Anatomy Exams 1-3

Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true?

The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.

The ________ does not belong to the femur.

anterior border

The tarsal is made up of 7 bones. Which of the following is not a tarsal bone?

anterior cuneiform

The genetic code is the link between the ________ and the ________ that they represent.

mRNA codons; 20 amino acids

You cannot palpate the ________ on a living person.

medial surface of the fibula

The left and right portions of the thoracic cavity are divided by the ________.

mediastinum

Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?

opening the mouth

Osmotic pressure

-increases as solute concentration increases. -can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure. -forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration. -forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane.

Which one of the following would not increase the ra

A decrease in reactant concentrations

A young boy was skating and falls and fractures his pisiform bone. What part of her body was injured?

wrist

The sinuses in the skull make it lighter. The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones except the

zygomatic.

Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8). 1. mitochondrion 5. intracellular transport 2. centriole 6. liquid in cell 3. endoplasmic reticulum. 7. provides cell energy 4. cytosol. 8. aids the formation of the spindle apparatus

1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6

What is the correct sequence of steps in bone repair? 1.Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone. 2.A hematoma occurs. 3.An internal callus forms at the site of injury. 4.Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bone at the site of repair.

2, 3, 1, 4

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. What is the correct order for these events? 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone.

3, 1, 4, 5, 2

The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. What is the correct sequence of these events? 1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin. 2. The free myosin head splits ATP. 3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere. 5. Calcium ion binds to troponin. 6. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from the actin.

3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1.Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2.Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3.Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4.Mesenchymal cells aggregate.

4, 2, 1, 3

A karyotype shows the ________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in ________.

46; metaphase

The upper limb is made up of 30 bones. The hand has ________ bones in the wrist and ________ bones in the palm.

8; 5

Flat bones are formed by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. What is a sesamoid bone?

A bone that forms within some tendons in response to stress

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?

A calcified matrix

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

A hydrogen bond

Which of these cannot cause a mutation?

A mistake made by the RNA polymerase

What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT?

ACGGTA

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

An increase in reactant concentration

Cross bridge detachment is caused by ________ binding to the myosin head.

ATP

Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle?

Acetylcholine

Which cranial bone(s) are separate right and left bones at birth but generally fuse by the age of 5?

Frontal bone and mandible

Connective tissue binds and hold various tissues in the body. The ________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

Areolar tissue

The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is

Calcium

Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?

Chemical

________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.

Chemically gated channels

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

Collagen

Which of the following is not directly involved in translation?

DNA

Which of the following is not true regarding the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?

Electrical forces push sodium ions into the cell.

Since there are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids, how do cells produce them?

Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products.

What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?

Excitablity

________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the ________ they encode.

Genes; proteins

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

Creatine phosphate

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue

During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Lower blood calcium

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?

Lysosome

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

Memory

Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?

Mitochondrion

Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?

Parietal bone

Which of the following are not considered facial bones?

Parietal bones

________ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be ________.

Phospholipids; amphiphilic

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

Positive feedback

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

Protein synthesis

Which of the following statements is false?

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle stimulation is neural.

Which of the following statements is/are false regarding human muscles?

Slow fibers are abundant in the muscles of the hand.

Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The skeletal system performs a number of functions other than providing support. Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?

Storage of red blood cells

What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?

Stratum spinosum and stratum basale

Which of these processes occurs during a cell's first gap (G1) phase?

The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.

Joint allow of various types of movement. Which of the following is false?

The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint.

How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae?

The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.

Which of the following is not found in RNA?

Thymine

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?

Transitional epithelium

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

Unipolar

Which of the following is not found on a typical vertebra?

Vertebral head

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means ________.

abnormal calcification of a tissue

The knee joint is one of the complex synovial joint. In the knee joint, the medial and lateral menisci

act as cushions between the articulating surfaces.

An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its ________.

active site

A mutation is ________.

a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains

a higher concentration of potassium ions.

Pronation is defined as

a rolling of the distal epiphysis of the radius over the ulna.

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic metabolism of fatty acids

Each of the following statements concerning the development of the skull is true except that

all the bones of the skull develop from one single ossification focus.

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ________.

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except

an increase in intracellular glycogen.

After heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, ________ occurs.

an oxygen debt

Out of 206 bones in the adult skeletal system one of the does not articulate with any other bone. The function of the hyoid bone is to

anchor the tongue muscles.

Identify the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane.

anchors the phospholipids affects membrane permeability forms enzymes enables ions to pass

The trachea is ________ to the esophagus.

anterior

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the ________.

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

astrocytes

Most vertebrae have a prominent body and spines. Which vertebra does NOT have a body?

atlas

Which of the following muscles does not have an action that is antagonistic to the action of the brachialis muscle?

brachioradialis

Degenerative changes in a joint can be the result of all of the following except

bursitis.

In general, ________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

carbohydrates

In the appendicular region, the wrist is called the ________ region, and the ankle is called the ________ region.

carpal; tarsal

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as ________.

catabolic and exergonic

It is common to find ________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone.

central canals

The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, which do not appear until several months later?

cervical and lumbar

Potential energy stored in bonds is released as ________ energy.

chemical

The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by ________, whereas ________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for muscles that

close the mouth.

Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural ________.

coding

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except

conducting action potentials.

Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.

costal facets

Synovial joints are one of the most complex joints in the body. Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints?

covered by a serous membrane

Each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone except the

cribriform plate.

A threshold stimulus is the

depolarization necessary to cause an action potential

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

The ________ part of the small intestine is the part closest to the stomach.

dorsal

All of the following movements occur at the intervertebral joints except

dorsiflexion.

