ANATOMY FINAL
The lens divides the interior of the eye into two spaces. What are these?
Anterior and posterior cavities
The iris divides the anterior cavity of the eye into two spaces. What are they?
Anterior and posterior chambers
What depressions lie between the ventricles of the heart?
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
Spinal nerves are formed by the convergence of what structures within what structure?
Anterior and posterior roots within the intervertebral foramen
What is the motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Anterior muscles of the brachium
What is the opening between the root canal of a tooth and the surrounding connective tissue?
Apical foramen
What type of sweat gland produces a distinct odor?
Apocrine glands
What are sheets of tissue that connect muscle to bone, skin, or other structures?
Aponeuroses
What fluid fills lies between the lens and the cornea of the eye?
Aqueous humor
Which meninx is deep to and in contact with the dura?
Arachnoid (arachnoid mater or arachnoid membrane)
What is the study of joints?
Arthrology
What smooth, flat (or nearly flat) articular surfaces occur on a vertebra?
Articular Facets
What structure surrounds a synovial joint and forms its cavity?
Articular capsule (Joint capsule)
What is the smooth avascular tissue on the surface of a bone taking part in a joint?
Articular cartilage
What is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones called?
Articular cartilage
What stage of development occurs as fluids enter products of conception?
Blastocyst
What is a synonym for the large intestine?
Large bowel
What is the general shape of the bodies of lumbar vertebrae?
Large, round, oval (Bare Weight)
What region of the pharynx lies between the level of the hyoid bone and the superior border of the esophagus or the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
Laryngopharynx
What term of direction means away from the midline of the body?
Lateral
List the compartments that lie within the leg.
Lateral Anterior Posterior
What ligament connects the femur to the fibula and prevents hyperadduction?
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Identify: Origin: Superior head: Infratemporal surface and infra temporal crest of greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Inferior head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate. Insertion: Superior head: Articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint. Inferior head: Anterior side of madibular condyloid process. Action- Protracts mandible.
Lateral Pterygoid muscle
What is the first region of the large intestine?
Cecum
What is the heel bone?
Calcaneus
What type of movement occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally?
Lateral flexion
What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments
Within the spinal cord from T1-L2 what structures contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?
Lateral horns
What ligament binds the fibula to the foot and prevents over inversion?
Lateral ligament
List the three autonomic plexuses associated with the GI tract.
Celiac plexus Superior mesenteric plexus Inferior mesenteric plexus
What unpaired blood vessel arises from the abdominal aorta and splits into three branches that supply the stomach, part of the duodenum, the liver, and the spleen?
Celiac trunk
The branches of what three arteries supply the abdominal GI tract?
Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery
What part of a neuron holds the nucleus and is the control center of the cell?
Cell body
What is the function of the thymus?
Cell-mediated immunity
What level of organization deals with the basic structural and functional unit of life?
Cellular
Based on anatomical components, what division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What are the anatomical borders of the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Central sulcus Lateral sulcus
Within the spinal cord where is gray matter located and how is it shaped?
Centrally H-shaped or butterfly-shaped
What are the rodlike organelles which product spindle fibers during cell division?
Centrioles
What is the centriole-containing region of clear cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus?
Centrosome
What is the anatomical term for the head?
Cephalic region
What is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?
Cerebral cortex
What are the two halves of the cerebrum?
Cerebral hemispheres
What are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle?
Cerebral nuclei
Within the interior of the brain what are clusters of gray matter?
Cerebral nuclei
Within the midbrain what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?
Cerebral peduncles
Within what phylum is our species classified?
Chordata
What blood vessel is the main arterial supply of the lower extremity?
External iliac artery
What cranial nerves carry impulses from taste buds?
Facial nerve (CN VII) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
What portion of the ischium fuses with the pubis medially?
Ischial ramus
Which arch of the foot is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuneiform bones?
Medial arch
List the three arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch
What is the hammer like structure of the tibia that forms the prominence on the medial side of the ankle?
Medial malleolus
In what stage do the products of conception enter the uterus?
Morula
Based on movement with respect three intersecting perpendicular planes, what type of synovial joint moves in multiple planes?
Multiaxial (triaxial)
Define cranial nerve.
Nerves that extend from the brain
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that extend from the brain.
Define spinal nerve.
Nerves that extend from the spinal cord
What is the thickened portion of tissue over the notochord called
Neural plate
What type of tissue lines the oropharynx?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue lines the superior portion of the larynx?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What minor plane passes through the body or specimen at an angle?
Oblique Plane
What opening in the os coxae is formed by the pubis and ischium?
Obturator foramen
What is the main nerve of the anterior division of the lumbar plexus?
Obturator nerve
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
Occipital lobe
What are the three meeting points of the edges of the scapula?
