zone

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The temporal lobe is responsible for which functions? (check all that apply) a) Hearing b) Motor function c) Vision d) Smell

a) Hearing d) Smell

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The cerebellum is composed of left and right cerebellar ___________________. a) Hemispheres b) Lobes c) Formations

a) Hemispheres

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where is there more potassium at rest? a) Inside the cell b) Outside of the cell

a) Inside the cell

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Respiration is regulated in the a) Medulla oblongata b) Cerebellum c) Diencephalon d) Thalamus

a) Medulla oblongata

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Where is the primary motor cortex located? a) Precentral gyrus b) Postcentral gyrus c) Prefrontal cortex

a) Precentral gyrus

Ch. 12 Nervous System: If a patient is given a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), what would happen to the levels of serotonin in present at the synapse? a) Serotonin levels would increase b) Serotonin levels would decrease c) Serotonin levels would stay the same

a) Serotonin levels would increase

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify the components of the NMJ in the picture: a) b) c) d) e) 1) Sarcolemma 2) Synaptic knob 3) Synaptic cleft 4) Synaptic vesicle 5) Sarcoplasm

a4) Synaptic vesicle b2) Synaptic knob c3) Synaptic cleft d1) Sarcolemma e5) Sarcoplasm

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match the name of the component of a muscle fiber with its description. a) Sarcolemma b) Muscle fiber c) Sarcoplasm d) Sarcoplasmic reticulum e) T-tubule 1) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle fiber 2) A muscle cell 3) Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber 4) Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber 5) Narrow, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm

a4)Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber b2) Muscle fiber: A muscle cell c3) Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber d1) Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle fiber e5) T-tubule: Narrow, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match the indicated structures in the diagram with their name. a) b) c) d) e) 1) Thin filament 2) Troponin 3) M-line 4) Thick filament 5) Connectin

a5) Connectin b2) Troponin c4) Thick filament d3) M-line e1) Thin filament

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter with the structure. a b c d e f 1) CN XI 2) CN I 3) CN X 4) CN VII 5) Optic tract 6) CN VI

a5) Optic tract b6) CN VI c4) CN VII d2) CN I e1) CN XI f3) CN X

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Identify the parts of an action potential a b c d e 1) Depolarization 2) Hyperpolarization 3) Repolarization 4) Resting membrane potential 5) Threshold

a5) Threshold b1) Depolarization c3) Repolarization d2) Hyperpolarization e4) Resting membrane potential

Ch. 12 Nervous System: If a neuron travels from the brain to your skeletal muscle, it is what type of neuron? a) Sensory b) Motor

b) Motor

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres? a) Yes b) No

b) No

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where is there more sodium at rest? a) Inside the cell b) Outside the cell

b) Outside the cell

Ch. 14 Spine: How many total pairs of spinal nerves are there? a) 12 b) 24 c) 31 d) 45

c) 31

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The subarachnoid space contains a) Lymph b) Venous blood c) Cerebrospinal fluid d) Arterial blood

c) Cerebrospinal fluid

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft by ________________. a) Osmosis b) Contransport c) Diffusion d) Countertransport

c) Diffusion

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: When the meningial layer of the dura mater and the periosteal layer of the dura mater separate, the resulting spaces are called... a) Subarachnoid space b) Subdural space c) Dural venous sinus d) Dural arterial sinus

c) Dural venous sinus

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which neurons help transmit information from sensory neurons to motor neurons, or integrate information in the CNS? a) Unipolar b) Bipolar c) Interneurons

c) Interneurons

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cerebrospinal fluid enters the third ventricle of the brain by way of the a) Subarachnoid space b) Choroid plexus c) Interventricular foramen d) Central canal of the spinal cord

c) Interventricular foramen

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which nerves would conduct action potentials the fastest? a) Large diameter unmyelinated b) Small diameter myelinated c) Large diameter myelinated d) Small diameter unmyelinated

c) Large diameter myelinated

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What does calcium bind to? a) Actin b) Myosin c) Troponin d) Tropomyosin

c) Troponin

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The voltage gated sodium channels undergo changes in activity during the depolarization phase of an action potential. Place these in order from first to last. a) Sodium ions flow into the neuron b) The membrane potential becomes more positive c) Voltage gated sodium ion channels open d) The membrane potential is -70mV

d) The membrane potential is -70mV a) Sodium ions flow into the neuron b) The membrane potential becomes more positive c) Voltage gated sodium ion channels open

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The occipital lobe is responsible for which actions? (check all that apply) a) Sensory speech b) Motor speech c) Hearing d) Visual memories e) Vision

d) Visual memories e) Vision

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which lobe is not visible from the surface? a) Frontal b) Temporal c) Parietal d) Occipital e) Insular

e) Insular

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The paired cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep _________________ ___________________.

longitudinal fissure

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Can't Stand the Heat Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease in which the body's immune system attacks the myelin covering of the axons in the central nervous system. It can present with a variety of neurological symptoms that may come and go, but the condition progressively worsens. Experts believe the disease develops in a genetically susceptible person following exposure to an environmental trigger. Bob is a 29 year-old, hard-driving and aspiring attorney. He graduated top in his class from law school and never does things halfway. In his spare time, he enjoys outdoor sports, especially golf. Lately, however, his swing has been off and he's experienced tingling and weakness in his left leg, which seems to worsen during the hot part of the day. Over the weekend, Bob had gone with friends to the beach, and after about an hour of lying on the sand, he was so weak he could not get up without help. He went to see his doctor. MS Read the report and answer all questions. People with MS can experience neurological symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to tingling and numbness (hypoesthesia), visual defects, and even memory and cognitive impairment. The symptoms of MS may come and go, sometimes with months of remission, but the disease process continues. For reasons that are unclear, higher than usual ambient temperatures lead to an exacerbation of symptoms (Uhthoff's phenomenon). Although relapses of symptoms can occur at any time, there are recognized triggers for acute attacks, among them: stress, viral infections, and pregnancy. Most researchers believe MS results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genes that increase the risk have been identified. Regarding an environmental factor, an interesting geographical distribution has been observed. The further one gets from the equator, the greater the incidence (number of new cases) of MS. Typically beginning in the early thirties MS progresses over a period of decades. Women are more often affected than men, and life expectancy of a person with MS is generally 5 to 10 years less than unaffected people. There is no cure for MS. Treatments are aimed at reducing the frequency and severity of attacks, recovering as much function as possible after an attack, and preventing or controlling long-term disability. Because of Bob's history of intermittent episodes with periods of remission, his condition was classified as relapsing remitting MS (as opposed to progressive forms, where there is a slow accumulation of symptoms over time). To treat his current episode, he was started on intravenous corticosteroids. Although helpful during an acute attack, steroids do not have a significant impact on long-term recovery. Bob and his doctor discussed long-term therapy and decided on a trial course of Fingolimod, an anti-inflammatory drug originally developed to prevent organ transplant rejection. In the case of MS, it seems to work by preventing immune cells from entering the central nervous system, and it might stimulate oligodentrocytes to repair the damaged myelin. Unfortunately, the medication is not without side effects, which include increased risk of infections, headaches, slow heart rate and certain kinds of skin cancer. 1. The symptoms of MS can come and go. This is because a) The astrocytes take on the job of making the myelin. b) The neurons themselves are making the myelin covering. c) The oligodendrocytes are constantly renewing the myelin sheathes, so they are able to temporarily repair some of the damage. d) The neurons are able to temporarily adapt to the absence of the myelin and use an alternate system of propagating neural impulses. 2. Triggers of acute episodes of MS include a) Infections. b) Stress. c) Pregnancy. d) All listed choices. 3. Most researchers believe MS results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One peculiar observation regarding environment is the fact that the incidence increases as one gets further from the equator. a) True b) False

1) 2d) All listed choices. 3a) True

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Read and answer Muscle contraction is dependent upon proper nervous system stimulation. The region where the neurological signal is transferred to the muscle is called the neuromuscular junction. A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The production of an action potential by the motor neuron results in the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine diffuses across the fluid-filled synaptic cleft and binds to receptors present on the motor end-plate of the muscle fiber. The resulting excitation of the muscle fiber is the first step in eliciting muscle contraction. Neuromuscular-Blocking Agents Read the report and answer all questions. Neuromuscular-blocking agents interfere with the function of either the pre- or postsynaptic membranes at the neuromuscular junction. Regardless of the specific region targeted, these agents prevent muscle contraction by interrupting the normal chain of events involved with neuromuscular signaling. Curare is the common name for a group of poisons used to coat the tips of arrows. When introduced into the blood of a victim, the main curare toxin, tubocurarine, competitively binds to and prevents the opening of acetylcholine receptors located in the membrane of the motor end-plate. Consequently, there is no end-plate potential and no contraction of the muscle. Lethal doses of curare cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles and death by asphyxiation. Botulism is an illness caused by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, which can enter the body through contaminated wounds, infected foods, or even the air. Once inside the body this type of bacteria produces botulinum toxin, which causes muscle paralysis by interfering with the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Botulinum toxins are currently used in a diluted, artificially-produced form as the active ingredient in Botox®. Botox® is used for certain cosmetic procedures, such as reducing the appearance of wrinkles. When injected into the overactive muscles associated with wrinkles, these muscles are prevented from contracting, which results in a temporary reduction in the visibility of wrinkles. Treatments are typically repeated every six months when wrinkles begin to reappear. 1. Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis because ____________________. a) No acetylcholine enters the synaptic cleft b) Calcium is removed from the neuromuscular junction c) The acetylcholine receptors at the motor end-plate are blocked d) Sodium is removed from the synaptic cleft 2. Facial wrinkles, such as glabellar or "frown" lines, appear with aging as a result of natural, repetitive muscle contractions. Botox® helps alleviate the appearance of these wrinkles by _________________. a) Overstimulating the facial muscles to tighten their appearance b) Overstimulating the facial nerves to produce a steady contraction of the facial muscles c) Destroying the motor nerves that serve the muscles responsible for forming the wrinkles d) Relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles 3. If there was a high concentration of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft, but little to no response at the motor end-plate, you would expect ________________ to be the responsible neuromuscular-blocking agent. a) Botulinum toxin b) Curare 4. The antidote that holds the most promise to counteract the effects of tubocurarine is one that _________________________. a) Modifies acetylcholine receptors so that they can no longer bind acetylcholine b) Modifies acetylcholine so that it is unable to bind to acetylcholine receptors c) Removes acetylcholine receptors from the end-plate d) Modifies acetylcholine receptors so that they bind acetylcholine stronger than tubocurarine

1) 2d) Relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles 3b) Curare 4)

1b) Calcium 2c) Acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft.

