Anatomy Final (14,15,18,24,26)

Bile is produced by cells of the a. duodenum. b. hepatopancreatic ampulla. c. gallbladder. d. pancreas. e. liver.

e. liver

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called a. renal tubes. b. renal pyramids. c. renal papillae. d. renal columns. e. nephrons.

e. nephrons.

Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the a. sensory retina. b. pupil. c. fovea centralis. d. macula lutea. e. optic disc.

e. optic disc.

A ringing in the ears is considered a. tinnitus. b. otitis media. c. nystagmus. d. mydriasis. e. trachoma.

a. tinnitus.

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills A. Central Nervous System B. Peripheral Nervous System C. Somatic Nervous System D. Autonomic Nervous System E. None of these choices

A. Central Nervous System

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system include A. ganglia B. Schwann Cells C. the motor division D. the sensory division E. nerves

A. Ganglia

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is A. from node to node on a myelinated axon B. on a small diameter axon C. on a unmyelinated axon D. from internode to internode E. from internode to node on a myelinated axon

A. from node to node on a myelinated axon

Neurotransmitters are released from the a. epineurium b. synaptic cleft c. presynaptic terminal d. postsynaptic membrane e. calcium channels

c. presynaptic terminal

Gap Juctions are function ________ synapes. A. Chemical B. Electrical C. Potential D. Intracellular E. Neuromuscular

B. Electrical

The central nervous system includes the A. Ganglia B. Spinal Cord C. Spinal Nerves D. Cranial Nerves E. Sensory Receptors

B. Spinal Cord

The sensory (afferent) division of the PNS A. Transmits action potentials to sensory organs B. Conveys action potentials to the CNS C. Stimulates glands to release hormones D. Stimulates muscle contractions E. Does not involve sensory receptors

B. conveys action potentials to the CNS

There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves A. 10;30 B. 31;12 C. 12;31 D. 30;10 E. 12;32

C. 12;31

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO Inhibitors) A. Prevent synaptic transmission B. Enhance the breakdown of norepinephrine C. Enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors D. Prevent the release of the norepinephrine by the presynaptic terminal E. Have no effect on the action of norepinephrine

C. Enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.

The peripheral nervous system includes the A. brain B. spinal cord C. cranial nerves D. blood-brain barrier E. Cerebellum

C. cranial nerves

Digestion of food is regulated by A. sensory division B. sympathetic division of the ANS C. parasympathetic division of the ANS D. somatic nervous system E. None of these

C. parasympathetic division of the ANS

The motor (Efferent) division of the PNS A. is a division of the CNS B. regulates the digestion of food C. transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle D. has a nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain E. detects a stimulus

C. transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

Mr.Miller has been hospitalized with the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to potassium. You would expect his cell to A. Depolarize B. Repolarize C. Isopolarize D. Hyperpolarize E. Hypopolarize

D. Hyperpolarize

Which of the following is mismatched? A. Central nervous system-brain B. Autonomic nervous system- sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions C. Peripheral nervous system-spinal nerves D. Somatic nervous system- sensory division of PNS E. Peripheral nervous system- sensory and motor divisions

D. Somatic nervous system- sensory division of PNS

Which of the following characteristics is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones? a. warm, flushed skin b. weight gain c. exophthalmos d. increased heart rate e. weight loss

b. weight gain

Visceroreceptors are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue. True False

False

Grey matter has little myelination, whereas white matter has abundant myelination True/False

True

The ability to detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin is called two-point discrimination. True False

True

The simplest and most common type of sensory nerve endings are free nerve endings. True False

True

The ability to localize the position of body parts is called a. proprioception. b. light touch. c. fine touch. d. perception. e. two-point discrimination.

a. proprioception.

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence: (1) ureter (2) renal pelvis (3) calyx (4) urinary bladder (5) urethra a. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 b. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 d. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 e. 2, 4, 5, 3, 1

a. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

Which of the following hormones is synthesized by the hypothalamus? a. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) b. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) c. MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) d. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) e. T3 and T4

a. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary? a. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) b. oxytocin c. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) d. TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) e. CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)

a. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Dendrites a. are the input part of a neuron b. conduct action potentials away from the cell body c. are generally long and unbranched d. form synapses with the microglia e. contain the trigger zone

a. are the input part of a neuron

A neurological cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the a. astrocyte b. microglial cell c. oligodendrocyte d. ependymal cells e. macrophages

a. astrocytes

During a race, a long-distance runner twisted his ankle. He finished the race without feeling any pain in his ankle. This lack of the perception of pain could be the result of an increase in a. beta endorphins. b. gonadotropins. c. somatotropins. d. epinephrine. e. lipotropins.

a. beta endorphins.

Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen and hydrogen are detected by a. chemoreceptors. b. proprioceptors. c. nociceptors. d. thermoreceptors. e. baroreceptors.

a. chemoreceptors.

Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called a. chyme b. bile. c. bolusin. d. feces. e. phlegm.

a. chyme

The lacrimal glands a. constantly produce a fluid called tears. b. are located in the superomedial corner of the orbit. c. are innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. d. produce sebum. e. cause a sty when inflamed.

a. constantly produce a fluid called tears.

Urine concentration and volume depend on water reabsorption in the a. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. b. descending loop of Henle. c. proximal convoluted tubule. d. distal convoluted tubule only. e. ascending loop of Henle.

a. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

What role does oxytocin play in lactation? a. ejection of milk b. production of milk c. stop production of milk d. storage of milk

a. ejection of milk

What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach? a. esophagus b. epiglottis c. larynx d. laryngopharynx

a. esophagus

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? a. esophagus b. salivary glands c. pancreas d. gallbladder

a. esophagus

Taste buds are not associated with _____ papillae. a. filiform b. vallate c. foliate d. fungiform e. papilliform

a. filiform

Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child would result in a. giantism. b. pituitary dwarfism. c. myxedema. d. acromegaly.

a. giantism.

Mastication a. increases the surface area of food particles. b. is never under voluntary control. c. occurs in both the mouth and stomach. d. decreases the efficiency of digestion. e. decreases the surface area of food particles.

a. increases the surface area of food particles.

The blink reflex is designed to a. keep the eyes moist. b. regulate pupil size. c. orient the eyes. d. provide clearer vision. e. maintain balance.

a. keep the eyes moist.

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of a. lipids. b. disaccharides. c. All of these choices are correct. d. carbohydrates. e. proteins.

a. lipids

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? a. liver b. large intestine c. pharynx d. stomach

a. liver

The position of the head with respect to gravity is determined by the a. movements of otoliths in response to gravity. b. impulses transmitted from the macula of the semicircular canals. c. stimulation of the cochlear portion of the nerve. d. movements of perilymph in the vestibular chamber. e. shift in fluid in the semicircular canals.

a. movements of otoliths in response to gravity.

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex? a. norepinephrine b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. androgens e. glucocorticoids

a. norepinephrine

Which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor? a. oxytocin b. glucagon c. progesterone d. estrogen e. prolactin

a. oxytocin

Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function? a. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid b. chief cells - produce hormones c. endocrine cells - produce enzymes d. chief cells - produce mucus e. mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor

a. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the a. parotid glands. b. sublingual glands. c. submandibular glands. d. buccal glands. e. labial glands

a. parotid glands.

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, a. potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane. b. the filtrate does not change. c. water can easily enter or leave. d. potassium is concentrated in the filtrate. e. calcium ions are actively transported across the basal membrane.

a. potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane.

Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors? a. pressure and proprioception b. touch and temperature c. proprioception and temperature d. pressure and temperature e. taste and smell

a. pressure and proprioception

Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the a. proximal convoluted tubule. b. descending loop of Henle. c. collecting duct. d. distal convolute tubule. e. ascending loop of Henle.

a. proximal convoluted tubule.

Rhodopsin is found in the a. rods. b. choroid. c. pigmented retina. d. cones. e. amacrine cells.

a. rods

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the a. sclera. b. iris. c. retina. d. conjunctiva. e. choroid.

a. sclera.

The active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular a. secretion. b. elimination. c. filtration. d. reabsorption. e. excretion.

a. secretion.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? a. segmental contractions b. storage c. absorption of aspirin d. protein digestion

a. segmental contractions

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus? a. smell b. sight c. sound d. taste e. touch

a. smell

Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment? a. smell b. taste c. equilibrium d. hearing e. vision

a. smell

The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______. a. stimulate, inhibit b. inhibit, inhibit c. inhibit, stimulate d. stimulate, stimulate

a. stimulate, inhibit

Angiotensin II a. stimulates aldosterone secretion. b. acts on the collecting ducts to increase reabsorption of water. c. is formed from angiotensin I by the action of renin. d. is a potent vasodilator. e. decreases blood pressure.

a. stimulates aldosterone secretion.

The junction of a neuron with another cell is/an a. synapse b. ganglion c. receptor d. effector

a. synapse

When the tubular maximum for a substance is exceeded, a. the excess remains in the urine. b. more of the substance is actively secreted. c. less of the substance is filtered in the renal corpuscle. d. the excess goes into the blood. e. more of the substance is reabsorbed.

a. the excess remains in the urine.

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? a. the jejunum and duodenum b. the duodenum and ileum c. the ileum and jejunum d. the stomach and duodenum

a. the jejunum and duodenum

Chemical synapes are characterized by a. the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic terminal b. connexons that connect the pre- and postsynaptic terminal c. the absence of gap junctions d. receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal

a. the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic terminal

Axons contain a. the trigger zone b. foot processes c. Nissi bodies d. the soma e. the rough endoplasmic reticulum

a. the trigger zone

Which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid? a. vasa recta b. distal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. collecting duct

a. vasa recta

Tears a. wash foreign objects away from the eye. b. are produced only when a person cries. c. contain lysozyme to trap dust. d. contain little water. e. are very acidic and kill microbes.

a. wash foreign objects away from the eye.