-superior angle -inferior angle -lateral angle
The scapula is a flat bone. What are its three edges?
-superior border -medial (vertebral) border -lateral (axillary) border
List the four functions of bone as given by the authors.
-support and protection -movement -hemopoiesis -storage of mineral and energy reserves.
What portion of the spinal cord is composed of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and unmyelinated axons?
Gray matter
What three joints occur at what is commonly called the elbow?
-humeroulnar joint -humeroradial joint -proximal radioulnar joint
What disease is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S.?
Diabetes mellitus
Identify: Origin- Xiphoid proces, costal cartilages of last six ribs and lumbar vertebrae. Insertion- Central tendon. Action-Pulls central tendon inferiorly.
Diaphragm
What muscular partition separates the ventral cavity into two smaller cavities?
Diaphragm
What is another term for the shaft of a long bone?
Diaphysis
What gland releases their products onto epithelial surfaces?
Exocrine
What are some examples of elastic arteries?
Aorta Pulmonary artery Brachiocephalic artery Common carotid artery Subclavian artery Common iliac artery
The ascending aorta leads into what other segment of the aorta?
Aortic arch
What structure prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle as that ventricle relaxes?
Aortic valve
What part of the patella points inferiorly?
Apex
What portion of each lung is the superior, blunt end?
Apex
Where do gomphoses occur in the human body?
Articulations of the teeth.
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
How far superiorly does each lung extend?
Superior to the clavicle
Within the leg what nerve innervates the plantar flexors of the foot and the flexors of the toes?
Tibial nerve
Onto what feature of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?
Tibial tuberosity
What structures extend from both sides of the uterus toward the ovaries?
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts)
What processes of the bones hold the teeth?
Alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible
What is function of Microvilli?
To increase surface area
What is the cutaneous innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
Anteroinferior part of the leg Most of the dorsum of the foot
what four lines of evidence did Darwin propose in his book on evolution? (not the four main points of Darwin's theory)
Biography Paleontology Morphology Embryology
What is the major, middle region of the uterus?
Body
What part of the pubis articulates with the pubis on the opposite side of the body?
Body
What is the anterior, cylindrical weight-bearing portion of a vertebra?
Body (centrum, plural- centra)
What is the main part of a rib?
Body (shaft of rib)
What type of bone forms a latticework within an individual bone?
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Which type of bone forms a latticework inside of individual bones?
Cancellous (spongy) bone
What part of the skull do the temporal bones form?
inferior lateral walls part of the floor of the cranium
List three nasal conchae found on each side of the nasal cavity?
inferior nasal conchae middle nasal conchae superior nasal conchae
What region of the temporal bone forms the superior, lateral, flat area of the bone?
squamous region
What suture lies laterally between the parietal bone and temporal bone on each side?
squamousal suture
What facial bone articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum?
vomer
What unicellular glands occur within simple columnar epithelium?
Goblet cells
What are the heterocrine glands of the body?
Pancreas and gonads (testes and ovaries)
What are lines of cleavage?
Parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the skin resulting from the direction of applied stress during routine movement.
A bit of dirt gets blown into your eye. Tears flow. What division of the ANS brings about the flow?
Parasympathetic
A test in the Testing Center takes longer than you anticipated. Now you're late for your next class. You jog. You arrive and settle into your seat. The airways in your lungs constrict was you catch your breath. What division of the ANS brings about this constriction?
Parasympathetic
What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores and has been nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division?
Parasympathetic
What division of the ANS may process and control certain functions at the level of the spinal cord without involvement of the brain?
Parasympathetic
You miss lunch and only have time for a bag of chips. What division of the ANS brings about an increase in the production of saliva as you eat?
Parasympathetic
You walk from a relatively dim building into the brightness of a sunny winter's day. Your pupils constrict. What division of the ANS brings about this constriction?
Parasympathetic
What division of the ANS slows the heart rate?
Parasympathetic division
What hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands?
Parathyroid hormone
Of the membranes that line the ventral cavity, what layer adheres to the internal surface of the body wall?
Parietal layer
What layer of the serous pericardium lines the inner surface of the of the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
What part of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the wall?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the anatomical term for the area superficial to the sacrum?
Sacral region
What is the functional classification of synchondroses?
Synarthroses
What gelatinous matter fills the posterior cavity of the eye?
Vitreous humor
How is sound produced and modified by the respiratory system?
Vocal cords in the larynx vibrate. Sound is modified by the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips, and tongue.
List the primary functions of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
Voluntary motor functions Verbal communication Concentration Planning Personality Decision making
What are the major components of plasma?
Water Proteins Other solutes
What structure marks the superior border of the femoral artery?
Inguinal ligament
How do mobility and stability relate to one another?
Inversely- As one increases, the other decreases.
What type of movement occurs when the inter tarsal joints are moved to turn the sole of the foot medially?