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Neurotransmission of Graded Potentials - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. Changes of the membrane potential are necessary for electrical signals to be carried along a neuron's membrane. Within the receptive region, neurotransmitters bind to specific membrane receptors triggering the opening of ligand-gated ion channels. This results in the production of localized graded potentials called postsynaptic potentials, which alter the membrane potential. Postsynaptic potentials spread multidirectionally along the membrane and decrease in strength with time and distance. Read the report and answer all questions. Postsynaptic potentials occur within the receptive segment of the neuron, specifically at the cell body and dendrites. These graded potentials may be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory depending on how they affect the membrane potential. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials depolarize the membrane potential. This occurs when excitatory neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated receptors, called ligand-gated ion channels, resulting in a net influx of sodium ions. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials hyperpolarize the membrane potential. Inhibitory neurotransmitters accomplish this by triggering the opening of ligand-gated potassium or chloride channels. Because the movement of ions is dictated by their electrochemical gradients, potassium moves out of the neuron while chloride moves into the neuron. 1. Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________. a) Ligand-gated channels b) Leakage channels c) ATP pumps d) Voltage-gated channels 2. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential results from the opening of____________________. a) Potassium and/or chloride channels b) Chloride and/or sodium channels c) Sodium and/or potassium channels

1a) Ligand-gated channels 2a) Potassium and/or chloride channels

1a) Ligand-gated channels 2c) Two EPSPs in proximity to each other

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Summation - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. Summation is the cumulative effect of multiple excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) that converge in the dendrites and cell body of the postsynaptic neuron. If these PSPs cause the initial segment (also called the axon hillock) to depolarize to threshold, then an action potential occurs. Since an action potential is an all-or-none event, any subthreshold depolarizing stimuli do not result in the development of an action potential. Likewise, once threshold has been met, further depolarization has no effect on the action potential. Read the report and answer all questions. Temporal and spatial summation of all PSPs determines whether or not threshold is reached. Temporal summation refers to the amount of time between signals being sent from the same presynaptic neuron. The closer these signals are in time, the stronger the graded potential. Spatial summation refers to the relative location of multiple synapses to each other and to their relative distance from the initial segment. Certain drugs cause facilitation of a neuron. Facilitation involves an enhancement of the postsynaptic response, and caffeine is an example of a drug that leads to this phenomenon. Caffeine increases neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron, thereby bringing the postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold and increasing its propensity to develop and propagate action potentials. Nicotine also causes facilitation, but by a different method. Nicotine affects neural transmission by stimulating acetylcholine receptors, which prolongs EPSPs. 1. _______________ the time between signals sent from the same presynaptic terminal increases the strength of the graded potential. This is an example of ________________ summation. a) Reducing; temporal b) Increasing; spatial c) Increasing; temporal d) Reducing; spatial 2. Substances that cause facilitation of a neuron ____________________________. a) Cause the neuron to fire that may not under the same circumstances in the absence of the facilitator b) Disable the trigger zone of the axon hillock, thereby preventing it from reaching threshold c) continually create additional ligand-gated ion channels at the receptor region d) alter the resting membrane potential of a presynaptic neuron by making it hyperpolarized 3. Assume in a laboratory you were able to isolate a neuron and remove the Acetylcholine receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. The substance _________________ would no longer cause facilitation of this neuron. a) Nicotine b) Caffeine

1a) Reducing; temporal 2a) Cause the neuron to fire that may not under the same circumstances in the absence of the facilitator 3a) Nicotine

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Excitation-Contraction Coupling - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. The excitation of a muscle fiber occurs when there is sufficient depolarization at the motor end-plate to produce an action potential. This electrical signal propagates along the sarcolemma and into the muscle fiber by way of the transverse tubules (T-tubules). At the triad, the electrical signal gets converted to a mechanical signal when calcium is released from channels found at the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Triad The triad in a skeletal muscle fiber is composed of a centrally located T-tubule flanked on both sides by the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The spatial relationship between the DHP receptors and RyR1 embedded within at the T-tubules and SR membranes, respectively, has been the focus of scientific inquiry for several decades. It has been determined that voltage-induced conformational changes are responsible for sequentially activating these two receptors. The sequence of events involved in excitation-contraction coupling is somewhat analogous to falling dominoes. In this scenario, the action potential propagating along the sarcolemma initiates the sequence of events in the same way the movement of your hand does. Just as your hand pushes over the first domino, the voltage change across the T-tubule membrane causes a conformational change in the DHP receptor. The first falling domino knocking over the subsequent dominoes represents the conformational change of the DHP receptor initiating a subsequent allosteric change in RyR1. When RyR1 is activated, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, leading to muscle contraction. 1. Hundreds of mutations have been identified in RyR1 that contribute to multiple muscular diseases. Assume that a new mutation was discovered that causes this receptor to continually remain open. Based on what you know about the function of this receptor, how would you expect this new mutation to impact contraction? a) This mutation will increase levels of calcium in the sarcoplasm, which will induce continued muscle contraction. b) This mutation will increase the sensitivity of the DPH receptor to voltage changes, which will induce continued muscle contraction. c) This mutation will decrease levels of calcium in the sarcoplasm, which will prevent muscle contraction. d) This mutation will decrease the sensitivity of the DPH receptor to voltage changes, which will prevent muscle contraction. 2. If it were possible to move the terminal cisternae further away from the T-tubules, it would ____________________________. a) Increase the sensitivity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing it to release large amounts of calcium b) Interfere with the signal required for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c) Prevent the voltage signal from entering the T-tubules d) Prevent the production of an action potential

1a) This mutation will increase levels of calcium in the sarcoplasm, which will induce continued muscle contraction. 2b) Interfere with the signal required for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Get a Grip The condition myasthenia gravis is characterized by decreased muscle cell stimulation resulting from immunological damage to the postsynaptic surface of the motor endplate unit. This condition disproportionately affects women and on occasion is associated with a benign tumor of the thymus gland. Amy is a second-year graduate student in chemistry. She has always been physically active and enjoys running and swimming. Over the past three months, however, she has completely lost her stamina. Recently she has been troubled by double vision, experiencing it several times a day. It's even to the point now that she doesn't feel safe driving. Amy is very careful about her diet, takes a daily vitamin, and does not smoke. Her blood pressure is fine. Treatment Because a thymic tumor can be associated with myasthenia gravis, and its removal frequently helps to ameliorate the symptoms, Amy agreed to surgical removal of her thymus gland. Amy did not have immediate relief of her symptoms because the abnormal antibodies persist for several weeks. After almost six weeks, she regained much of strength and stamina. The pathologist's report was also good news; Amy's tumor was benign. Amy, however, may not be completely cured of myasthenia gravis, so she will be closely followed by her doctor. She may still require a medication that inhibits the breakdown of ACh. Medications of this type act by increasing the amount of ACh at the motor endplate and thus help sustain events of membrane depolarization. Should Amy require such a medicine, she will likely be on it the rest of her life. 1. How do medications that improve the symptoms of myasthenia gravis work? a) They directly stimulate the calcium voltage-gated channels of the sarcoplamsic reticulum to release calcium, thus initiating muscle cell contraction. b) They decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, which results in an increased amount of ACh in the synaptic cleft and thus increased stimulus to the ACh receptors. c) They interact directly with the sodium voltage-gated channels of the muscle cell membrane to increase the intensity of the membrane depolarization. 2. Since Amy's myasthenia gravis was linked to the benign thymic tumor that was removed, why did her symptoms not immediately improve after its removal? a) Amy had developed resistance to the medications she was taking. b) The abnormal antibodies persist for several weeks, and thus her symptoms were prolonged. c) Amy's muscles had been deprived of stimulation for so long, they had withered.

1b) They decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, which results in an increased amount of ACh in the synaptic cleft and thus increased stimulus to the ACh receptors. 2b) The abnormal antibodies persist for several weeks, and thus her symptoms were prolonged.

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Sliding Filament Mechanism of Muscle Contraction - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. Individual muscle fibers contain hundreds to thousands of myofibrils. Each myofibril is composed of multiple concurrent sarcomeres. The specific arrangement of the thin and thick filaments within each sarcomere gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance. The sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction describes how myosin crossbridge heads bind to and pull actin towards the center of each sarcomere, effectively shortening the muscle as it contracts. This type of muscle contraction is referred to as a concentric contraction. Rigor mortis Rigor mortis is the post-mortem stiffening of skeletal muscles. Rigor mortis can be used during forensic investigations to estimate the time of death, since the stiffening appears approximately 3-4 hours after death, peaks at approximately 12 hours after death, and disappears about 2-3 days post-mortem. Once tissues die they cease the production of ATP, which is the molecule required to detach myosin crossbridge heads from actin. In the absence of ATP, the breakage of the link between actin and myosin does not occur, and the thick and thin myofilaments remain bound to each other in an immobilized, rigid fashion. Rigor mortis persists until the muscle tissue decomposes. 1. The presence of calcium in the sarcoplasm is directly responsible for ____________________. a) Decreasing the length of the myosin myofilament b) Energizing the myosin heads c) Exposing the binding sites on actin d) The movement of actin towards the M line 2. Rigor mortis occurs after death because ____________________. a) No calcium is present to bind to the regulatory protein tropomyosin b) Detachment of crossbridges does not occur due to the lack of ATP c) The power stroke becomes stronger after death d) Actin binding sites become permanently blocked so that crossbridge formation cannot occur

1c) Exposing the binding sites on actin 2b) Detachment of crossbridges does not occur due to the lack of ATP

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Get a Grip The condition myasthenia gravis is characterized by decreased muscle cell stimulation resulting from immunological damage to the postsynaptic surface of the motor endplate unit. This condition disproportionately affects women and on occasion is associated with a benign tumor of the thymus gland. Amy is a second-year graduate student in chemistry. She has always been physically active and enjoys running and swimming. Over the past three months, however, she has completely lost her stamina. Recently she has been troubled by double vision, experiencing it several times a day. It's even to the point now that she doesn't feel safe driving. Amy is very careful about her diet, takes a daily vitamin, and does not smoke. Her blood pressure is fine. Doctor's Visit Her physical exam did not initially reveal any abnormality. Her doctor had her squeeze his hand and her grip strength was just fine. However, when he had her do it five times in a row, the strength of her grip diminished with each successive effort. He gave her a hand exerciser and asked her to squeeze it completely closed as many times as she could. After just six squeezes, she could no longer close the exerciser. Her doctor ordered a blood test and a CT (computerized tomography) scan of her chest. The results of the blood tests showed that Amy's blood contained several groups of antibodies directed against the motor endplate acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, and the chest scan revealed a tumor of her thymus. Amy was suffering from the autoimmune disease known as myasthenia gravis. (The medical term is actually a union of both Greek and Latin words: myasthenia from the Greek meaning weak muscles and gravis from Latin meaning serious.) 1. Myasthenia gravis represents a type of disease called a) Nutritional deficiency. b) Neuromuscular endplate malfunction due to overuse. c) Immune mediated. d) Traumatic injury of muscle cells. e) Vascular disease of the muscle. 2. The aspect of Amy's history and physical exam that caused her doctor to pursue further tests was a) Her difficulty driving. b) Her irregular heart beat. c) Her history of recent swimming. d) Weakness and a lack of stamina developed rapidly while testing grip strength.

1c) Immune mediated. 2d) Weakness and a lack of stamina developed rapidly while testing grip strength.