Functions of the liver include a. detoxification of harmful chemicals. b. All of these are functions of the liver. c. bile production. d. production of many blood proteins. e. interconversion of nutrients.

b. All of these are functions of the liver.

Which of the following apply to the small intestine? a. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. b. All of these choices apply to the small intestine. c. Mixing and propulsion of chyme. d. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. e. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.

b. All of these choices apply to the small intestine.

Which of the following statements concerning the pancreas is true? a. The endocrine portion of the gland is called the zona reticularis. b. Both glucagon and insulin are produced in the islets of Langerhans. c. The pancreas is located above the liver. d. Most of the hormones produced by the pancreas flow into the pancreatic duct. e. Alpha and beta cells are associated with the acini.

b. Both glucagon and insulin are produced in the islets of Langerhans.

Night blindness could be caused by a. a lack of cones. b. a lack of rhodopsin. c. too much vitamin A in the diet. d. a lack of iodopsin. e. a lack of vitamin C in the diet.

b. a lack of rhodopsin.

The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is a. secretion. b. absorption. c. chemical digestion. d. peristalsis.

b. absorption.

Enterokinase a. increases duodenal motility. b. activates trypsinogen. c. digests proteins. d. triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder. e. is a hormone.

b. activates trypsinogen.

The semicircular canals a. can detect movement in only one direction. b. allow a person to detect movement in all directions. c. contain cupulae that respond to gravity. d. are parallel to each other. e. have a base called a papilla.

b. allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must a. be one of the seven primary classes of odors. b. be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. c. interact with the mechanoreceptors of the olfactory hair membrane. d. enter the nose slowly. e. be present in high concentrations.

b. be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.

A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is a. pancreatic lipase. b. chymotrypsin. c. amylase. d. ribonuclease. e. enterogastrone.

b. chymotrypsin.

Mechanoreceptors respond to a. binding of molecules to membrane receptors. b. compression of receptors. c. a change in temperature. d. light striking the receptors. e. irritation of nerve endings.

b. compression of receptors.

Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will a. increase awareness of pain b. decrease awareness of pain c. increase amount of pain d. decrease amount of pain e. have no effect on awareness or amount of pain

b. decrease awareness of pain

Pacinian corpuscles respond to a. temperature and pain. b. deep cutaneous pressure and vibration. c. stretch and tension. d. an increase in tendon tension. e. light touch.

b. deep cutaneous pressure and vibration.

Palpebrae is another name for the a. conjunctiva. b. eyelids. c. eyelashes. d. eyes. e. eyebrows.

b. eyelids

The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae. a. formate b. foliate c. filiform d. vallate e. fungiform

b. foliate

The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the a. renal rate. b. glomerular filtration rate. c. filtration fraction. d. clearance fraction. e. renal fraction.

b. glomerular filtration rate.

The esophagus a. produces two enzymes that digest proteins. b. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. c. has thin walls of connective tissue. d. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. e. extends from the fauces to the stomach.

b. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

The juxtamedullary nephrons a. have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla. b. have long loops of Henle. c. have short loops of Henle. d. are found next to the renal capsule. e. comprise 85% of all nephrons.

b. have long loops of Henle.

The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to a. promote peristalsis. b. increase surface area for absorption. d. liberate hormones. d. stimulate chemical digestion. e. produce bile.

b. increase surface area for absorption.

What is/are the function(s) of inhibin? a. inhibits secretion of estrogen from the ovaries b. inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland c. inhibits secretion of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland d. All of the choices are functions of inhibin.

b. inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

Color vision a. is interpreted in the cerebellum. b. is a function of cone cells. c. depends on the amount of available rhodopsin. d. is most acute in dim light. e. is the interaction between rods and cones.

b. is a function of cone cells.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? a. absorption of nutrients b. mastication of food c. complete digestion of food d. mixing by segmental contractions

b. mastication of food

The renal papillae extend into the a. cortex. b. minor calyces. c. major calyces. d. renal columns.

b. minor calyces.

Saliva a. does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth. b. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. c. increases ulceration in the mouth. d. is produced only when there is food in the mouth. e. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.

b. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

Which of the following glands is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland? a. adrenal gland b. pancreas c. pituitary gland d. parathyroid gland e. thyroid gland

b. pancreas

Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of a. osmotic gradient. b. peristaltic contractions. c. gravity. d. a concentration gradient. e. a pressure gradient.

b. peristaltic contractions.

Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide information on the location of a moving hand are known as a. primary receptors. b. phasic receptors. c. tonic receptors. d.secondary receptors.

b. phasic receptors.

Formation of filtrate depends on a a. osmotic gradient. b. pressure gradient. c. concentration gradient. d. volume gradient. e. temperature gradient.

b. pressure gradient.

Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the eardrum. Symptoms that may occur include a.light headedness. b.hearing impairment. c.dizziness. d.ringing in the ears. e.feeling of a "full" ear.

b.hearing impairment.

To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive? a. red, violet, and yellow b. red, blue, and green c. blue, red, and yellow d.violet, green, and blue e. orange, indigo, and violet

b. red, blue, and green

Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor? a. cleanses the eye correct b. refraction of light rays c. generation of a visual image d. control the amount of light entering the eye e. nourishment of the eye

b. refraction of light rays

A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called a. deglutition. b. segmental contraction. c. peristalsis. d. mass movement.

b. segmental contraction.

What type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule? a. simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia b. simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium d. stratified squamous epithelium

b. simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

What is the function of the gallbladder? a. store bicarbonate b. store and concentrate bile c. add pigment to bile d. produce bile

b. store and concentrate bile

The urinary bladder a. empties to the exterior via the ureters. b. stores urine until it is voided. c. contains a muscle called the trigone. d. is superior to the kidney. e. filters urine.

b. stores urine until it is voided.

If the charge difference across the plasme membrane is decreased a. the potential difference across the plasma membrane does not charge b. the membrane potential is more positive c. the charge is called hyperpolarization d. negative proteins can leave the cell e. the membrane potential is more negative

b. the membrane potential is more positive

Passage of proteins into Bowman's capsule is prevented by a. the size of the proteins. b. the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins. c. the size of the capillary pores. d. the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes. e. filtration pressure.

b. the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins.

Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as a. primary receptors. b. tonic receptors. c. secondary receptors. d. phasic receptors.

b. tonic receptors.

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the a. renal columns. b. ureter. c. calyces. d. renal tubules. e. urethra.

b. ureter

Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve. a. accessory b. vagus c. cardiac d. gastric

b. vagus

At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours. a. 90 liters b. 200 liters c. 180 liters d. 45 liters e. 125 liters

c. 180 Liters

Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them. (1) loop of Henle (2) Bowman's capsule (3) distal convoluted tubule (4) proximal convoluted tubule a. 3, 4, 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 2, 4, 1, 3 d. 4, 2, 1, 3 e. 2, 4, 3, 1

c. 2, 4, 1, 3

A decrease in blood volume will result in a. decreased blood pressure. b. increased ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion. c. All of the choices will occur. d. decreased urine volume.

c. All of the choices will occur.

Which of the following is true? a. Epinephrine increases GI tract activity. b. Epinephrine decreases heart rate. c. Epinephrine increases blood pressure. d. The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks). e. Epinephrine is a chemical of the parasympathetic nervous system.

c. Epinephrine increases blood pressure.

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system? a. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure. b. Prepares the body for physical activity and stress. c. Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear. d. Controls development and functions of the reproductive system. e. Regulates the rate of metabolism.

c. Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear.

Which of the following statements is false? a. Adaptation for taste is rapid. b. Each taste bud is most sensitive to one of the five basic tastes. c. Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high. d. Olfaction influences taste. e. Sensitivities for sweet and salty tastes are the lowest.

c. Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle? a. The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control. b. The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. c. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. d. The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.

c. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

Increased fluid accumulation in the cornea would result in a. blockage of light rays. b. a decrease in the strength of the tissue. c. a scattering of light rays. d. loss of pigment in the eye. e. an increase in the ability to transmit light to the retina.

c. a scattering of light rays.

Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in a. mastication of food. b. propulsion of food through the digestive tract. c. absorption of food. d. mixing of food. e. elimination of undigested food.

c. absorption of food.

Which pancreatic cells is correctly matched to its secretion? a. delta cells - insulin b. acini cells - somatostatin c. alpha cells - glucagon d. beta cells - digestive enzymes

c. alpha cells - glucagon

What is found in an intestinal villus? a. brush border b. digestive enzymes c. blood capillaries and a lacteal d. Peyer patches and a lacteal

c. blood capillaries and a lacteal

The transparent mucous membrane that covers the anterior white surface of the eye is the a. sclera. b. conjunctival fornix. c. bulbar conjunctiva. d. palpebral conjunctiva. e. surface conjunctiva.

c. bulbar conjunctiva.