Inversion
What is the prominent triangular projection of bone posterior to the acetabulum?
Ischial spine
What is the common origin of all the hamstrings?
Ischial tuberosity
What rough projections of the pelvic girdle bear the weight of the body in the sitting position?
Ischial tuberosity
Which arch of the foot is formed by the calcaneus and the cuboid and metatarsals IV and V?
Lateral longitudinal arch
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
Level of the sternal angle
What thin, vertical mucous memebrane attaches the floor of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?
Lingual frenulum
What surface of a tooth faces the tongue?
Lingual surface
What are the anterior terminations of the cheeks?
Lips
Clinically what might a localized redness of the integument indicate?
Localized irritation from trauma or infection.
What are the closed-ended tubes which are found among blood capillary networks and which work to collect excess interstitial fluid?
Lymphatic capillaries
What layer of tissue lines the lumen of the GI tract?
Mucosa
What layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle?
Myocardium
What is the study of muscle?
Myology
What is the thick, middle tunic of the uterus composed of smooth muscle?
Myometrium
What is the surgery involving the nervous system?
Neurosurgery
In this organ of exchange do the mother's blood and the embryo's blood mix?
No
What are the three main parts of these neurons?
● Cell body ● Dendrites ● Axon
What are the three basic components of connective tissue?
● Cells ● Protein fibers ● Ground substance
List the characteristics of epithelium.
● Cellularity - composed almost entirely of cells. ● Polarity - apical surface, basal surface. ● Attachment - attached to a basement membrane. ● Avascularity - lacks blood vessels. ● Innervation - some richly innervated, but most innervation is in the underlying connective tissue. ● High regeneration capacity - lost or damaged cells replaced quickly.
What are the two general types of epithelium composed of a single layer of cells that are taller than wide?
● Ciliated ● Nonciliated
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
● Deep portion of the dermis ● Perichondrium ● Periosteum ● Fibrous capsules around organs
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
● Dense regular connective tissue ● Dense irregular connective tissue ● Elastic connective tissue
What is the anatomical term for the fingers or toes?
● Digits ● Digits are numbered ● The thumb is #1, the index finger is #2, the middle finger is #3, the ring finger #4, the little finger #5 ● The great toe is #1. Moving laterally from the great toe, the other digits are numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5 with the little toe as #5
List three types of fibrous joints.
-Gomphosis -Suture -Syndesmosis
What layer of tissue is composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue that separates muscle from skin?
-Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous layer or hypodermis)
What direction are the articular surfaces of the lumbar vertebrae oriented? How does this affect their movement?
-Superior processes face medially -Inferior processes face laterally -Movement is in a sagittal plane allowing spinal flexion and extension
What are the three main functions of cartilage?
-Supports soft tissue -Provides gliding surface at articulations -Provides model for most bones
Based on function (the extent of movement), what are three types of joints?
-Synarthrosis -Amphiarthrosis -Diarthrosis
Based on the scientific method, what are some important characteristics of the type of information that would be best to use in evaluating issues related to science?
-Testable -Reproducible
What are four main points Darwin's theory of evolution?
1. heritable variation 2. competition 3. natural selection 4. adaptation and speciation
What cavity within the cranium holds the brain?
cranial cavity
What other regions of the body do small branches of the lumbar plexus innervate?
Abdominal wall The scrotum and the labia Interior portions of the abdominal muscles Sacral Plexus
What is the scroll-shaped bone of the inferior, lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
inferior nasal concha
What body cavity forms the inferior portion of the ventral cavity?
Abdominopelvic cavity
What type of movement is the lateral carrying away of a body part from the midline?
Abduction (A-B-duction)
Where is the heart located?
About a third of it is left of the midline posterior to the sternum in the middle mediastinum. The other two thirds is to the right of the midline.
When does this process begin?
About day 7
List the general functions of the lymphatic system.
Absorbs and transports excess interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. Absorbs and transports dietary lipids. Houses lymphocytes. Generates an immune response.
What is the passive or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into GI tract blood and lymphatic vessels?
Absorption
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Absorption & secretion
What are the general functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption or secretion
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up what portion of the digestive system?
Accessory digestive organs
With what feature of the pelvic girdle does the head of the femur articulate?
Acetabulum
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur Insertion: Posterior surface tuberosity of calcaneus via tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon) Action: Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantar flexing foot and flexing knee joint
plantaris
What is the anatomical term for the cheekbone?
zygomatic bone (zygoma)
What is cytosol?
The fluid of the cytoplasm.
What is a gene?
The fundamental unit of heredity
The hepatic portal vein and its three tributaries are sometimes drawn as a chair.
The hepatic portal vein is the back of the chair. The splenic vein is the seat. The superior mesenteric vein is the back leg. The inferior mesenteric is the front leg.