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Propagation of an Action Potential - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. The generation of an action potential, or nerve impulse, occurs once sufficient EPSPs have depolarized the neuron to threshold. The action potential begins at the initial segment (also known as the axon hillock) and travels down the length of the axon towards the axon terminal. Each unmyelinated segment of the axonal membrane goes through a series of events which generates an action potential. These include depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to the resting membrane potential. Each event results in specific changes of the membrane potential caused by the opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. Read the report and answer all questions. Axons are the only region of a neuron that may be myelinated. Schwann cells are the specific glial cells within the peripheral nervous system that form myelin. These cells form individual myelin sheaths that wrap tightly around the axon in regular intervals. Adjacent to the segments of myelin are exposed regions of the axon referred to as the nodes of Ranvier. Saltatory conduction in myelinated neurons is much faster than continuous conduction, which occurs in unmyelinated neurons. Myelination acts as an insulator along the axon, preventing the leakage of charge across the membrane. This allows the local currents to be maintained and transferred from one node of Ranvier to another. In contrast, the local currents do not travel as far and take longer to reach threshold in unmyelinated neurons. High concentrations of voltage-gated sodium channels are localized within the nodes of Ranvier and are generally lacking within the myelinated regions. This arrangement leads to detrimental consequences in individuals suffering from demyelinating diseases, which include any disorder that causes damage of the myelin sheath. In these diseases, an action potential does not propagate down the axon because the voltage-gated sodium channels are too far apart. Charge will leak across the membrane where the myelin once was, and the nodes of Ranvier containing the voltage-gated sodium channels will not reach threshold. Multiple sclerosis is the most common demyelinating disease. The immune system of individuals suffering from this disease attacks the myelin sheaths found in the central nervous system. This progressive disease is more common in women and is typically diagnosed between ages 20 and 40. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare condition in which the myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are attacked by the immune system. Symptoms of this disease range from slight tingling and weakness of the legs to fluctuation in heart rate and blood pressure, which can be life-threatening. Death may occur if the nerves leading to the respiratory muscles become damaged and asphyxiation results. 1. Action potentials occur ____________________________. a) In both unmyelinated and myelinated regions of an axon and the dendrites b) In myelinated regions of an axon c) In the unmyelinated regions of an axon 2. Demyelinating diseases cause a(n) ______________ in the conduction velocity of action potentials. a) Increase b) Decrease 3. If demyelination occurs, why don't action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated? a) A much thicker plasma membrane is present within these regions of the axon. b) A much thinner plasma membrane is present within these regions of the axon. c) These regions contain too high of a concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels to work appropriately. d) These regions lack the appropriate concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels.

1c) In the unmyelinated regions of an axon 2b) Decrease 3d) These regions lack the appropriate concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels.

1c) Into; positive 2d) Repolarization

1c) Receptive 2c) Ligand-gated channels

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Neuron Anatomy and Resting Membrane Potential - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. A multipolar neuron is composed of a cell body, an axon, and hundreds of dendrites. Each neuron receives numerous inputs at the receptive region, which includes both the dendrites and cell body. Neurons send signals down the axon toward the synaptic knob. Resting neurons require a membrane potential in order to send or receive electrical signals. A typical neuronal resting membrane potential is -70 mV, indicating that the inside of the plasma membrane is more negative relative to the outside. The resting membrane potential is established by the Na+/K+ pump and by the sodium and potassium leakage channels. The leakage channels allow for ions to diffuse down their electrochemical gradients, while the Na+/K+ pump moves ions against their gradients. The Na+/K+ pump establishes the K+ and Na+ gradients, which drive the diffusion of these ions through leakage channels. Although both Na+ and K+ diffusion play a role in establishing the resting membrane potential, potassium diffusion is more important. 1. Normally, sodium and potassium leakage channels differ because ___________________. a) Sodium leakage channels are voltage-gated, but potassium leakage channels are ligand-gated b) Sodium leakage channels require ATP to transport ions, but potassium leakage channels do not c) Sodium ions diffuse through leakage channels into the cell, but potassium ions diffuse through leakage channels out of the cell d) Sodium leakage channels always remain open, but potassium leakage channels must be specifically activated to open 2. A resting membrane potential of -70 mV indicates that the ________________. a) Negative ions are only present within the cytosol and are lacking in the extracellular fluid b) Charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside c) Negative ions will always move into a cell d) Positive ions outnumber the negative ions within the cytosol

1c) Sodium ions diffuse through leakage channels into the cell, but potassium ions diffuse through leakage channels out of the cell 2b) Charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside

1c) Z disc; actin 2c) ATP; energized

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Get a Grip The condition myasthenia gravis is characterized by decreased muscle cell stimulation resulting from immunological damage to the postsynaptic surface of the motor endplate unit. This condition disproportionately affects women and on occasion is associated with a benign tumor of the thymus gland. Amy is a second-year graduate student in chemistry. She has always been physically active and enjoys running and swimming. Over the past three months, however, she has completely lost her stamina. Recently she has been troubled by double vision, experiencing it several times a day. It's even to the point now that she doesn't feel safe driving. Amy is very careful about her diet, takes a daily vitamin, and does not smoke. Her blood pressure is fine. Muscle Contraction Muscle contraction is the result of a complex set of events: Once the decision is made to move a muscle, a neural impulse is sent to the muscle cell. At the synaptic knob, ACh is released from the nerve axon. It traverses the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptor on the motor endplate of the muscle cell membrane. Sodium channels open on the cell membrane, allowing an influx of sodium and membrane depolarization. The subsequent opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels propagates the depolarization to the T-tubules of the muscle cell. Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes the muscle cell to contract. In the case of myasthenia gravis, antibodies are made that react with the ACh receptor of the muscle cell membrane. Some antibodies block the receptor so ACh will not bind, while others cause the receptors to clump and be removed from the cell membrane. The ultimate effect is to greatly reduce the ability of the ACh to trigger the initial sodium influx and subsequent membrane depolarization. Depletion of the ACh from the nerve endings and motor endplate area result in the symptoms of myasthenia gravis. The progressive weakness that Amy experienced when she was asked to repeatedly squeeze the hand exerciser indicates the exhaustion of the ACh in the motor endplate. Likewise, the progressive weakness of the muscles surrounding Amy's eyes, those that coordinate eye movement, caused her double vision. Amy's story is quite representative of myasthenia gravis, and fortunately she did not experience life-threatening complications. In severe cases, weakness and paralysis of the muscles of respiration can lead to death. Heart muscle cells are not affected by the antibodies of myasthenia gravis, since its contraction is not dependent on ACh and the heart has its own conduction system. 1. The abnormal antibodies made by patients with myasthenia gravis interact with what portion of the motor endplate unit? a) The sodium voltage-gated channels b) The sarcoplamsic reticulum calcium gates c) Acetylcholine receptors on the motor nerve axon d) Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cell membrane 2. Symptoms and/or complications of myasthenia gravis include all of the following except: a) Weakness of cardiac muscle contractions. b) Loss of stamina. c) Double vision. d) Death due to weakness of respiratory muscles. e) Progressive muscle fatigue and weakness.

1d) Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cell membrane 2)Weakness of cardiac muscle contractions.

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Transmissive Segment - Read the overview and complete the interactive module. - Answer the questions below the interactive module. The action potential is an electrical signal that begins at the axon hillock and travels down the length of the axon towards the axon terminal. Once the action potential enters this transmissive segment of the neuron, it causes the release of neurotransmitters by exocytosis. This series of events results in the transfer of an electrical signal into a chemical signal. Neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. The binding of neurotransmitters opens ligand-gated ion channels, which results in the production of graded potentials. Neurotransmitters cease to cause graded potentials when they are no longer bound to a receptor. Unbound neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by several different mechanisms including: diffusion away from the receptor, uptake into the presynaptic axon terminal, or enzymatic degradation. Acetylcholinesterase is an example of an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into acetate and choline. Choline is then transported back across the presynaptic axon terminal where it can be reused to synthesize new molecules of acetylcholine. Read the report and answer all questions. Neurons need to transfer materials back and forth between the cell body and the axon terminal to function properly. This type of intracellular transport is referred to as axonal transport. Axonal transport depends upon microtubule "tracks" that run the length of the axon and associated motor proteins. Cellular substances and organelles that are produced in the cell body travel in the anterograde direction, moving towards the axon terminal. Other materials, such as recycled membrane vesicles, growth factors, and other chemical signals, migrate back to the cell body through retrograde movement. Both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are important and necessary to maintain the health of the neuron. Some pathogens take advantage of retrograde transport by "hitching a ride" to the cell body where they infect the neuron. Examples of such pathogens include: tetanus toxin and the herpes simplex, rabies, and polio viruses. 1. If a drug was developed that interfered with the proper functioning of the microtubules found within the axons of neurons, how would you expect this to impact axonal transport processes? a) Anterograde transport would cease. b) The production of substances within the cell body would cease. c) Retrograde transport would cease. d) Both anterograde and retrograde transport processes would cease. 2. The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This enzyme is produced within the cell body of neurons, but the synthesis of acetylcholine occurs within the axon terminals. Which statement best describes the axonal transport mechanism associated with this process? a) Choline acetyltransferase is transported in the retrograde direction. b) Acetylcholine is transported in the anterograde direction. c) Choline acetyltransferase is transported in the anterograde direction. d) Acetylcholine is transported in the retrograde direction. 3. Suppose that a new virus is discovered that specifically infects motor neurons. Assume that this virus enters neurons in conjunction with choline molecules. Once inside the cell, the virus enters the nucleus and replicates. Which direction describes the axonal transport route taken by this virus? a) Retrograde transport b) Anterograde transport

1d) Both anterograde and retrograde transport processes would cease. 2c) Choline acetyltransferase is transported in the anterograde direction. 3a) Retrograde transport

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify the labels in the photo. A B C D E F G

A: Nerve signal B: Synaptic vesicles C: Synaptic cleft D: Synaptic knob E: Motor endplate F: ACh release G: ACh receptor

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify the labels in the photo. A B C D

A: T-tubule B: Myofibril C: Triad D: Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Energy do drive the myosin movement in the sliding filament process is provided in the form of _____________________.

ATP

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The arrival of a nerve impulse at the synaptic knob of a motor neuron causes synaptic vesicles to release ________________ into the synaptic cleft.

Acetylcholine

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The nervous system is composed of the ________________, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.

Brain

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The ______________ connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.

Brainstem

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ____________________ ions needed to initiate muscle contraction.

Calcium

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The _________________ is responsible for "fine-tuning" skeletal muscle movements.

Cerebellum

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: All of the ventricles contain a liquid material called ______________________ ______________________

Cerebrospinal fluid

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The enzyme acetylcholinesterase resides in the synaptic __________________.

Cleft

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Each muscle is only made of one type of fiber. True or False?

False

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Skeletal muscle is avascular. True or False?

False

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: True or False: A muscle fiber that is partially shortened can produce a contraction stronger than the contraction it can produce when at its resting length.

False

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: True or False? The corpus collosum is the main association tract that connect the right and left hemisphere.

