Anatomy Final Exam Study Guide

____ is the development of bone as an embryo; ____ is the development of bone across our entire lives.

Calcification; ossification

What can you do to help prevent and relieve muscle cramps?

Drink water and take deep breaths.

Cells are the smallest, most basic part of your body that are studied in anatomy.

False

The first study of the structure of the body was conducted in hospitals on plague victims.

False

The word physiology comes from a combination of the Greek words for "motion" and "knowledge."

False

Why do healthcare professionals divide the body into different planes and regions?

It helps describe specific locations of pain, discoloration, or injury.

You're a forensic scientist who discovers a frozen body with a broken leg. The fracture is wide, and a soft callus seems to have formed. What could you safely estimate about the length of time between the leg breaking and the time of death?

The victim died about two weeks after breaking their leg.

You're a forensic scientist who discovers a frozen body with a broken leg. The fracture is narrow, and a hard callus seems to have formed. What could you safely estimate about the length of time between the leg breaking and the time of death?

The victim died at least three weeks after breaking their leg.

You're a forensic scientist who discovers a frozen body with a broken leg. There's highly visible bruising around the fracture site. What could you safely estimate about the length of time between the leg breaking and the time of death?

The victim died within a few days of breaking their leg.

In order to understand human physiology, you must also have a good grasp of human anatomy.

True

What is a good example of homeostasis?

a corpse preserved at "absolute zero" temperature

A cell has few proteins in it; the fluid it is in has a high density of proteins. What is necessary for the cell to move proteins outside of itself?

active transport

______ is the study of the structure or form of the body and its parts.

anatomy

Memorizing all the bones in your body is _____; understanding how food is digested in your body is:

anatomy; physiology.

Imagine an archeologist said they found an "osseous knife" used by ancient humans. What would you expect the knife to be made of?

bone

Atoms are to molecules as:

bricks are to walls.

Anabolic metabolism is most similar to:

building a house out of bricks.

Drawing a cartoon in pencil, then going back over it later with an ink pen, is most similar to which biological process?

calcification

What is an example of an accurate representation of the level or organization of the body, from smallest to largest?What is an example of a hinge joint?

carbon atom, blood cell, heart tissue, heart

What is the smallest structural unit in the human body that contains the basic characteristics of living things?

cells

Which is the smallest level of organization in the body?

chemical

Which physiologist(s) discovered that for cells to remain healthy, the fluid they are bathed in had to be balanced just right?

claude bernard

What part of the cell is made up of organelles and molecules floating in cytosol?

cytoplasm

What might a developmental anatomist study?

differences in athletes training at age 18 and age 50

Protein molecules floating in a cell naturally move out of it when there is a higher concentration of protein in a cell than outside of it. This equalization of these molecules is an example of which process?

diffusion

Mitosis involves ___, while meiosis involves ____.

diploids; haploids

Your skull is in your ____ cavity.

dorsal

You've reflexively pulled your hand back after touching a stinging jellyfish. What part of the body control mechanism is represented by you taking this action?

effector mechanism

What represents the process by which bones increase in length and are stimulated by growth hormone?

endochondral ossification

Hypothyroidism is a disease affecting which body system?

endocrine

where would you find a condyle

epiphysis of long bones

When you sweat, which type of tissue is most at work?

epithelial

Amphiarthroses come in multiple types, but diarthroses are all one type.

false

Because they are so critical to the human body, nerve cells repair and regenerate more quickly than almost any other cell type.

false

Cancellous bone tissue makes up most of the total weight of the human skeleton.

false

Cartilage has the unique ability to contract to pull the bones and help the body move.

false

Humans have the most complex DNA in the world; we have more pairs of chromosomes than any other animal, plant, or fungus.

false

The opposite of proximal is lateral.

false

The outermost part of the cell is referred to as the cytoplasm.

false

The thoracic and abdominal cavities are the largest body compartments.Cartilage, compared to bone, is:

false

Typical cells used to learn the anatomy of a cell are simple blood cells, common to every mammal on earth!

false

Unlike other tissues, bone is made up of calcium instead of fibers, proteins, and sugars.

false

When a non-diabetic person eats a candy bar, their pancreas produces blood glucose to balance out the sudden increase in insulin.