What is the inferior border of the femoral artery?
The hiatus of the adductor magnus
What is the proximal border of the popliteal vein?
The hiatus of the adductor magnus
What is the apex of the heart?
The inferior, conical end. It projects slightly anteroinferiorly towards the left side of the body.
What structure connects the pituitary gland to the brain?
The infundibulum
Mitochondria - What are they?
Bilayered, membranous organelles containing folds of inner membrane and functioning as the powerhouse of the cell.
What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?
Biliary apparatus
What is the variety of organisms considered at all taxonomic levels as well as the ecosystems which they are a part of?
Biodiversity
What is the fluid connective tissue?
Blood
List the functions of the urinary system.
Blood volume regulation Excretion of urine Storage of urine Remove waste products Regulation of erythrocyte production (Regulation of pH of the blood) (Regulation of electrolytes)
What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?
Body
What is the largest region of the stomach?
Body
What does the blood help regulate?
Body temperature pH Fluid levels in the blood
What type of connective tissue is composed of 1/3 organic components and 2/3 calcium salts?
Bone
What are the underlying structures that give shape to the skin?
Bones and cartilage Muscle Adipose tissue
What are the bony spaces or cavities of the inner ear?
Bony labyrinth
What is the anatomical term for the region of the pelvis associated with the large, posterior, hip muscles?
Buttocks, gluteal region
What is the narrow, inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina?
Cervix
What is the anatomical term for the neck?
Cervix, cervical region
What blood vessels consist of a single layer of endothelium and are the functional units of the cardiovascular system?
Capillaries
What feature of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?
Capitulum
What region of the stomach is attached to the esophagus?
Cardia
What type of muscle tissue has short, branched fibers with one or two central nuclei, striations and intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle
What is the indentation formed by the heart within the left lung?
Cardiac notch
List the five autonomic plexuses.
Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Esophageal plexus Abdominal aortic plexus Hypogastric plexus
What specialty in medicine deals with the heart?
Cardiology
What is the most inferior, keel-shaped cartilage of the trachea?
Carina
The flexor retinaculum of the wrist and the arch of the carpals form what structure?
Carpal tunnel
What is the collective name of the 8 small bones of the wrist?
Carpals
What joints lie between the carpals and metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal joints
What is the anatomical term for the wrist?
Carpus, carpal region
What are the accessory sex organs of the female?
Clitoris Mammary glands Vagina Uterine tubes Uterus
What is the anatomical term for the position of the knee when all the ligaments achieve maximum tension in full extension?
Close packed or locked position
Which of these two is more flexible and found where the body needs support and must withstand deformation?
Cartilage
In taxonomy what is one of the ranks of classification (e.g. genus, family)
Category
What term of direction means at the rear or tail end?
Caudal
What lobe of the liver lies adjacent to the inferior vena cava?
Caudate lobe
What are the two minor lobes of the liver?
Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe
List the three prevertebral ganglia.
Celiac ganglion Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and "fine-tunes" skeletal muscle movement Maintains equilibrium and posture
What are three medical terms for sexual union between a male and female?
Copulation Coitus Sexual intercourse
What is the anterior process that has the form of a crow's beak on the scapula? It can be palpated on the anterior aspect of the shoulder.
Coracoid process
What is the avascular, transparent, anterior portion of the fibrous tunic of the eye?
Cornea
What fundamental plane of reference passes lengthwise through the body and divides it into front and back portions?
Coronal Plane
What arteries arise from the ascending aorta to supply the heart with blood?
Coronary arteries
What system of arteries, capillaries, and veins supplies the heart with blood?
Coronary circulation
What superficial vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb?
Cephalic vein
What type of folding results in the formation of the head and buttocks?
Cephalocaudal folding
What are the right and left halves of the cerebellum?
Cerebellar hemispheres
What thick tracts connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Cerebellar peduncles
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum
What anastomosis of arteries lies around the sella turcica?
Cerebral arterial circle
What is the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex
What fills the central canal of the spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What glands lie within the external auditory canal?
Ceruminous glands
What type of gland is located within the external ear canal?
Ceruminous glands
What is the narrow channel within the cervix of the uterus?
Cervical canal
From superior to inferior list the four curvatures of the spine as seen in a lateral view.
Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature
What clusters of ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS lie within the neck?
Cervical ganglia
List the regions of the spinal cord.
Cervical region Thoracic region Lumbar region Sacral region Coccygeal region
From superior to inferior list the five regions and note how many vertebrae are in each.
Cervical region 7 Thoracic region 12 Lumbar region 5 Sacral region 5 Coccygeal region 4
List the regions of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves associated with each region.