False: it is actually a commisural tract

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter with the structure. a b c d e 1) Precentral gyrus 2) Gyrus 3) Central sulcus 4) Sulcus 5) Postcentral gyrus

Figure 13.11 a2) Gyrus b4) Sulcus c1) Precentral gyrus d3) Central sulcus e5) Postcentral gyrus

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The ________________ ventricle is located between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum.

Fourth

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The _______________________ ventricle is located between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum.

Fourth

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Common intramuscular injection sites include the ______________ region.

Gluteal

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The functional brain system that is considered to be the "emotional" brain is the _________________ system.

Limbic

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: During a muscle twitch, the period after the stimulus and before contraction begins is ... a) Contraction period b) Latent period c) Relaxation period

Latent period

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The cerebral hemisphere that controls language in most people is the ____________________ hemisphere.

Left

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The __________________ ___________________ is the most inferior part of the brainstem.

Medulla oblongata

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The protective membranes that surround, stabilize, and partition parts of the brain are called the cranial __________________

Meninges

Ch. 12 Nervous System: ___________________ nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons.

Mixed

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In a motor unit, a single _________________ neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle.

Motor

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The three categories of functional areas in the cerebral cortex are ____________ area, ________________ area, and _______________ area.

Motor Sensory Associtation

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: ATP is generated when the enzyme creatine kinase transfer Pi from creatine _____________________ to ADP.

Phosphate

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: From deep to superficial, the cranial meninges are the __________________ mater, ______________ mater and ________________ mater.

Pia Arachnoid Dura

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The part of the brainstem called the _______________________ is shown in the figure and indicated by letter A.

Pons

Ch. 12 Nervous System: A graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is known as a _________________ ___________________.

Postsynaptic potential

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage-gated _________________ channels.

Potassium

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: As you hold a barbell and begin to flex your arm in a curl, your biceps brachii slowly lifts the weight by using more and more motor units. This phenomenon, which increases the strength of the contraction, is referred to as _________________.

Recruitment

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ____________.

Sarcolemma

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional contractile units known as ________________.

Sarcomeres

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The somatic ___________________ division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes, ears and skin.

Sensory

Ch. 12 Nervous System: _____________________ nerves always relay information to the CNS.

Sensory

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The memory which lasts the shortest amount of time is ___________________ memory.

Sensory

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Interneurons facilitate communication between __________________ neurons and __________________ neurons.

Sensory Motor

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The type of muscle that forms the majority of the walls of the digestive tract is ___________________ muscle.

Smooth

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: A sensory area known as the _____________________ association area allows us to identify objects when our eyes are closed.

Somatosensory

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The medulla oblongata is continuous with the ____________________ ____________________ inferiorly.

Spinal cord

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Receptors detect changes in the external or internal environment. These changes are called _________________

Stimuli

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A "step-wise" increase in the force of contraction of a single muscle fiber or single motor unit due to repeated stimulation is called ___________________.

Summation

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment is known as _______________

Summation

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which cranial nerve is shown in the figure indicated with the letter A? a) CN III oculomotor b) CN I olfactory c) CN II optic

Table 13.5 b) CN I olfactory

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ____________________ lobe.

Temporal

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus and underlies the temporal bone? a) Frontal b) Parietal c) Temporal d) Occipital

Temporal

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The all or none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches _______________________.

Threshold

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A single contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber is referred to as a muscle ____________________.

Twitch

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which neurotransmitter is in a class of its own? a) Acetylcholine b) GABA c) Seratonin d) Dopamine e) Endorphins

a) Acetylcholine

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as ______________________.

Voltage

Ch. 12 Nervous System: _______________ is the measure of difference in electrical charge between two areas.

Voltage

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What does a triad consist of? a) 1 transverse tubule b) 2 transverse tubules c) 1 terminal cisterna d) 2 terminal cisternae

a) 1 transverse tubule d) 2 terminal cisternae

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which would be faster? a) A chain of neurons with 1 synapse b) A chain or neurons with 3 synapses

a) A chain of neurons with 1 synapse

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Place the following events in the correct order of occurrence once ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft of a NMJ: a) ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate b) The action potential moves down the t-tubules c) The resulting action potential moved down the sarcolemma d) Calcium ions are released into the sacroplasm e) The action potential reaches the terminal cisternae of the SR

a) ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate c) The resulting action potential moved down the sarcolemma b) The action potential moves down the t-tubules e) The action potential reaches the terminal cisternae of the SR d) Calcium ions are released into the sacroplasm

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Skeletal muscles are grouped according to their primary actions into which of the following three types? (Check all that apply) a) Antagonists b) Agonists c) Synergists d) Convergent e) Pennate

a) Antagonists b) Agonists c) Synergists

Ch. 14 Spine: Which ramus is the largest and may become/contribute to a named nerve? a) Anterior/ventral ramus b) Rami communicantes c) Posterior/dorsal ramus

a) Anterior/ventral ramus

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: If you don't use your muscles, they will get smaller. This is called... a) Atrophy b) Hypertrophy c) Hyperplasia

a) Atrophy

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which part of the neuron sends messages toward other cells? a) Axon b) Dendrite c) Soma

a) Axon

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The neurons in the retina of the eye are __________________. a) Bipolar b) Multipolar c) Unipolar

a) Bipolar

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following are structural classifications of neurons? (check all that apply) a) Bipolar b) Unipolar c) Seensory afferent d) Motor efferent e) Multipolar

a) Bipolar b) Unipolar e) Multipolar

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Identify all of the components of the central nervous system (check all that apply) a) Brain b) Cranial nerves c) Spinal nerves d) Spinal cord

a) Brain d) Spinal cord

Ch. 12 Nervous System: What does the CNS contain? a) Brain b) Nerves c) Ganglia d) Spinal cord

a) Brain d) Spinal cord

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the a) Brain ventricles b) Dural venous sinuses c) Central canal of the spinal cord d) Subarachnoid space

a) Brain ventricles

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which areas of the brain are important for language recognition and formation? a) Brocas area b) Wernicke's area c) Primary motor cortex d) Primary somatosensory cortex e) Primary visual cortex

a) Brocas area b) Wernicke's area c) Primary motor cortex

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which can cause muscle fatigue? (check all that apply) a) Build up of intracellular Pi b) Insufficient ATP c) Insufficient Ca2+ d) Insufficient acetylcholinesterase e) Na+ or K+ imbalances

a) Build up of intracellular Pi c) Insufficient Ca2+ e) Na+ or K+ imbalances

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which cranial nerve is being shown in the figure with the letter A? a) CN II optic b) CN III oculomotor c) CN I olfactory

a) CN II optic

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following pumps can you find in the plasma membrane? a) Ca2+ b) Cl- c) H+ d) Na+/K+

a) Ca2+ d) Na+/K+

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify each stage of cross bridge cycling in the picture. a) b) c) d) e) 1) Cross bridge formation 2) Ca2+ binds troponin; myosin binding sites uncovered 3) Power stroke 4) Release of myosin head by ATP 5) Reset of myosin head

a) Ca2+ binds troponin; myosin binding sites uncovered b) Cross bridge formation c) Power stroke d) Release of myosin head by ATP e) Reset of myosin head

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Place the stages of cross-bridge cycling in order: a) Calcium binds troponin; myosin binding site uncovered b) Release of myosin head by ATP c) Reset of myosin head d) Cross-bridge formation e) Power stroke

a) Calcium binds troponin; myosin binding site uncovered d) Cross-bridge formation e) Power stroke b) Release of myosin head by ATP c) Reset of myosin head

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What separates the frontal and parietal lobes? a) Central sulcus b) Longitudinal fissue c) Transverse fissue

a) Central sulcus

Ch. 12 Nervous System: What type of pump/channel is responsible for phase 2 on the graph? a) Chemically gated channel b) Voltage gated channel c) Modality gated channel d) Pump

a) Chemically gated channel

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which of the following proteins are found within a sarcomere? a) Connectin b) Keratin c) Elastin d) Elastin e) Actin f) Collagen

a) Connectin e) Actin

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The primary function of the cerebellum is a) Coordination of motor activity b) Information processing c) Language d) Regulation of personality

a) Coordination of motor activity

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which part of the neuron receives signals? a) Dendrite b) Soma c) Axon

a) Dendrite

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which of the meninges is the strongest? a) Dura mater b) Pia mater c) Arachnoid mater

a) Dura mater

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Separation of the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater forms a) Dural venous sinuses b) Epidural space c) Brain ventricles d) The subarachnoid space

a) Dural venous sinuses

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When sodium enters the cell through the cation channel and the inside of the cell becomes more positive, we call this an.... a) EPSP b) IPSP

a) EPSP

Ch. 12 Synapses and Neurotransmitters: What things help form the regeneration tube during neuron regeneration in the PNS? a) Endoneurium b) Myoneurium c) Neurilemma d) Oligodentricytes e) Astrocytes

a) Endoneurium c) Neurilemma

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which glial cells help make CSF as part of the choroid plexus? a) Ependymal cells b) Oligodendricytes c) Astrocytes d) Microglial cells

a) Ependymal cells

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which 2 characteristics of muscle tissue have to do with conduction of an electrical signal and are shared with nervous tissue? a) Excitability b) Conductivity c) Contractility d) Extensibility e) Elasticity

a) Excitability b) Conductivity

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What does calcium's entrance into the synaptic knob trigger? a) Exocytosis b) Endocytosis c) Muscle contraction d) Muscle contraction e) Muscle relaxation

a) Exocytosis

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which cranial nerves have significant motor and sensory function? (check all that apply) a) Facial b) Hypoglossal c) Vagus d) Trigeminal e) Glossopharyngeal

a) Facial c) Vagus d) Trigeminal e) Glossopharyngeal

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which of the three skeletal muscle fiber type has the largest diameter and provides both power and speed? a) Fast glycolytic b) Fast oxidative c) Slow oxidative d) Slow glycolytic

a) Fast glycolytic

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cerebrospinal fluid enters the central canal of the spinal cord from the a) Fourth ventricle b) Subarachnoid space c) Lateral ventricles d) Third ventricle

a) Fourth ventricle

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which lobe houses the motor centers in the brain? a) Frontal b) Temporal c) Insular d) Parietal e) Occipital

a) Frontal

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which lobe is most rostral (anterior)? a) Frontal b) Temporal c) Parietal d) Insular e) Temporal

a) Frontal

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Many parallel muscles are cylindrical with an expanded central region called a _______________. a) Gaster or body b) Feather c) Sphincter d) Raphe

a) Gaster or body

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following are considered types of effectors? (check all that apply) a) Glands b) Bone tissue c) Skeletal muscle d) Cardiac muscle

a) Glands c) Skeletal muscle d) Cardiac muscle

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In which activities are muscles in an isometric contraction? (check all that apply) a) Holding a yoga pose b) Doing push ups c) Sitting up very straight d) Jumping jacks e) Abdominal crunches f) Pushing on a locked door

a) Holding a yoga pose c) Sitting up very straight f) Pushing on a locked door

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where is there more potassium? a) Inside the cell b)Outside the cell