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder? a. secretin b. vagal stimulation c. cholecystokinin d. large amounts of protein in the chyme

c. cholecystokinin

Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility? a. large amounts of fiber in the diet b. gastrin c. cholecystokinin (CCK) d. chewing and swallowing food e. vagal stimulation

c. cholecystokinin (CCK)

In the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole? a. dilation of the afferent arteriole b. constriction of the glomerulus c. constriction of the afferent arteriole d. dilation of the efferent arteriole

c. constriction of the afferent arteriole

The enteric plexus a. is a valve in the GI tract. b. contains sympathetic neurons and fibers. c. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract. d. is found in the mucosa. e. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.

c. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

Which of the following situations occurs in electricity excitable cells a. when NA+ ion channels open, K+ ion channels close b. the sodium-potassium exchange pump moves sodium into the cell c. depolarization cause voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open d. ligand-gated sodium ion channels are opened by high extracellular calcium levels e. proteins lend to diffuse out of the cell

c. depolarization cause voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open

Which of the following situations might be the result of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids? a. increased plasma levels of ACTH b. weight loss c. depression of the immune response d. proteins and fats are unused e. hypoglycemia

c. depression of the immune response

What is the function of thymosin? a. regulates metabolism b. regulates sleep cycles c. development and maturation of the immune system d. development and maturation of the adrenal glands

c. development and maturation of the immune system

Tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures? a. urethra b. collecting duct c. distal convoluted tubule d. renal pelvis e. glomerulus

c. distal convoluted tubule

Aldosterone targets cells in the a. loop of Henle. b. proximal convoluted tubule. c. distal convoluted tubule. d. collecting duct. e. glomerulus.

c. distal convoluted tubule.

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the a. descending loop of Henle. b. proximal convoluted tubule. c. distal convoluted tubule. d. glomerulus. e. ascending loop of Henle.

c. distal convoluted tubule.

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility? a. All of the choices will stimulate intestinal motility b. presence of amino acids c. distension of the intestinal wall d. low pH

c. distension of the intestinal wall

The openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called a. macula densa. b. membrane channels. c. fenestrae. d. gap junctions. e. filtration slits.

c. fenestrae

Urine formation involves a. filtration of the plasma. b. secretion into the filtrate. c. filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate. d. production of red blood cells. e. reabsorption from the filtrate.

c. filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate.

The lens a. is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments. b. floats in the vitreous humor. c. focuses light on the retina. d. is biconcave. e. is normally opaque.

c. focuses light on the retina.

The posterior pituitary a. stores lipotropins. b. is not related to fluid balance in the body. c. has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus. d. produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. e. is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

c. has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.

Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The result of giving this drug would be a. decreased aldosterone production. b. decreased urine volume. c. increased urine output. d. increased osmolality of the urine. e. decreased osmolality of the filtrate.

c. increased urine output.

When blood sugar levels decrease, a. there is no change in insulin or glucagon levels. b. insulin secretion increases; glucagon secretion decreases. c. insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases. d.insulin and glucagon secretion increase. e.insulin and glucagon secretion decrease.

c. insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.

The cornea a. is highly vascular. b. maintains the shape of the eye. c. is part of the focusing system of the eye. d. is white like the rest of the sclera. e. does not contain connective tissue.

c. is part of the focusing system of the eye.

Depth perception a. requires the image to strike the retina of both eyes in exactly the same way. b. only works when looking down at water. c. is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance. d. relies on monocular vision. e. does not require cerebral interpretation.

c. is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance.

Which of the following hormones promotes the breakdown of fatty acids? a. gonadotropins b. thyrotropins c. lipotropins d. fatotropins e. somatotropins

c. lipotropins

Glucagon primarily influences cells of the a. smooth muscle. b. brain. c. liver. d. kidneys. e. pancreas.

c. liver

The motor neurons are responsible for making a fist are a. tripolar b. bipolar c. multipolar d. pseudo-unipolar e. none of these

c. multipolar

Multiple Sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neurological cells is being damaged a. astrocytes b. microglial cell c. oligodendrocyte d. ependymal cells e. Schwann cells

c. oligodendrocyte

What muscle forms the lips? a. orbicularis oculi muscle b. labial frenulum muscle c. orbicularis oris muscle d. buccinator muscle

c. orbicularis oris muscle

Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? a. bile and lipase b. bicarbonate and secretin c. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor d. trypsin and amylase e. amylase and lipase

c. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

Which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule? a. amino acids. b. bicarbonate. c. potassium ions. d. chloride ions. e. sodium.

c. potassium ions.

Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? a. lipid digestion b. enhanced carbohydrate digestion c. proper environment for functioning of pepsin d. activation of salivary amylase e. protein synthesis

c. proper environment for functioning of pepsin

The perception of position and movement of body parts is a. sensation. b. kinesthesia. c. proprioception. d. All of the choices are correct.

c. proprioception.

The hypothalamus a. is located superior to the thalamus. b. is also called the neurohypophysis. c. regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland. d. rests in the sella turcica. e. is located inferior to the pituitary gland.

c. regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland.