Cervical region: C1-C8 Thoracic region: T1-T12 Lumbar region: L1-L5 Sacral region: S1-S5 Coccygeal region: Co
What large vein lies in the AV sulcus on the posterior side of the heart and drains into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
What relatively deep depression lies between the atria and the ventricles of the heart?
Coronary sulcus
What is the distal, medial depression on the anterior side of the humerus?
Coronoid fossa
What prominence of the ulna forms the inferior lip of the trochlear notch?
Coronoid process
Within the midbrain what is the "body of four twins"?
Corpora quadrigemina
What large tract of what matter connects the two halves of the cerebrum and is the main method of communication between them?
Corpus callosum
There are two forms of bone. Which is solid and forms the outer shell of an individual bone?
Cortical (compact) bone
What type of bone lies on the outside of an individual bone?
Cortical (compact) bone
The adrenal cortex produces what group of hormones?
Corticosteroids
What feature on the inferior side of a rib marks the path of an artery, a vein, and a nerve?
Costal Groove (Blood vessels and nerves travel here)
Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from all other vertebrae by what features?
Costal facets, costal demifacets
What depressions on the sternum do the ribs articulate with?
Costal notches
What portion of each lung is in contact with the thoracic wall?
Costal surface
What term of direction means at the head end?
Cranial
What body cavity holds the brain?
Cranial cavity
Collectively what are the four extensions of the dura mater that extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity to provide additional stabilization and support to the brain?
Cranial dural septa
What is another term for the parasympathetic division?
Craniosacral division
What is the anatomical term for the braincase?
Cranium, cranial region
What ring-shaped structure of the larynx forms the inferior base of this organ and connects it to the trachea?
Cricoid cartilage
What band of dense connective tissue lies between cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and can be palpated?
Cricothyroid ligament
Which of the two bones of the forearm moves during pronation?
Crossed (the radius rotates around the ulna)
What part of a tooth is exposed and covered with enamel?
Crown
What is the largest membrane of the body?
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
What structure carries bile to and from the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
What structure fills and drains the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
What is the study of cells?
Cytology
What term of direction means underneath another structure of deeper within the body?
Deep
What artery supplies the triceps brachii and other posterior structures of the brachium?
Deep brachial artery
What is rough ER? What is its function?
ER that appears coarse because of particles attached to its surface. Its function is protein synthesis.
What is smooth ER? What are the various functions of this organelle?
ER that has a continuous, even surface. It functions in synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification.
Where does the white matter of the spinal cord lie in relation to the gray matter?
External
What are the three anatomic regions of the ear?
External (outer) ear Middle ear Inner ear
What portion of the pelvic cavity lies superiorly and is enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones?
False pelvis
What is the middle layer of the eye wall?
Vascular tunic
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics? Large upright posture. Tail absent. Hind limbs longer than arms. Thumb opposable, but not big toe.
Family
Areolar connective tissue forms shiny layers of binding tissue commonly known as what?
Fascia
What type of receptor is found in the viscera?
Visceral sensory receptor
What are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
Visual processing Visual memories
What is the etymology of anatomy?
ana-apart tomy- cutting
What is the etymology of "Anatomy"?
ana-up tome-to cut
What feature of the humerus is the location of the epiphyseal plate or line?
anatomical neck
What are the two corners of the mandible?
angle of the mandible
What is the anatomical term for the region of the body where the leg joins with the foot?
ankle
What two compartments occur in the brachium?
anterior (flexor) compartment posterior (extensor) compartments
List the three cranial fossae.
anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa
List the four fontanels.
anterior fontanel posterior fontanel (mastoid) posterolateral fontanel (sphenoid) anterolateral fontanel
What are the two components of an intervertebral disc?
anulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus
What are all the undigestable materials as well as waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI trct and discharged through the anus?
Feces
What is the main nerve of the posterior division of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve
What vein extends from the hiatus of the adductor magnus to the inguinal ligament?
Femoral vein
What process restores the diploid number of chromosomes, determines the sex of an individual, and initiates cleavage of an ovum?
Fertilization
What is the broad, curved, superior region of the uterus extending between the lateral attachments of the uterine tubes?
Fundus
What is the dome-shaped region of the stomach?
Fundus
What saclike organ is attached to the inferior surface of the liver?
Gallbladder
What are haploid cells which are capable of producing a new diploid individual?
Gametes
What do primary reproductive organs produce?
Gametes
A motor neuron within the ANS that lies between a ganglion and an effector is what type of neuron?
Ganglionic neuron
What are the internal folds of the stomach?
Gastric folds (gastric rugae)
What is the branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestine?
Gastroenterology
The oral cavity. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine make up what portion of the digestive system?
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
What process results in the formation of three primary germ layers?
Gastrulation
What are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere?
General sensory functions - such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched
What type of protein found in the plasma membrane of the cell is embedded in the cell membrane and may act as channels and receptors and enzymes?