a) Inside the cell

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The left and right sides of the thalamus are connected by which structure? a) Interthalamic adhesion b) Epithalamus c) Caudate nucleus

a) Interthalamic adhesion

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cerebrospinal fluid enters the third ventricle of the brain by way of the a) Interventricular foramina b) central canal of the spinal cord c) subarachnoid space d) Choroid plexus

a) Interventricular foramina

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When the chemically gated chloride channel opens, where is the chloride going to go? a) Into the cell, down its concentration gradient b) Into the cell, up its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell, down its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell, up its concentration gradient

a) Into the cell, down its concentration gradient

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When the voltage gated sodium channel opens, where is the sodium going to go? a) Into the cell, down its concentration gradient b) Into the cell, up its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell, down its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell, up its concentration gradient

a) Into the cell, down its concentration gradient

Ch. 12 Nervous System: At the NMJ (neuromuscular junction), what is true about ACh? a) It binds to a nicotinic receptor b) It binds to a muscarinic receptor c) It is excitatory d) It is inhibitory e) It acts directly f) It acts indirectly

a) It binds to a nicotinic receptor c) It is excitatory e) It acts directly

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The components of the somatic sensory division are: (check all that apply) a) Joints and muscles b) Stretch of organ walls c) Hearing d) Taste

a) Joints and muscles c) Hearing d) Taste

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Does the Ach bind to the receptors or does it go through the receptors and enter the cell? a) Just binds to the receptors- does NOT enter the cell b) Goes THROUGH the receptors and enters the cell

a) Just binds to the receptors- does NOT enter the cell

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is pyruvate converted to in the absence of oxygen? a) Lactate b) Citric acid c) Succinate d) Glycogen

a) Lactate

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which channels are always open? a) Leak channels b) Chemically gated channels c) Voltage gated channels

a) Leak channels

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When chloride enters the cell, what does that do to the charge on the inside of the cell? a) Makes it more negative b) makes it more positive

a) Makes it more negative

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When potassium leaves the cell, what does that do to the charge on the inside of the cell? a) Makes it more negative b) Makes it more positive

a) Makes it more negative

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The categorical hemisphere often deals with __________ and is more often located on the _______________ side of the brain. a) Math b) Language c) Visiospacial relationships d) Artistic ability e) Left f) Right

a) Math b) Language e) Left

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: REM sleep is most often known for... a) Memorable dreaming b) Memory consolidation c) Growth d) Rest e) Energy conservation

a) Memorable dreaming b) Memory consolidation

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The higher order brain functions include __________________. (check all that apply) a) Memory b) Hunger c) Learning d) Reasoning

a) Memory c) Learning d) Reasoning

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which section of the brainstem is the most superior? a) Midbrain b) Pons c) Medulla oblongota

a) Midbrain

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: For the appendicular muscles, the origin is usually.... (Check all that apply) a) More proximal b) More distal c) More moveable d) Less moveable

a) More proximal d) Less moveable

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The wrinkled area where the nerve meets the muscle is called the.... a) Motor end plate b) Synaptic Knob c) Sarcoplasmic reticulum d) termincal cisternae

a) Motor end plate

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Saltatory conduction occurs on .... a) Myelinated axons b) Unmyelinated axons

a) Myelinated axons

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which voltage gates channel is faster and opens first? a) Na+ b) K+ c) Ca+ d) S+

a) Na+

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The inside of the cell is more ________________ compared to the outside of the cell. a) Negative b) Positive

a) Negative

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Place the events that occur at a neuromuscular junction in order. a) Nerve signal arrives at synaptic knob b) Calcium enters and binds synaptic vesicle c) ACh is released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft d)ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate

a) Nerve signal arrives at synaptic knob b) Calcium enters and binds synaptic vesicle c) ACh is released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft d)ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Maturation of the CNS to allow for the development of higher brain functions includes _________________. (check all that apply) a) Neurons expanding the number of their connections b) CNS axons becoming myelinated c) Neurons shrinking in size so brain mass decreases d) Number of neuronal cells continues to increase in the first year of life

a) Neurons expanding the number of their connections b) CNS axons becoming myelinated d) Number of neuronal cells continues to increase in the first year of life

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which type of glial cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)? a) Oligodendricytes b) Microglial cells c) astrocytes d) Neurolemmocyte

a) Oligodendricytes

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Synapses occur where axons contact which of the following? (check all that apply) a) Other neurons b) Gland cells c) Muscle cells d) Blood vessels

a) Other neurons b) Gland cells c) Muscle cells

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: After you stop running, you notice that your keep breathing heavily for some time. This is because your body is in ______________. a) Oxygen debt b) Nitrogen debt c) Nitrogen overload d) Oxygen overload

a) Oxygen debt

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Which four of the following characterize the different patterns of fascicle arrangement? (Check all that apply) a) Pennate b) Divergent c) Circular d) Parallel e) Columnar f) Convergent

a) Pennate c) Circular d) Parallel f) Convergent

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cranial nerves are part of the ______________ nervous system. a) Peripheral b) Central

a) Peripheral

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cranial nerves are part of the ___________________ nervous system. a) Peripheral b) Central

a) Peripheral

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The innermost layer of the meninges is called the... a) Pia mater b) Arachnoid mater c) Dura mater

a) Pia mater

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which meningeal layer follows the surface contours of the brain and spinal cord? a) Pia mater b) Meningeal layer of dura mater c) Periosteal layer of dura mater d) Arachnoid mater

a) Pia mater

Ch. 14 Spine: Which layer of the meninges is the closest to the spinal cord? a) Pia mater b) Arachnoid mater c) Dura mater

a) Pia mater

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: What are some terms used in naming muscles according to orientation of fascicles? (Check all that apply) a) Rectus b) Teres c) Longus d) Oblique

a) Rectus d) Oblique

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which are characteristics of oxidative fibers? (check all that apply) a) Red b) Good for a burst of power c) High concentration of myoglobin d) Low concentration of myoglobin e) Use aerobic respiration f) White g) Use anaerobic respiration h) Good for endurance

a) Red c) High concentration of myoglobin e) Use aerobic respiration h) Good for endurance

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which of the following are functions of the hypothalamus? a) Regulate hunger and thirst b) Regulate sleep/wake cycles c) Regulate personality and planning d) Regulate body temperature e) Control the ANS f) Control the endocrine system

a) Regulate hunger and thirst b) Regulate sleep/wake cycles d) Regulate body temperature e) Control the ANS f) Control the endocrine system

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The motor end plate is a specialized region of the ______________. a) Sarcolemma b) Motor neuron c) Sarcomere d) Myofilament

a) Sarcolemma

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which part of the nervous system receives information from the outside world and transmits it to the brain? a) Sensory b) Motor

a) Sensory

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The thalamus will process incoming information and project it to the ________________. a) Sensory cortices of the cerebrum b) Brainstem nuclei c) Motor cortices of the cerebrum d) Cerebellar cortex

a) Sensory cortices of the cerebrum

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The parietal lobe of the cerebrum is involved with which major functions? (check all that apply) a) Sensory function b) Evaluating shape of objects c) Hearing d) Recognizing the texture of objects e) Vision

a) Sensory function b) Evaluating shape of objects d) Recognizing the texture of objects

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following are functional classes of neurons? (check all that apply) a) Sensory neurons b) Multipolar neurons c) Bipolar neurons d) Motor neurons e) Interneurons f) Unipolar neurons

a) Sensory neurons d) Motor neurons e) Interneurons

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In an isotonic contraction, the muscle fibers ___________________, resulting in movement. a) Shorten or lengthen b) Shorten c) Shorten then lengthen d) Lengthen

a) Shorten or lengthen

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which types of muscle tissue are striated? a) Skeletal b) Smooth c) Cardiac

a) Skeletal c) Cardiac

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which type of muscle are involuntary? a) Smooth b) Skeletal c) Cardiac

a) Smooth c) Cardiac

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The flow of _________________ ion is the most common cause of depolarization. a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Calcium d) Chloride

a) Sodium

Ch. 12 Nervous System: At rest, which ions are in greater concentration OUTSIDE of the cells? (Check all that apply( a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Calcium d) Chloride

a) Sodium c) Calcium d) Chloride

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When Ach binds to the cation channel (chemically gated channel) it opens. What happens next? a) Sodium rushes in b) Sodium rushes out

a) Sodium rushes in

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which two are divisions of the sensory nervous system? (check all that apply) a) Somatic division b) Autonomic division c) Central division d) Peripheral division e) Visceral division

a) Somatic division e) Visceral division

Ch. 12 Nervous System: If two different neurons send signals to different parts of the same postsynaptic cell at the same time, it is called.... a) Spacial summation b) Temporal summation

a) Spacial summation

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The skeletal muscles arranged in layers along the walls of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the pelvic cavity perform what function? (Check all that apply) a) Support b) Contraction c) Protection d) Insulation

a) Support b) Contraction c) Protection

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What part of the brain is the "sensory sorting area"? a) Thalamus b) Epithalamus c) Pineal gland d) Hypothalamus

a) Thalamus

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The components of the diencephalon include __________________. (check all that apply) a) Thalamus b) Amygdala c) Epithalamus d) Hypothalamus

a) Thalamus c) Epithalamus d) Hypothalamus

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When sodium rushes in, what happens to the charge of the inside of the cell? (Hint- is sodium positive or negative?) a) The cell gets more positive b) The cell gets more negative

a) The cell gets more positive

Ch. 12 Nervous System: What must happen in order for a chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron? (check all that apply) a) There must be a change in the number of open ion channels b) The chemical must cross the membrane from outside to inside c) There must be a change in ion flow across the membrane d) An electrode must be inserted into the membrane

a) There must be a change in the number of open ion channels c) There must be a change in ion flow across the membrane

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following are true of neurolemmocytes? (check all that apply) a) They are also called Schwann cells b) They surround cell bodies c) They create cerebrospinal fluid d) They create the myelin sheath in the PNS

a) They are also called Schwann cells d) They create the myelin sheath in the PNS