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of a. increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach. b. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells. c. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. d. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. e. contraction of the pyloric sphincter.

c. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid? a. laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx b. nothing - swallowing will be normal c. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity d. peristalsis will not begin e. the tongue might be swallowed

c. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity

When rhodopsin is exposed to light, a. retinal becomes more attached to opsin. b. the cones generate action potentials. c. retinal separates from opsin. d. more rhodopsin is formed. e. free retinal is converted to vitamin A.

c. retinal separates from opsin

Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina? a. lens b. suspensory ligaments c. rods and cones d. ciliary muscle e. pupil

c. rods and cones

The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when a. serum levels of TSH increase. b. serum calcium levels increase. c. serum calcium levels decrease. d. serum levels of sodium levels increase. e. serum levels of TSH decrease.

c. serum calcium levels decrease.

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the a. tongue. b. hard palate. c. soft palate. d. palatine tonsils. e. epiglottis.

c. soft palate.

The gallbladder a. is attached to the pancreas. b. breaks down red blood cells. c. stores bile. d. produces secretin. e. produces bile.

c. stores bile.

The main hormone of the male reproductive system is a. follicle-stimulating hormone. b. progesterone. c. testosterone. d. luteinizing hormone.

c. testosterone.

The kidneys produce renin when a. the peritubular capillaries dilate. b. the urine becomes acidic. c. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases. d. sodium chloride concentration in the distal convoluted tubule increases. e. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole increases.

c. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases.

An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause a. a person to drink more water. b. the intestines to absorb more water. c. the kidney tubules to retain more water. d. All of the choices could occur.

c. the kidney tubules to retain more water.

Sensory structures that detect taste are a. palates. b. thermoreceptors. c. papillae. d. taste buds. e. ciliary membranes.

d. taste buds.

The amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland is regulated by a. the stress response. b. the amount of sleep a person gets. c. the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight). d. a person's individual metabolic rate. e. blood glucose levels.

c. the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight).

What part of the urinary bladder expands very little during bladder filling? a. transitional epithelium b. the neck c. the trigone d. the fundus

c. the trigone

Which of the following is a somatic sense? a. sight b. sound c. touch d. taste e. smell

c. touch

The malleus, incus, and stapes a. are parts of the cochlea. b. are located in the inner ear. c. transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window. d. are surrounded by fluid. e. are surrounded by endolymph.

c. transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that a. tubular secretion moves materials from the filtrate into the blood; tubular reabsorption moves materials from the blood into the filtrate. b. tubular reabsorption occurs in Bowman's capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary. c. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate. d. tubular reabsorption increases urine volume; tubular secretion decreases urine volume. e. tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport.

c. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.

Feces consist of a. undigestible food. b. bacteria. c. water. d. All of these are found in feces. e. sloughed-off epithelial cells.

d. All of these are found in feces.

Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone? a. Stimulates osteoclast activity resulting in the release of calcium. b. Stimulates absorption of calcium from the small intestine. c. Stimulates increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. d. Decreases the release of phosphate from bone. e. Increases enzymatic formation of active vitamin D.

d. Decreases the release of phosphate from bone.

Which of the following stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary? a. ACTH b. prolactin c. LH d. FSH e. ADH

d. FSH

What is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR? a. GFR increases b. GFR increases, then decreases c. GFR is not affected d. GFR decreases

d. GFR decreases

Why does a person's nose run when he cries? a.Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes the nose to secrete mucus. b.The lacrimal glands secrete tears directly into the nose. c.This stimulates fluid production in the nose. d.Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct. e.Intense stimulation of the facial nerve as a result of crying increases nasal secretions.

d. Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.

The kidney functions in a. white blood cell production. b. preventing blood loss. c. synthesis of vitamin E. d. excretion of metabolic wastes. e. production of the hormone aldosterone

d. excretion of metabolic wastes.

Intrinsic factor a. causes the release of stomach acid. b. increases gastric motility. c. stimulates the synthesis of DNA. d. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. e. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid

d. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the kidneys? a. decrease in kidney size b. loss of nephrons c. decreased response to hormonal control of urine volume d. a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis

d. a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called a. conduction. b. projection. c. translation. d. adaptation e. phantom pain.

d. adaptation

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that a. once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon b. the whole axon depolarizes at the same time c. one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site d. an action potential is conducted from one node of ranvier to the next node

d. an action potential is conducted from one node of ranvier to the next node

Renin converts a. angiotensin II to angiotensin III. b. angiotensin II to angiotensin I. c. angiotensin I to angiotensin II. d. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. e. angiotensinogen to angiotensin II.

d. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Cochlear neurons are stimulated by a. vibrating the oval window. b. turning the spiral organ. c. vibrations of the tectorial membrane. d. bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells. e. movement of the otoliths in the endolymph.

d. bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? a. sticking the tongue out b. retracting the tongue c. moving the tongue side to side d. changing the tongue shape during swallowing

d. changing the tongue shape during swallowing

Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the a. choroid. b. retina. c. lacrimal gland. d. conjunctiva. e. sclera.

d. conjunctiva.