Integral protein
What structure separates the right and left atria of the heart?
Interatrial septum
What articulations occur between the carpals?
Intercarpal articulations
What ridge of bone lies on the midline of the tibia's superior surface?
Intercondylar eminence
In general, what do intercostals nerves innervate?
Intercostal muscles Skin of the anterior and lateral thoracic wall Cervical Plexuses
The anterior rami of T1-T11 travel in intercostals spaces. What are these nerves called?
Intercostal nerves
Identify: Origin- Anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion-Linea alba, costal cartilage of last three or four ribs. Action-Compresses and supports abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates trunk.
Internal abdominal obliques
What opening occurs in the petrous region on the temporal bone for blood vessels and nerves?
Internal acoustic canal (meatus)
What two circular muscles regulate the passage of feces from the anal canal?
Internal and external anal sphincters
What opening in the skull transmits the eighth cranial nerve?
Internal auditory canal
What openings in the skull transmit the seventh cranial nerve?
Internal auditory canal and stylomastoid foramen
The bifurcations of the abdominal aorta themselves bifurcate into what two arteries?
Internal iliac arteries External iliac arteries
What artery supplies blood to the pelvis and perineum?
Internal iliac artery
What vein drains blood from the pelvis and perineum?
Internal iliac vein
Identify: Origin- Superior border of a rib from costal angle to sternum. Insertion-Inferior border of rib just superior to rib of origin. Action- Interchondral portion elevatesand draws together during inspiration as needed. Interosseous portion depresses and draws ribs together during expiration as needed.
Internal intercostals
How does the nuclear envelope differ from the plasma membrane in its structure?
It contains nuclear pores.
What structure collects tears and sits in the lacrimal fossa of the lacrimal bones?
Lacrimal sac
In the small intestine, each villus usually contains a single blind-ended central lymphatic capillary. What is the anatomical term for this lymphatic capillary?
Lacteal
On a vertebra what structures extend from the lateral pillars to the midline?
Laminae
What is the fine, unpigmented, downy hair that first appears on the fetus in the last trimester?
Lanugo
What is the distal end of the fibula?
Lateral malleolus
Where is the brachial plexus located?
Lateral neck & axilla
What type of movement is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own long axis so that the anterior surface moves laterally?
Lateral rotation
What is the cutaneous innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Lateral surface of the forearm
What skeletal elements make up the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid Vomer Septal cartilage
What is the anatomical term for the foot?
Pes (It is commonly referred to as the foot, even in clinical settings.)
What are the bones in the digits?
Phalanges
What are the bones of the toes?
Phalanges
What type of pain involves the perception of pain in an amputated or excised part of the body?
Phantom pain
What lymphatic structure lies within the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
What is the funnel-shaped region that connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity to the larynx and the esophagus?
Pharynx
What structure is the nasal cavity continuous with posteriorly?
Pharynx
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Receive and process visual information
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
Lower respiratory tract
What are the functions of the conjunctiva?
Lubricates & moistens the eye Blood vessels support the avascular sclera Sensory receptors
What is the function of serous fluid?
Lubrication
What is the anatomical term for the small of the back?
Lumbar region
Blood flows through what space within a blood vessel?
Lumen
What is the whitish semilunar area at the proximal end of a nail?
Lunula
What are small, round or oval structures that are located along the pathways of lymph vessels?
Lymph nodes
What lymphatic organs are connected to lymph vessels and work to filter foreign or pathogenic material from lymph?
Lymph nodes
What structures of the lymphatic system resemble veins in that they have three tunics and valves?
Lymphatic vessels
What rounded, yellowish region has a concentration of cones and lies lateral to the optic disc?
Macula lutea
The funnel-shaped structures attached to the renal pyramids within the renal sinus merge to form what still larger structures?
Major calyces
Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?
Major duodenal papilla
Bile and pancreatic juice enter the small intestine through what structure?
Major duodenal papilla
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Receiving information on touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
What is the function of the sensory division of the nervous system?
Receiving sensory information and transmitting it to the CNS
What are structures that detect stimuli?
Receptors
What is the specific location of the bladder in males and females?
Male Superior to the prostate gland Anterior to the rectum Female Inferior to the uterus Anterior to the vagina
What small bone is attached to the deep surface of the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
List the ear ossicles from lateral to medial
Malleus Incus Stapes
Which of the menisci within the knee is attached to a collateral ligament?
Medial Meniscus
What are distal, easily palpated bony projections on the humerus?
Medial and Lateral Epicondyles
What part of the femur articulates with the tibia?
Medial and lateral condyles
What parts of the tibia articulate with the femur?
Medial and lateral condyles
What prominent bony structures lie on the medial and lateral sides of the femur distally?
Medial and lateral epicondyles
What features of the femur border the popliteal surface medially and laterally?