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In a sarcomere, the M-line serves as an attachment site for the _______________ filaments and keeps them aligned during contraction and relaxation. a) Thick b) Thin c) Z d) H

a) Thick

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The lateral ventricles communicate with the ____________________ ventricle through an opening called the ____________________ foramen. a) Third, interventricular b) Fourth, ventricular c) Fifth, magnum

a) Third, interventricular

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Bundles of myelinated axons that travel together within the CNS are called a) Tracts b) Nerves c) Nuclei d) Ganglia

a) Tracts

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Summation happens at the axon hillock (initial segment) a) True b) False

a) True

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The wernicke area is involved in _____________________. (check all that apply) a) Understanding spoken words b) Recognizing written words c) Recognizing faces d) Recognizing textures and shapes

a) Understanding spoken words b) Recognizing written words

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Most sensory neurons are... neurons a) Unipolar b) multipolar

a) Unipolar

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The occipital lobe is responsible for which actions? (check all that apply) a) Visual memories b) Motor speech c) Vision d) Sensory speech e) Hearing

a) Visual memories c) Vision

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Does cardiac muscles have sarcomeres? Is it striated? a) Yes b) No

a) Yes

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Can one nerve contain both sensory and motor neurons? a) Yes b) No

a) Yes

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Can alcohol cross the blood brain barrier? a) Yes b) No

a) Yes

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter with the structures around the cerebellum. a b c 1) Arbor vitae 2) Gray matter 3) Folia

a1) Arbor vitae b3) Folia c2) Gray matter

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match each muscle unit with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it. a) Muscle b) Fascicle c) Muscle cell 1) Epimysium 2) Perimysium 3) Endomysium

a1) Epimysium b2) Perimysium c3) Endomysium

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Match the structure with the corresponding latter a b c d e 1) Epineurium 2) Endoneurium 3) Axon 4) Perineurium 5) Neurolemmocyte

a1) Epineurium b4) Perineurium c2) Endoneurium d3) Axon e5) Neurolemmocyte

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Match the location with the larger concentration or ions a) Extracellular b) Intracellular 1) Sodium 2) Organic ions

a1) Extracellular- Sodium b2) Intracellular- Organic ions

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match the thin filament protein and thin filament associated protein names with it's function a) Actin b) Tropomyosin c) Troponin 1) Two intertwined strands; cover myosin binding sites 2) Two intertwined strands; each bead has a myosin binding site 3) Bound to tropomyosin; can bind calcium ions

a2) Actin:Two intertwined strands; cover myosin binding sites b1) b) Tropomyosin: Two intertwined strands; cover myosin binding sites c3) Troponin: Bound to tropomyosin; can bind calcium ions

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Match the pattern of fascicle arrangement with its best description. a) Circular b) Parallel c) Convergent d) Pennate 1) Often associated with cylindrical muscles with a central body tendon 2) Concentrically arranged fibers around an opening 3) Have widespread muscle fibers over a broad area that meet on a common attachment site 4) These fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

a2) Circular- Concentrically arranged fibers around an opening b1) Parallel- Often associated with cylindrical muscles with a central body tendon c3) Convergent- Have widespread muscle fibers over a broad area that meet on a common attachment site d4) Pennate- These fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Match the structure with the appropriate letter a b c d e 1) Axon collateral 2) Dendrites 3) Terminal extensions 4) Synaptic knobs 5) Axon

a2) Dendrites b5) Axon c1) Axon collateral d3) Terminal extensions e4) Synaptic knobs

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the Roman numberal with its name. a) I b) II c) III d) IV e) V f) VI 1) Optic 2) Olfactory 3) Trigeminal 4) Trochlear 5) Oculomotor 6) Abducens

a2) I Olfactory b1) II Optic c5) III Oculomotor d4) IV Trochlear e3) V Trigeminal f6) VI Abducens

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right. Letter A refers to the entire structure while letter C refers to a more specific area. a b c d 1) Fourth ventricle 2) Medulla oblongata 3) Reticular formation 4) Olive

a2) Medulla oblongata b1) Fourth ventricle c4) Olive d3) Reticular formation

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match each function of skeletal muscle with its description. a) Body movement b) Posture c) Temperature regulation d) Storage and movement of materials 1) Heat is produced as a waste product of energy usage 2) Muscles contract and pull on the tendons that attach the muscles to the bones 3) Voluntary sphincter muscles of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts can be kept closed or opened 4) Contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints

a2) Muscles contract and pull on the tendons that attach the muscles to the bones b4) Contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints c1) Heat is produced as a waste product of energy usage d3) Voluntary sphincter muscles of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts can be kept closed or opened

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Match the structure with the appropriate letter. a b c d e 1) Cell body 2) Nucleolus 3) Neurolemmocyte 4) Nucleus 5) Neurofibril node

a2) Nucleolus b4) Nucleus c1) Cell body d3) Neurolemmocyte e5) Neurofibril node

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter with the structure. a b c d 1) Primary visual area 2) Primary somatosensory cortex 3) Visual association area 4) Somatosensory association area

a2) Primary somatosensory cortex b4) Somatosensory association area c1) Primary visual area d3) Visual association area

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Identify each structure in the diagram: a) (blue) b) (green, in center) c) (blue) d) (B+C) 1) Triad 2) Sarcoplasmic reticulum 3) T-tubule 4) Terminal cisternae

a2) Sarcoplasmic reticulum b3) T-tubule c4) Terminal cisternae d1) Triad

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Match the type of primary action to its best description. a) Agonist b) Antagonist c) Synergist 1) A muscle that stretches when the agonist contracts 2) A muscle that either contributes to tension close to the insertion or stabilizes the point of origin 3) A muscle that contracts to produce a particular movement

a3) Agonist- A muscle that contracts to produce a particular movement b1) Antagonist- A muscle that stretches when the agonist contracts c2) Synergist- A muscle that either contributes to tension close to the insertion or stabilizes the point of origin

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Match the letter with the appropriate structure a b c d 1) Spinal nerves 2) Ganglia 3) Brain 4) Spinal cord

a3) Brain b1) Ganglia c2) Spinal nerves d4) Spinal cord

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match the structure with its description. a) Sarcomere b) A-band c) H-zone d) I-band 1) Light band containing thin filaments only 2) Dark band containing both actin and myosin 3) Functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle 4) Contains thick filaments only

a3) Sarcomere: Functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle b2) A-band: Dark band containing both actin and myosin c4) H-zone: Contains thick filaments only d1) I-band: Light band containing thin filaments only

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter with the structure. a b c 1) Pons 2) Inferior colluculi 3) Superior colluculi

a3) Superior colluculi b2) Inferior colluculi c1) Pons

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Match the type of pennate muscle on the left with its best description. a) Unipennate b) Bipennate c) Multipennate 1) Usually has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon 2) Has branches of the tendon within the muscle 3) All muscle fibers are on one side of the tendon

a3) Unipennate- All muscle fibers are on one side of the tendon b1) Bipennate- Usually has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon c2) Multipennate- Has branches of the tendon within the muscle

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Match the glial cell with the appropriate letter. a b c d 1) Oligodendrocytes 2) Microglial cell 3) Ependymal cell 4) Astrocyte

a4) Astrocyte b2) Microglial cell c1) Oligodendrocytes d3) Ependymal cell

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Match the letter with the structure. a b c d 1) Arachnoid mater 2) CSF in dural venous sinus 3) Dura mater 4) Subarachnoid space

a4) Subarachnoid space b1) Arachnoid mater c3) Dura mater d2) CSF in dural venous sinus

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Match the structure with the label in the diagram shown. a) b) c) d) 1) Terminal cisternae 2) Synaptic vesicle 3) ACh receptor 4) synaptic cleft

a4) synaptic cleft b2) Synaptic vesicle c3) ACh receptor d1) Terminal cisternae

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What connects the 3rd ventricle and the 4th ventricle? a) Interventricular foramen b) Cerebral aquaduct c) Median aperature d) Lateral aperature

b) Cerebral aquaduct

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Intramuscular injections are commonly used to administer medication because of which of the following characteristics? a) Lack of absorption b) A rich blood supply c) Minimal innervation

b) A rich blood supply

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: To start a muscle contraction, a nerve impulse causes ________________ release at a neuromuscular junction. a) Sodium b) Acetylcholine c) Calcium d) Norepinephrine

b) Acetylcholine

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which neurotransmitter is released at the NMJ of a skeletal muscle cell? a) Glycine b) Acetylcholine c) Norepinephrine d) Dopamine

b) Acetylcholine

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which enzyme helps remove ACh from the cleft? a) Phosphodiesterase b) Acetylcholinesterase c) Kinase d) Protease

b) Acetylcholinesterase

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In a muscle cell, the short term energy is supplied by _______________ respiration, while long term energy is supplied by ____________________. a) Aerobic/anaerobic b) Anaerobic/aerobic

b) Anaerobic/aerobic

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Select the autonomic respiratory centers housed within the pons. (check all that apply) a) Superior colliculi b) Apneustic center c) Olive nucleus d) Pneumotaxic center

b) Apneustic center d) Pneumotaxic center

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What structure helps drain teh CSF? a) Choroid plexus b) Arachnoid granulations c) Ependymal cells

b) Arachnoid granulations

Ch. 14 Spine: The denticulate ligaments and filum terminale are extensions of which layer of the meninges? a) Pia mater b) Arachnoid mater c) Dura mater

b) Arachnoid mater

Ch. 14 Spine: Which layers do you have to go through to collect CSF during a lumbar puncture? a) Pia mater b) Arachnoid mater c) Dura mater

b) Arachnoid mater c) Dura mater

Ch. 12 Nervous System: In an electrical synapse, the two neurons.... a) Are connected by desmosomes b) Are connected by gap junctions c) Never actually touch - there is a synaptic gap

b) Are connected by gap junctions

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which are functions of the reticular formation? (check all that apply) a) Controls visual reflexes b) Assists in respiration c) Interprets auditory information d) Assists in blood pressure e) Regulating muscle tone

b) Assists in respiration d) Assists in blood pressure e) Regulating muscle tone

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The ________________ is sometimes called the nerve fiber. a) Soma b) Axon c) Dendrite d) Nucleus

b) Axon

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What is another name for the motor speech area? a) Wernicke's area b) Broca's area c) Gnostic area d) Hommunculus

b) Broca's area

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Gray matter is made up of... a) Myelinated axons b) Cell bodies c) Dendrites d) Un-myelinated axons

b) Cell bodies c) Dendrites d) Un-myelinated axons

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The ________________ connects the third and fourth ventricles and is found in the mesencephalon (midbrain). a) Periaqueductal gray matter b) Cerebral aqueduct c) Superior colliculus d) Reticular formation

b) Cerebral aqueduct

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Synapses are classified as: (check all that apply) a) Mechanical synapses b) Chemical synapses c) Electrical synapses

b) Chemical synapses c) Electrical synapses

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which channels open in response to the binding of a chemical (Ligand). a) Leak channels b) Chemically gated channels c) Voltage gated channels

b) Chemically gated channels

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Where is the cerebrospinal fluid created? a) Ciliary body b) Choroid plexus c) Arachnoid granulation d) Arachnoid villi

b) Choroid plexus

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A type of contraction in which the muscle shortens is called.... a) Isometric b) Concentric c) Eccentric

b) Concentric

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which terms are used for the structural classification of nerves? (check all that apply) a) Motor b) Cranial c) Spinal d) Sensory

b) Cranial c) Spinal

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the inside of the cell gets more positive and closer to 0, we call it a... a) Repolarization b) Depolarization c) Hyperpolarization

b) Depolarization

Ch. 12 Nervous System: If one neuron splits up and stimulates many neurons, this type of neuronal circuit is called a... a) Converging b) Diverging c) Parallel after discharge d) Reverberating

b) Diverging

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Motor neurons are classified as ____________________ neurons a) Interneuron b) Efferent c) Afferent

b) Efferent

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The limbic system is responsible for which functions? (check all that apply) a) Waking up b) Emotion c) Emotional memory d) Muscle memory e) Motivation

b) Emotion c) Emotional memory e) Motivation

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Each nerve can only produce and release a single type of neurotransmitter. a) True b) False

b) False

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Muscle fibers that are FAST, are white in color, and have brief contractions are classified as: a) Fast oxidative b) Fast glycolytic c) Slow oxidative d) Slow glycolytic

b) Fast glycolytic

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which are parts of the limbic system? a) Pituitary gland b) Fornix c) Amygdala d) Hippocampus e) Cerebellum

b) Fornix c) Amygdala d) Hippocampus

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Channels are PASSIVE transport. That means that things will move... (Check all that apply) a) From an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration b) From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration c) Up its concentration gradient d) Down its concentration gradient e) with its concentration gradient f) against its concentration gradient

b) From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration d) Down its concentration gradient e) with its concentration gradient