false

You're a forensic scientist who found a thin, curved bone with two thin layers of compact tissue around a middle layer of cancellous tissue. You would guess right away that this is what type of bone?

flat bone

Which plane separates your chest from your spine?

frontal

How a body part _____ depends on its _____, and vice versa.

functions; structure

Ribosomes are to the RER as:

gas stations are to a highway

Which items represents the part of a cell responsible for modifying protein and exporting it from the cell?

golgi apparatus

What would a regional anatomist study?

how adrenaline from glands affects the heart

Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?

hyoid

The bone matrix, structurally, is most similar to:

ice cubes

The iliac region is ____ to the lumbar region.

inferior

Negative feedback loops are ____; positive feedback loops are ____.

inhibitory; stimulatory

Your brain registers the painful sensation caused by you touching something that stings your hand. What part of the body control mechanism is represented by this analysis of the signal your nerve cells sent?

integration center

As you age, your hip bones go through:

intramembranous ossification.

Your ear is ____ to your brain.

lateral

In a classic anatomical position, your fingers are ____ and ____ to your heart.

lateral; inferior

What joints are a good representation of diarthroses?

leg bone connected to your hip

A tonsillectomy removes an element from which body system?

lymphatic and immune

What phase of mitosis is a DNA researcher most likely to focus on if they wanted to visually study the structure of a DNA strand?

metaphase

What is the study of the smallest structures in the body called?

microscopic anatomy

Which part of the cell is most like a power plant in a small city?

mitochondria

Vesicles store ____; lysosomes are filled with ____.

molecules; enzymes

Which type of tissue is most related to maintaining homeostasis by causing shivering on a cold day?

muscle

What would a histologist study?

muscle tissue

Your heart is made up primarily of which type of tissue?

muscle tissue

While the human heart is mostly ____ tissue to help it contract, it is part of the ____ system because it transports oxygen and blood through the body.

muscle; circulatory

Cells that make up which tissue system can have fiber-like projections attached to them that are up to three feet in length?

nervous

Cytoplasm is made up of ____.

organelles, molecules, and cytosol

If you drop a human cell into pure water in a petri dish, water molecules will pass into the cell membrane, causing the cell to swell or sometimes even burst if it has no active mechanism to expel the water. What process is happening here?

osmosis

How many different types of cells are there in the human body?

over 200

We understand why being afraid causes "goosebumps" because of the study of:

physiology

______ is the study of the functions of the body and its parts.

physiology

What would a cytologist study?

red blood cells

where are red blood cells produced

red bone marrow of long bones in epiphysis

Most bone development after the age of 18 is considered:

remodeling

When you have a cold, which of your body systems is most affected?

respiratory

You touch a stinging nettle and feel a pain in your hand. What part of the body control mechanism is represented by your hand generating a signal of pain?

sensor mechanism

Which type of bone would not have an epiphysis?

sphenoid (base of your skull)

Which condition best represents homeostasis?

sweating on a hot day

Which part of a cell is most like the cockpit of a plane?

the nucleus

Which analogy most closely represents the number of cells in an average-sized adult human?

the number of grains of sand on a fairly large beach

Cellular respiration centers around ____.

the production of atp

What might be studied as part of a course on gross anatomy?

the stomach

What is a major orienting region for the abdominal cavity?

the umbilical region

In anatomy, what does "hypochondriac" refer to?

the upper abdomen

All cells, regardless of type, build themselves, build tissues, and transport and make products.

true

DNA is stored in the cell nucleus.

true

Each cell in the human body has a membrane, a single nucleus, and cytoplasm.

true

On most of your body, your most superficial organ is your skin.

true

Osteogenic cells are the only bone cells that divide.Saddle joints are similar to condyloid joints in that both have multiple possible movements, but neither can rotate.

true

Systematic anatomy focuses on the study of each of the body systems separately.

true

The dorsal cavity is formed early in fetal development.

true

The synovial membrane provides lubrication for joints.

true

The term "cell" emerged in biology because, under early microscopes, cells looked like rooms monks slept in at a monastery.

true

The word anatomy comes from Greek for "to cut up."

true

When we are born, our bones are not yet fully formed.

true

If a cell was producing too much energy, which component would step in to hold the energy until it was needed?

vesicles

where do adults store adipose

yellow bone marrow in diaphysis