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines
What two C-shaped pads of fibrocartilage lie between the femoral and tibia condyles?
Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus
What double fold of peritoneum attaches to each ovary at the hilum of the ovary and secures the ovary to the broad ligament?
Mesovarium
What long bones support the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
What joints lie between the metacarpals and phalanges?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
What are the long bones in the middle of the foot?
Metatarsal bones
What type of membrane lines passageways and compartments that open to the exterior?
Mucous membrane
What do the goblet cells secrete?
Mucus
What is another term for skeletal muscle cell?
Muscle fibers
What is the motor innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
Muscles of the lateral compartment
Nerves of the sacral plexus arising from the posterior division tend to innervate what muscles?
Muscles that extends (or dorsiflex) part of the lower limb
Nerves of the sacral plexus arising from the anterior division tend to innervate what muscles?
Muscles that flex (or plantar flex) parts of the lower limb
Define axial muscles.
Muscles that have both their origins and insertions on parts of the axial skeleton.
What type of artery has less elastic tissue and more smooth muscle and thus are less distenible but more able to vasoconstrict and vasodilate?
Muscular arteries
What layer of the GI tract typically contains two layers of muscle?
Muscularis
What is the area of active growth in a nail?
Nail matrix
What is a taxon?
Named taxonomic unit to which individuals or sets of species are assigned.
What bones form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
What cavity within the skull does air pass through to be filtered and have the temperature changed and moisture added?
Nasal cavity
What is the anatomical term for the portion of the face associated with the nose?
Nasal region
What structure divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?
Nasal septum
What structure drains tears into the nose?
Nasolacrimal duct
The auditory tube connects the middle ear cavity with what other anatomical structure?
Nasopharynx
What region of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
Which of the tarsals is distal to the talus on the medial side of the foot?
Navicular
What is the constricted, proximal portion of the femur?
Neck
What narrow region of the radius lies just distal to the articulation with the humerus?
Neck
What part of a rib lies between the head and tubercle?
Neck
What part of a tooth lies within the gums?
Neck
What is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves?
Nerve plexuses
During the development of the nervous system, what longitudinal indentation forms from the neural plate?
Neural groove
During the development of the nervous system, what hollow structure is formed as the neural folds meet
Neural tube
What layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?
Neural tunic or retina
What is the process in which structure of the nervous system are formed?
Neuralation
What is the study of the structure of the nervous system?
Neuroanatomy
What is the study of the nervous system?
Neurology
What type of cell initiates and transmits impulses within the nervous system?
Neurons
What type of cells within neural tissue are specialized to detect stimuli, process information, and rapidly transmit electrical impulses?
Neurons
List and define the two cell types of the nervous system
Neurons- initiate and transmit impulses Glial cells- support and protect the neurons
What is the study of the biological function of the nervous system?
Neurophysiology
What inductive action transforms a portion of the ectoderm into a hollow tube which develops into the nervous system?
Neurulation
What is the harmless localized overgrowth of melanin forming cells?
Nevus (mole)
Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division found?
Next to or within the organs they innervate
Cartilaginous joints are obviously linked by cartilage. Do they have a joint cavity?
No
Is anecdotal evidence useless?
No, it could lead to the development of a hypothesis.
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to pain?
Nociceptor
Define each and list some locations that nonkeratinized stratified squamos occur.
Nonkeratinized - no keratin, remain moist to apical surface. - Lining of the oral cavity - Lining of part of the pharynx - Lining of the esophagus, vagina, and anus
What type of tissue lines the laryngopharynx?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What movement occurs when the thumb moves away from the palmar tips of the fingers?
Reposition
What is the key characteristic of the data collected for use in the scientific method?
Reproducible
What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?
Oculomotor (CN III) Facial (CN VII) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Vagus (CN X)
What does the blood transport?
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones Waste products Components of the immune system Regulatory proteins
What forms the roof of the mouth?
Palate
What L-shaped bones of the face form the posterior third of the hard palate, the posterior, lateral portion of the nasal cavity, and a portion of the orbit?
Palatine bones
What structures are surgically excised during a tonsillectomy?
Palatine tonsils
What lymphatic structures lie within the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils
What is the anatomical term for the anterior portion of the hand formed by the metacarpals?
Palm
What is the anatomical term for the anterior portion of the fingers?
Palmar aspect
Where is thick epidermis found?
Palmar aspect of hands Plantar surface of feet.
What is the cutaneous innervation of the median nerve?
Palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 fingers and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and from the dorsal tips of the same fingers
What network of deep veins drains the hand?
Palmar venous arches
What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity, touching the spleen?
Pancreas
What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?
Pancreatic duct
What are the clusters of endocrine cells of the pancreas?
Pancreatic islets
What layer of the dermis is superficial and contains capillaries and sensory receptors?