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When the cell becomes more negative, is that getting closer to the threshold or further away? a) Closer b) Further away

b) Further away

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is the substrate from glycolysis? a) Triglycerides b) Glucose c) Protein

b) Glucose

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The outer portion of the cerebellum is composed of _______________ matter. a) White b) Gray

b) Gray

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When you lift weights and your muscles get bigger, what is mostly happening? a) Atrophy b) Hypertrophy c) Hyperplasia

b) Hypertrophy

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which zone consists of ONLY the thin filament (no thick)? a) H zone b) I band c) M line d) A band

b) I band

Ch. 12 Nervous System: What causes the synaptic vesicles to undergo exocytosis? a) Influx (entrance) of sodium b) Influx (entrance) of calcium c) Efflux (exit) of sodium d) Efflux (exit) of sodium

b) Influx (entrance) of calcium

Ch. 12 Nervous System: If a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor that activates a G-protein and eventually makes the inside of the cell more negative, it would be classified as... a) Excitatory b) Inhibitory c) Direct d) Indirect

b) Inhibitory d) Indirect

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the NEXT voltage gated sodium channels open, where does the sodium go? a) Into the cell- up its concentration gradient b) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell- Up its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell- down its concentration gradient

b) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the voltage gated sodium channels open, where does the sodium go? a) Into the cell- up its concentration gradient b) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell- Up its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell- down its concentration gradient

b) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the voltage sensitive calcium channels open, where does the calcium go? a) Into the cytoplasm of the cell- up its concentration gradient b) Into the cytoplasm of the cell- down its concentration gradient c) Into the sarcoplasmic reticulum- up its concentration gradient d) Out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum- down its concentration gradient

b) Into the cytoplasm of the cell- down its concentration gradient

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where is calcium going to go? a) Into the muscle cell b) Into the nerve cell c) Out of the muscle cell d) Out of the nerve cell

b) Into the nerve cell

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The autonomic nervous system is _______________. a) Voluntary b) Involuntary

b) Involuntary

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A type of contraction in which the muscle stays the same length is called... a) Isotonic b) Isometric c) Concentric d) Eccentric

b) Isometric

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The components of the somatic sensory division are: (check all that apply) a) Stretch or organ walls b) Joints and muscles c) Hearing d) Taste

b) Joints and muscles c) Hearing d) Taste

Ch. 14 Spine: Where are the cell bodies of the autonomic motor neurons located? a) Dorsal/posterior horn b) Lateral horn c) Anterior/ventral horn

b) Lateral horn

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where does the lactate need to go in order to be recycled? a) Kidney b) Liver c) Skeletal muscle d) Stomach

b) Liver

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Axons that are covered by a myelin sheath conduct nerve impulses.... a) More slowly b) More quickly

b) More quickly

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The _________________ consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle of gland. a) Peripheral nervous system b) Motor nervous system c) Central nervous system d) Sensory nervous system

b) Motor nervous system

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which type of smooth muscle acts most like skeletal muscle? a) Single unit smooth muscle b) Multi unit smooth muscle

b) Multi unit smooth muscle

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Most motor neurons are __________________ a) Bipolar b) Multipolar c) Unipolar

b) Multipolar

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: The sternocleidomastoid muscle gets its name from which category for naming muscles? a) Muscle action b) Muscle attachments c) Muscle shape d) Muscle heads/tendons of origin

b) Muscle attachments

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where does the muscle store oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration? a) Hemoglobin b) Myoglobin c) Glycogen d) Starch

b) Myoglobin

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is the thick filament made up of? a) Actin b) Myosin c) Troponin d) Tropomyosin

b) Myosin

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Is the synaptic knob part of the muscle or part of the nerve? a) Muscle b) Nerve

b) Nerve

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Place the events in the diagram in order. a) Ca2+ enters and binds synaptic vesicles. b) Nerve impulse arrives at synaptic knob c) ACh is released into synaptic cleft. d) ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate.

b) Nerve impulse arrives at synaptic knob a) Ca2+ enters and binds synaptic vesicles. c) ACh is released into synaptic cleft. d) ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate.

Ch. 12 Nervous System: _______________ are released from synaptic knobs into the synaptic cleft. a) Electrolytes b) Neurotransmitters c) Electrical charges

b) Neurotransmitters

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Do we have troponin and tropomyosin in smooth muscle? a) Yes b) No

b) No

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In smooth muscle at rest, is myosin active? a) Yes b) No

b) No

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Is smooth muscle striated? a) Yes b) No

b) No

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Can one neuron be both sensory and motor? a) Yes b) No

b) No

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Does the Ach go through the cation channel and enter the postsynaptic cell? a) Yes b) No

b) No

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which glial cells make up the myelin sheaths in the CNS? a) Ependymal cells b) Oligodendricytes c) Astrocytes d) Microglial cells

b) Oligodendricytes

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which neuron would be more likely to regenerate? a) One that was severed close to the soma b) One that was severed close to the synaptic knob c) One that was severed equidistant between the soma and synaptic knob

b) One that was severed close to the synaptic knob

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Where is the Na/K pump transporting the Na? (Hint: start with the "P"uppies inside and the "S"akes outside, then use Active Transport to get your answer) (channels are passive transport while pumps are active transport) a) Into the cell b) Out of the cell

b) Out of the cell

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which division of the nervous system is better able to regenerate? a) CNA b) PNS

b) PNS

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which connective tissue wrapping surrounds the fascicle? a) Endomyysium b) Perimysium c) Epimysium

b) Perimysium

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located? a) Precentral gyrus b) Postcentral gyrus c) Frontal lobe d) Parietal lobe e) Prefrontal cortex

b) Postcentral gyrus d) Parietal lobe

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The brainstem contains ____________________ (check all that apply) a) Relay centers for taste information b) Reflex centers for survival c) Nuclei of many cranial nerves d) Autonomic centers e) Thirst center

b) Reflex centers for survival c) Nuclei of many cranial nerves d) Autonomic centers

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The functions of astrocytes are to ______________________. (check all that apply). a) Produce cerebrospinal fluid b) Regulate the composition of interstitial fluid c) Help form the blood-brain barrier d) Myelinate axons of the PNS e) Assist neuronal development

b) Regulate the composition of interstitial fluid c) Help form the blood-brain barrier e) Assist neuronal development

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which system projects vertically through the midbrain, pons and medulla in a loosely organized mass of gray matter? a) Limbic system b) Reticular formation c) Basal nuclei

b) Reticular formation

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell called? a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum b) Sarcolemma c) Sarcoplasm d) Sarcomere

b) Sarcolemma

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is known as a ______________________. a) Sarcolemma b) Sarcomere c) Sarcoplasm d) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

b) Sarcomere

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The cerebellum coordinates and "fine-tunes" _________________. a) Visual reflexes b) Skeletal muscle movements c) Premotor coordination

b) Skeletal muscle movements

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which motor units are recruited first? a) Large ones b) Small ones

b) Small ones

Ch. 14 Spine: Which space contains the CSF? a) Epidural space b) Subarachnoid space c) Subdural space

b) Subarachnoid space

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A neuromuscular junction contains a(n) ____________________. (check all that apply) a) Desmosome b) Synaptic cleft c) Intercalated disc d) Synaptic knob e) Tight junction f) Motor end plate g) Postsynaptic neuron

b) Synaptic cleft d) Synaptic knob f) Motor end plate

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which lobe deals with sensory input concerning smell and hearing? a) Frontal b) Temporal c) Insular d) Parietal e) Occipital

b) Temporal

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What thick cord-like structure connects the muscle to bone? a) Ligament b) Tendon c) Aponeurosis

b) Tendon

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following segments of a neuron contain large numbers of voltage-gated potassium channels and voltage-gated sodium channels? (check all that apply) a) The transmissive segment b) The conductive segment c) The initial segment d) The receptive segment

b) The conductive segment c) The initial segment

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: When you are extending your forearm, which muscle is the agonist (prime mover)? a) Biceps brachii b) Triceps brachii c) Deltoid d) Extensor carpi radialis

b) Triceps brachii

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Calcium ions bind to what protein in a thin myofilament? a) F-actin b) Troponin c) Myosin d) Tropomyosin

b) Troponin

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Sensory information from the visceral sensory division is ________________ sensed. a) Consciously b) Unconsciously

b) Unconsciously

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Pseudounipolar is another name for a ______________ neuron a) Bipolar b) Unipolar c) Multipolar

b) Unipolar

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which part of the neuron sends signals? a) Dendrite b) Soma c) Axon

c) Axon

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The central nervous system is made of the ____________________ and spinal ____________________.

brain cord

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is the threshold in a skeletal muscle cell? a) -90mV b) -70mV c) -65mV d) -55mV

c) -65mV

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The RMP of a nerve cell is -70mV. What was the RMP of a skeletal muscle cell? a) -70mV b) -65mV c) -90mV d) -100mV

c) -90mV

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The sodium potassium pumps, pumps a) 3 sodiums into the cell and 2 potassiums out of the cell b) 2 sodiums into the cell, and 3 potassiums out of the cell c) 3 sodiums out of the cell, and 2 potassiums into the cell d) 2 sodiums out of the cell, and 3 potassiums into the cell

c) 3 sodiums out of the cell, and 2 potassiums into the cell

Ch. 14 Spine: How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? a) 5 b) 7 c) 8 d) 12

c) 8

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: In phosphate transfer, a phosphate group is removed from creatine phosphate and added to ... a) AMP b) ATP c) ADP d) ATV

c) ADP

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? a) Glycine b) Epinephrine c) Acetylcholine d) GABA

c) Acetylcholine

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic vesicles of skeletal muscle cells? a) GABA b) Serotonin c) Acetylcholine d) Norepinephrine

c) Acetylcholine

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: If you are running a marathon, what energy source is providing most of your energy? a) Phosphate transfer b) glycolysis c) Aerobic cellular respiration d) Lactic acid cycle

c) Aerobic cellular respiration

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A tendon that forms a thin, flattened sheet is called a(n) ___________________. a) Hypodermis b) Ligament c) Aponeurosis d) Fascia

c) Aponeurosis

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The subarachnoid space lies between the a) Skull and dura mater b) Dura mater and arachnoid mater c) Arachnoid mater and pia mater d) Pia mater and surface of the brain and spinal cord

c) Arachnoid mater and pia mater

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which glial cells help make up the blood brain barrier? a) Ependymal cells b) Oligodendricytes c) Astrocytes d) Microglial cells

c) Astrocytes

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Fast axonal transport moves things.... a) Anterograde b) Retrograde c) Both anterograde and retrograde

c) Both anterograde and retrograde

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: __________________ bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system. a) Blood b) Lymph c) CSF d) Endolymph

c) CSF

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What protein does calcium bind to in smooth muscle? a) Troponin b) Topomyosin c) Calmodulin d) Actin e) Myosin

c) Calmodulin

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Dendrites branch off of the ____________________. a) Synaptic knobs b) Axon hillock c) Cell body d) Axon

c) Cell body

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which part of the brain controls our balance and coordination? a) Cerebrum b) Brainstem c) Cerebellum d) Diencephalon

c) Cerebellum

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which matches are correct? (check all that apply) a) B is the third ventricle b) C is the fourth ventricle c) E is the central canal d) D is the cerebral aqueduct e) A is the lateral ventricle

c) E is the central canal d) D is the cerebral aqueduct e) A is the lateral ventricle