The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the a. iris. b. retina. c. pupil. d. cornea e. choroid.

d. cornea

Which of the following is NOT an action of angiotensin II? a. vasoconstriction of arterioles b. increases ADH secretion c. increases aldosterone secretion d. decreases peripheral resistance e. increases thirst

d. decreases peripheral resistance

What muscle is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition? a. internal urinary sphincter b. trigone c. micturition mucle d. detrusor muscle

d. detrusor muscle

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of a. smell. b. hearing and taste. c. hearing and sight. d. hearing and balance. e. taste.

d. hearing and balance.

John Smith works outdoors in the winter at a ski resort. His thyroid hormone levels are a. lower in the winter to conserve body heat. b. lowered in the summer after his job to decrease body temperature. c. increased in the summer after his job to increase body temperature. d. higher in the summer after his job to increase body temperature e. unaffected by his job

d. higher in the summer after his job to increase body temperature

An injection of epinephrine would a. decrease heart rate, decrease gastric motility, and increase blood pressure. b. decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility. c. have no effect on the heart or the GI tract. d. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility. e. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility.

d. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility.

A function of insulin is to a. increase glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle. b. decrease the uptake of amino acids by its target tissues. c. increase breakdown of fats. d. increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues. e. increase gluconeogenesis.

d. increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.

Urine volume ____ when ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion decreases. a. declines b. None of these choices are correct. c. decreases d. increases e. is not affected

d. increases

Growth hormone a. decreases the use of fat as an energy source. b. facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells. c. increases the use of glucose for energy. d. increases amino acid uptake in cells. e. decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.

d. increases amino acid uptake in cells.

Which portion of the ear contains the sense organs for hearing and balance? a. auditory tube b. tympanic membrane. c. middle ear d. inner ear e. external ear

d. inner ear

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the a. retina. b. sclera. c. ciliary ring d. iris e. ciliary muscle.

d. iris

The intestinal phase of gastric secretion a. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. b. only stimulates gastric secretion. c. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum. d. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. e. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.

d. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

Light refracts as it passes through the a. lens, aqueous humor, and sclera. b. cornea, retina, and vitreous humor. c. vitreous humor, sclera, and iris. d. lens, cornea and humors of the eye. e. sclera, iris, and retina.

d. lens, cornea and humors of the eye.

What percent of filtrate becomes urine? a. 10% b. 5% c. 90% d. less than 1% e. 80%

d. less than 1%

Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? a. mixing waves b. chemical digestion c. mastication d. mass movements e. neutralization

d. mass movements

What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine? a. moving intestinal contents into the colon b. propelling the chyme forward c. stretching the intestinal wall d. mixing of intestinal contents

d. mixing of intestinal contents

Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by a. hormones of the thalamus. b. the overall rate of metabolism. c. neurons from the hypothalamus. d. neurohormones of the hypothalamus. e. itself (anterior pituitary) because it is the master gland of the body.

d. neurohormones of the hypothalamus.

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheaths are called a. internodes b. tight junctions c. neurofilaments d. nodes of ranvier e. gap junctions

d. nodes of ranvier

The sensory cells for hearing are located in the a. oval window. b. vestibule. c. semicircular canals. d. organ of Corti or spiral organ. e. middle ear.

d. organ of Corti or spiral organ.

The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is a. biliary juice. b. salivary juice. c. gastric juice. d. pancreatic juice. e. hepatic juice.

d. pancreatic juice.

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? a. segmentation b. the tongue c. pharyngeal constriction d. peristalsis

d. peristalsis

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the a. dendrites b. cell body c. axolemma d. presynaptic terminals e. trigger zone

d. presynaptic terminals

If GH (growth hormone) secretion is deficient in a newborn, the child will a. probably experience increased bone growth. b. mature sexually at an earlier age. c. be in constant danger of dehydration. d. probably experience reduced bone growth. e. develop acromegaly as an adult.

d. probably experience reduced bone growth.

The blood-brain barrier a. permits passage of foreign substances from the blood to nerons b. prohibits the transport of amino acids and glucose to the neurons c. prohibits the removal of waste materials from the neurons d. protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood e. does not prevent fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain

d. protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. apical foramen - blood supply b. root - root canal c. crown - enamel d. pulp cavity - cementum e. alveoli - periodontal ligament

d. pulp cavity - cementum

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes a. oxytocin. b. angiotensin. c. aldosterone. d. renin. e. ADH.

d. renin

The utricle and saccule are involved in a. evaluating movements of the head. b. hearing low intensity sounds. c. kinetic balance. d. static balance. e. hearing high intensity sounds.

d. static balance.