At what point during excitation contraction coupling does exocytosis play a role?

during acetylcholine release from the synaptic terminal

DNA replication is called semiconservative because ________.

each daughter DNA consists of one new helix and one old helix

The membranes are made up of both epethelila and connective tissues. The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of ________.

epithelium and lamina propria

The basement membrane is found between ________ and ________.

epithelium; connective tissue

Which of the following movements is a good example of hyperextension?

extreme bending of the head backwards

The lower limbs bears all the weight of the body. Which of the following bones is NOT weight bearing?

fibula

Markings on the bone are important landmarks in identifying the bones.A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

fossa.

An image of a typical chest X-ray shows a ________ view of the thoracic region.

frontal

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities and their supporting elements called

girdles.

The plasma membrane includes

glycolipids. phospholipids. cholesterol. integral proteins.

What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification?

hyaline cartilage

Cell division is stimulated by ________ and suppressed by ________.

growth factors; contact inhibition

The connective tissue is made up cells embedded in a matrix. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including ________.

holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

Negative feedback loops are ________.

homeostatic mechanisms

Mineralization makes the bones stronger. In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of

hydroxyapatite.

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution.

hypertonic

The superolateral regions of the abdomen are called the ________ regions.

hypochondriac

The pelvic organs are mostly found within the

iliac fossa.

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except

inhibiting calcitonin secretion.

Muscular system produces the most amount of heat in the body. Heat energy gained from muscle contraction is released by the ________ system.

integumentary

The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called ________.

interphase

A weight-lifter strains to lift a heavy weight and there is no movement of the person's arms holding on to the weight. This type of contraction is called a(n) ________ contraction.

isometric

The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called ________, and they contain ________.

lacunae; osteocytes

Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?

lateral malleolus

Most of the stomach is located in the ________ of the abdomen.

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?

lemon juice, pH = 2.3

ATP________ endergonic and exergonic reactions.

links

The thymus, spleen, and tonsils are principal organs of the ________ system.

lymphatic

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum except

modification of protein.

When acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the sarcolemma becomes

more permeable to sodium ions.

During activities requiring aerobic endurance,

most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.

A muscle that flexes the spinal column is the

rectus abdominis.

A patient takes a medication that blocks ACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. What is this drug's effect on skeletal muscle contraction?

reduces the muscle's ability for contraction

During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true except

muscle fibers are unable to contract.

In which of the following would the motor units have the fewest muscle fibers?

muscles that control the eyes

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of ________.

negative feedback

When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all of the following effects are possible except

neurons are triggered to divide.

Individuals who are engaged in repetitive hand movements such as typing or playing the piano may suffer wrist pain, especially during palmar flexion. All of the following are true concerning this condition except that it

never causes muscle weakness.

The concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except ________.

pH

The ________ is an organ directly associated with the ________ and ________ systems.

pancreas; digestive; endocrine

The ligament that surrounds the ________ attaches to the tibial tuberosity.

patella

The joint fexibilty and range of motion varies in different parts of the body. The freedom of movement is greatest in the

pectoral girdle.

The abdominopelvic cavity contains a moist serous membrane called the

peritoneum

The inferior nasal septum is made up of vomer. Which part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

perpendicular plate

Proteins are ________ built from ________ different amino acids.

polymers; 20

During repolarization of a neuron

potassium ions move out of the cell

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

Three common components of a feedback loop are ________, ________, and ________.

receptor; integrating (control) center; effector

Identify the mismatched pair.

thoracic cage: sternum and 24 ribs and 2 clavicles

The shoulder is made of several muscles. The "rotator cuff" of the shoulder functions to

reinforce the joint capsule and limit the range of movements.

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is ________.

repolarizing

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle's action except

sartorius.

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

satellite cells

All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the ________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton.

scapula

All of the following are found on the temporal bone except the ________.

sella turcica

Each of the following is associated with the temporal bone except the

sella turcica.

Which of the following types of muscle fibers are best adapted for prolonged contraction such as standing all day?

slow fibers

Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a(n) ________, the protein is in a(n) ________, and the cells are in a ________.

solution; colloid; suspension

All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called ________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called ________ cells.

somatic cells; diploid (2n)

Proteins perform all of the following functions except ________.

store hereditary information

Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff?

subclavius

There is limited movement between the ribs and the sternum. Such joints are classified structurally as

synarthroses.

A ligamentous connection such as an antebrachial interosseous membrane is called a

syndesmosis.

Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to ________ respectively.

tRNA, mRNA, and DNA

Muscles that laterally rotate the thigh include all of the following except the

tensor fasciae latae.

If there were no paranasal sinuses, all of the following would be true except

the ability to sneeze would be impaired.

In a workout your muscle cells produce lactate, yet you maintain a constant blood pH because ________.

the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

Male and female pelves differ in all of the following features except ________.

the female sacrum is longer

There are two mechanism of bone formation. Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Which pair of muscles is antagonistic to each other in action?

the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid

The elbow joint is extremely stable because

the ulna and humerus interlock.

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except

thermal insulation.

All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except ________.

they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell

What are the major functions of the intervertebral discs?

to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine

The ________ extends the neck.

trapezius

The muscle that extends the forearm when doing push-ups is the

triceps.

The protein that regulates muscle contraction by controlling the availability of active sites on actin is called

tropomyosin

The ________ system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

urinary

The surface of the heart is formed by a membrane called the ________.

visceral pericardium