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: When short term memory is turned into long term memory, it is called.... a) Remembering b) Translating c) Encoding d) Transcribing

c) Encoding

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which connective tissue wrapping covers and insulates an individual axon? a) Perineurium b) Epineurium c) Endoneurium

c) Endoneurium

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Based on the name, what do you think myosin light chain kinase is? a) Nucleic acid b) Lipid c) Enzyme (protein) d) Carbohydrate

c) Enzyme (protein)

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is formed by epithelial cells of blood vessels in the choroid plexus and a) Epithelial cells lining veins in the subarachnoid space b) Epithelial cells lining the superior sagittal sinus c) Ependymal cells d) Cells lining the subarachnoid space

c) Ependymal cells

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: There are _____________ ventricles in the brain and ______________ of them are lateral ventricles. a) Four, four b) Four, three c) Four, two d) Two, four

c) Four, two

Ch. 12 Nervous System: A(n) _________________ is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system a) Axon b) Nucleus c) Ganglion d) fascicle

c) Ganglion

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The diameter of a muscle fiber will predict: a) How long its contraction will last b) How fast it will contract c) How much power it will produce

c) How much power it will produce

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which part of the midbrain is important for regulating auditory reflexes? a) Mammillary bodies b) Superior colliculi c) Inferior colliculi d) Cerebral aquaduct

c) Inferior colliculi

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Sodium will pass through the Ach receptors, which are also cation channels. Where is sodium going to go? Remember that channels are PASSIVE transport. a) Into the cell- up its concentration gradient b) Out of the cell- up its concentration gradient c) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell- down its concentration gradient

c) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The resting membrane potential is measured in ____________________. a) Milliamps b) Millifarads c) Millivolts d) Milliwatts

c) Millivolts

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur? a) Cytosol b) Golgi apparatus c) Mitochondria d) Endoplasmic reticulum

c) Mitochondria

Ch. 12 Nervous System: If a neuron has only one axon and many dendrites, it is called a... neuron a) Unipolar b) Bipolar c) Multipolar d) Anaxonic

c) Multipolar

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Which category is utilized in the naming of the deltoid muscles? a) Orientation of muscle fibers b) Muscle size c) Muscle shape

c) Muscle shape

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What substance in the muscle cell stores oxygen? a) Glycogen b) Creatine phosphate c) Myoglobin d) Mitochondria

c) Myoglobin

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Place the following events found in cross bridge cycling in the correct sequence: a) Myosin heads pivot towards the M line b) ATPase re-cocks the myosin heads c) Myosin heads bind to actin d) ATP releases the myosin heads

c) Myosin heads bind to actin a) Myosin heads pivot towards the M line d) ATP releases the myosin heads b) ATPase re-cocks the myosin heads

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane? (check all that apply) a) Ca2+ b) H+ c) Na+ d) K+

c) Na+ d) K+

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at a _____________. a) Phospholipid b) Ligand channel c) Neuromuscular junction d) Synaptic vesicle

c) Neuromuscular junction

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Bundles of cell bodies that are clustered together within the CNA are called.... a) Tracts b) Nerves c) Nuclei d) Ganglia

c) Nuclei

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When the chemically gated potassium channel opens, where is the potassium going to go? a) Into the cell, down its concentration gradient b) Into the cell, up its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell, down its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell, up its concentration gradient

c) Out of the cell, down its concentration gradient

Ch. 12 Nervous System: When the voltage gated potassium channel opens, where is the potassium going to go? a) Into the cell, down its concentration gradient b) Into the cell, up its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell, down its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell, up its concentration gradient

c) Out of the cell, down its concentration gradient

Ch. 12 Nervous System: A fascicle is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called _______________ a) Endoneurium b) Fascia c) Perineurium d) Epineurium

c) Perineurium

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What part of the pons helps regulate breathing? a) Superior olivary nucleus b) Cranial verve V c) Pontine respiratory center d) Medullary respiratory center

c) Pontine respiratory center

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Neurons can release neurotransmitters. This is an example of which characteristic? a) Excitability b) Conductivity c) Secretion d) Amitotic e) Extreme longevity

c) Secretion

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Muscles that maintain posture would primarily contain which types of fibers? a) Oxidative b) Fast glycolytic c) Slow oxidative d) Slow glycolytic

c) Slow oxidative

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: A circular muscle is also called a(n) __________________. a) Raphe b) Aponeurosis c) Sphincter d) Feather

c) Sphincter

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What space contains the cerebrospinal fluid? a) Epidural space b) Subdural space c) Subarachnoid space

c) Subarachnoid space

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: A nerve impulse travels through an axon to its _________________ a) Axon hillock b) Dendritic zone c) Synaptic knob d) Sarcoplasm

c) Synaptic knob

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The epimysium of a muscle surrounds __________. a) Each fascicle b) The individual muscle fibers c) The entire skeletal muscle

c) The entire skeletal muscle

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Where are neurotransmitters released from? a) The synaptic knob of the post-synaptic neuron b) The soma/dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron c) The synaptic knob of the pre-synaptic neuron d) The soma/dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron

c) The synaptic knob of the pre-synaptic neuron

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the graph is repolarizing in phase 4, what channels are responsible for that/open? a) Voltage gated calcium channels b) Voltage gated sodium channels c) Voltage gated potassium channels d) Chemically gated calcium channels e) Chemically gated sodium channels f) Chemically gated potassium channels

c) Voltage gated potassium channels

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is the RMP in a muscle cell? a) -55mV b) -65mV c) -70mV d) -90mV

d) -90mV

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The nervous tissue of a young adult may contain up to ___________________ lial cells. a) 1 million b) 100,000 c) 1 billion d) 1 trillion

d) 1 trillion

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: What is stored in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? a) Sodium b) Chloride c) Potassium d) Calcium e) Phosphorus

d) Calcium

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Place the events of a chloride-based IPSP in order from earliest to latest a) The inside of the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative b) The local chloride current becomes weaker as it moves away from the neurotransmitter binding site c) Chloride moves from outside the cell to the inside d) Inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic chemically gated chloride channels

d) Inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic chemically gated chloride channels c) Chloride moves from outside the cell to the inside a) The inside of the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative b) The local chloride current becomes weaker as it moves away from the neurotransmitter binding site

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The periosteal layer of dura mater is adherent to the a) Brain surface b) Outer surface of the skull c) Pia mater d) Inner surface of the skull

d) Inner surface of the skull

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: During a(n) _______________________ contraction, the length of the muscle does not change. a) Isotonic b) Eccentric c) Concentric d) Isometric

d) Isometric

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which part of the brain is often known as the emotional brain? a) Cerebellum b) Cerebrum c) Diencephalon d) Limbic system e) Brainstem

d) Limbic system

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? a) Melanin b) Parathyroid hormone c) Calcitonin d) Melatonin

d) Melatonin

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which glial cells make up the myelin sheaths in the PNS? a) Ependymal cells b) Oligodendricytes c) Astrocytes d) Neurolemmocytes e) Satellite cells

d) Neurolemmocytes

Ch. 12 Nervous System: __________________ are excitable cells that initiate and transmit electrical signals. a) Myelin sheaths b) Glial cells c) Nerves d) Neurons

d) Neurons

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the voltage gated potassium channels open, where does the potassium go? a) Into the cell- up its concentration gradient b) Into the cell- down its concentration gradient c) Out of the cell- Up its concentration gradient d) Out of the cell- down its concentration gradient

d) Out of the cell- down its concentration gradient

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Aerobic respiration requires the presence of what molecule? a) Lactic acid b) Calcium c) Cratine d) Oxygen

d) Oxygen

Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue: Which of the following is an example of a convergent muscle? a) Biceps branchii b) Deltoid c) Extensor digitorum d) Pectoralis major

d) Pectoralis major

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: The muscle that surrounds the opening to your esophagus and opens reflexively to allow you to swallow food is that type of muscle? a) Orifice b) Convergent c) Pennate d) Sphincter

d) Sphincter

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: The medulla oblongata is continuous caudally with the a) Diencephalon b) Pons c) Midbrain d) Spinal cord

d) Spinal cord

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Cerebrospinal fluid is recycled into the a) Central canal of the spinal cord b) Subarachnoid space c) Lateral ventricles d) Superior sagittal sinus

d) Superior sagittal sinus

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When a muscle is stimulated so often that there is not time for it to relax, and it is constantly at high tension, it is called... a) Motor unit recruitment b) Wave summation c) Treppe d) Tetany

d) Tetany

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When a muscle fiber is in a relaxed state, the _______________ molecules cover the G-actin active sites, preventing interaction between thick filaments and thin filaments. a) Troponin b) Titin c) F-actin d) Tropomyosin

d) Tropomyosin

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: Which are characteristics of glycolytic fibers? a) Good for endurance b) Use aerobic respiration c) High concentration of myoglobin d) White e) Dark red f) Low concentration of myoglobin

d) White f) Low concentration of myoglobin

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which cranial nerve nuclei arise from the medulla? a) V b) II c) III d) X e) VI

d) X

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Which type of glial cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (nerves). a) oligodendricytes b) microglial cells c) astrocytes d) neurolemmocyte

d) neurolemmocyte

Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue: When the graph is depolarizing in phase 1, what channels are responsible for that/open? a) Voltage gated calcium channels b) Voltage gated sodium channels c) Voltage gated potassium channels d) Chemically gated calcium channels e) Chemically gated cation channels

e) Chemically gated cation channels

Ch. 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves: Which lobe is responsible for receiving sensory input involved with vision? a) Frontal b) Temporal c) Insular d) Parietal e) Occipital

e) Occipital

Ch. 12 Nervous System: Place the events of synaptic transmission from earliest to latest a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open b) Calcium enters the synaptic knob c) Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles d) Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft e) action potential reaches synaptic knob f) Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors

e) action potential reaches synaptic knob a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open b) Calcium enters the synaptic knob c) Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles d) Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft f) Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors

Ch. 12 Nervous System: The movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do __________________

work

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GRE PSY - CH 10.2: Test and Measurement

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