The proximal convoluted tubule is a. permeable to water if ADH is present. b. lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli. c. impermeable to water. d. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption. e. the site of water secretion.

d. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.

T3 and T4 are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as part of the _____ molecule. a. thyrotropin b. calcitonin c. thyroxine-binding protein d. thyroglobulin e. thyroid-stimulating hormone

d. thyroglobulin

The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules a. collect filtrate from Bowman's capsule. b. do not alter their permeability to water. c. actively transport sodium ions but not chloride ions. d. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present. e. reabsorb glucose.

d. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present.

When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects? a. Pain receptors are inhibited by both very hot and very cold objects. b. Most temperature receptors cannot differentiate hot from cold. c. Temperatures above 37 degrees centigrade actually stimulate the cold receptors. d. Temperature perception requires more than one type of receptor. e. At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.

e. At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.

Which hormone is required for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum? a. MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) b. prolactin c. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) d. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) e. LH (luteinizing hormone)

e. LH (luteinizing hormone)

Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by a. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). b. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone). c. MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone). d. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). e. LH (luteinizing hormone).

e. LH (luteinizing hormone).

Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post-operatively, Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to life-threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to a. post-traumatic stress disorder. b. improper laboratory handling of blood samples. c. thyroid hormone replacement therapy after the surgery. d. damage to the anterior pituitary during surgery. e. accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.

e. accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron? a. renal corpuscle b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. distal convoluted tubule e. collecting duct

e. collecting duct

The pigmented layer of the retina a. determines the color of the iris. b. causes increased scattering of incoming light. c. protects the optic nerve from damage. d. is the vascular layer of the retina. e. enhances visual acuity and reduces scattering of light.

e. enhances visual acuity and reduces scattering of light.

Overproduction of cerebralspinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the a. astrocytes b. microglial cell c. oligodendrocyte d. macrophages e. ependymal cells

e. ependymal cells

The auditory tube a. helps maintain balance. b. carries sound to the eardrum. c. amplifies sound waves. d. carries sound to the inner ear. e. equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

e. equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

The area of greatest visual acuity is the a. blind spot. b. optic disc. c. lens. d. posterior chamber. e. fovea centralis.

e. fovea centralis.

Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion? a. cholecystokinin b. acidic chyme in duodenum c. pepsin d. secretin e. gastrin

e. gastrin

The network of capillaries that is located in Bowman's capsule is called the a. efferent arteriole. b. peritubular capillary. c. vasa recta. d. proximal convoluted capillary. e. glomerulus.

e. glomerulus.

Increased insulin secretion immediately following a meal will result in increased a. glycogenolysis. b. gluconeogenesis. c. fat catabolism. d. release of glucose into the circulatory system. e. glycogen synthesis.

e. glycogen synthesis.

Vitreous humor a. is less viscous than aqueous humor. b. is produced on a daily basis. c. does not contribute to intraocular pressure. d. is located in the anterior chamber. e. helps to hold the lens and retina in place.

e. helps to hold the lens and retina in place.

High blood glucose levels cause an increased secretion of a. glucagon. b. erythropoietin. c. calcitonin. d. growth hormone. e. insulin.

e. insulin.

A neuron within the CNS that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a(n)______ a. motor neuron b. sensory neuron c. afferent neuron d. efferent neuron e. interneuron

e. interneuron

Which of the following ions is necessary for thyroid hormone production? a. sodium b. calcium c. chlorine d. potassium e. iodine

e. iodine

a neuromodulator a. acts as a neurotransmitter b. inactivates neurotransmitters c. is a receptor site for a neurotransmitter d. has no influence on the amount of neurotransmitter released e. is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters

e. is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters

The adrenal medulla a. decreases its secretions during stress. b. is the outer layer of the adrenal glands. c. has acetylcholine as its major secretory product. d. is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. e. plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.

e. plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.

Removal of the anterior pituitary would affect the functioning of the a. kidney. b. adrenal medulla. c. parathyroid gland. d. pancreas isles of Langerhans in the pancreas. e. thyroid gland.

e. thyroid gland.

Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate? a. amylase - starch b. lipase - fat c. deoxyribonucleases - DNA d. pepsin - protein e. trypsin - nucleic acids

e. trypsin - nucleic acids

Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney? a. regulate synthesis of vitamin D b. regulate synthesis of RBCs c. maintenance of fluid balance d. excretion of waste E. urine storage

e. urine storage

The attenuation reflex a.enhances low frequency sounds. b.involves the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. c.vibrates the tympanic membrane. d.amplifies loud noises. e.prevents damage to delicate ear structures.

e.prevents damage to delicate ear structures.

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during a. the voluntary phase of swallowing. b. the gastric phase of swallowing. c. the oral phase of swallowing. d. the esophageal phase of swallowing. e.the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

e.the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.