Papillary layer
What nipple-like structures project from the wall of the right ventricle?
Papillary muscles
What nipple-like structures project from the walls of the left ventricle?
Papillary muscles
What cells lie between the follicles of the thyroid gland?
Parafollicular cells
What is the relation of the radius and ulna in the anatomical position?
Parallel
What lobe of the cerbrum forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere
Parietal lobe
Of the membrane surrounding the heart, what portion forms the sac surrounding the heart?
Parietal pericardium
What portion of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity lines the internal walls of the cavity?
Parietal peritoneum
Of the serous membrane associated with the lungs, what portion adheres to the internal thoracic wall?
Parietal pleura
What specific serous membrane lines the walls of the thorax cavity, the lateral surface of the mediastinum, and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?
Parietal pleura
What structure drains the largest salivary glands?
Parotid duct
The parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Parotid salivary gland
What salivary glands are located anterior and inferior to the ear and partially cover the masseter?
Parotid salivary glands
What structure joints the patella to the tibia?
Patellar ligament
What is the anatomical term for the region overlying the kneecap?
Patellar region
What part of the femur articulates with the patella?
Patellar surface
What is the study of the characteristics, causes, and effects of disease, as observed in the structure and function of the body?
Pathology
What are the two functions of the spinal cord?
Pathway for sensory and motor impulses Spinal reflexes
What two lateral structures of a vertebra form the pillars of the passageway for the spinal cord?
Pedicles
In what type of publication are scientific findings communicated within science?
Peer reviewed journals
What feature of the pelvis extends from the pubic crest, pectineal line, and arcuate line to the rounded inferior edge of the sacral ala and sacral promontory?
Pelvic brim
What cavity lies inferior to an imaginary line between the superior aspects of the hipbones?
Pelvic cavity
Collectively what are the muscles of the pelvic floor that support the uterus?
Pelvic diaphragm
What is the opening surrounded by the pelvic brim?
Pelvic inlet
What opening of the pelvic cavity is bordered by the coccyx, the ischial tuberosities and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis?
Pelvic outlet
What is the anatomical term for the region associated with the pelvis?
Pelvic region
What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
What is the potential space surrounding the heart?
Pericardial cavity
What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?
Pericardial cavity
What fibrous, serous sac surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
What serous membrane surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
What is the outer layer of the uterus?
Perimetrium
What layer of lipid-filled cells completely surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning and insulation?
Perinephric (perirenal) fat or adipose capsule
What is the diamond-shaped area of the pelvis that is between the thighs?
Perineum
What is the anatomical term for the region between the pubic symphysis, the coccyx, and the ischial tuberosities?
Perineum, perineal region
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
Periosteal layer Meningeal layer
What dense irregular connective tissue covers almost all bone surfaces?
Periosteum
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone except the articular surface?
Periosteum
Where does a bone increase in diameter?
Periosteum
In relation to the peritoneum, what is the position of the kidneys?
Retroperitoneal
What is the position of the urinary bladder in relation to the peritoneum?
Retroperitoneal
What is the location of the ureters?
Retroperitoneal They are anterior to the transverse vertebral processes. They cross in front of the external iliac arteries. They enter the bladder at the posterolateral wall of its base.
What term describes abdominopelvic organs that typically lie against the posterior abdominal wall and thus have only their anterior aspects covered with peritoneum?
Retroperitoneal organs
Based on anatomical components, what division of the nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What type of protein embedded in the plasma membrane of a cell is loosely attached to the external and internal surfaces of the membrane and act as enzymes?
Peripheral protein
What is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract?
Peristalsis
What rhythmic movements of smooth muscle propel urine along the length of a ureter?
Peristalsis
What is the potential space between the layers of the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritoneal cavity
What potential space lies between the two layers of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritoneal cavity
What type of mesentery attaches one organ to another organ or attaches an organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall?
Peritoneal ligament
What membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritoneum
What set of teeth begin appearing at about six years of age and remain through the lifetime of an individual?
Permanent teeth
What makes rough ER appear rough?
Ribosomes attached to its surface.
What curves develop after birth? Give the collective and individual names
Secondary curves -Cervical curve -Lumbar curves
What are the characteristics that are not essential for the reproductive process but are generally considered sexually attractant features?
Secondary sexual characteristics
What is the process of producing and releasing fluid products, such as acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and mucin?
Secretion
What term implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy?
Section
What is the churning and mixing of movement that occurs in the small intestine?
Segmentation
What are the three half-circle-shaped structures of the inner ear?
Semicircular canals
What pathway is postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?
Splanchnic nerve pathway
What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
Splanchnic nerves
What lymphatic organ is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and adjacent to ribs 9-11?
Spleen
What are the prominent, rough distal, lateral and medial margins of the humerus proximal to the epicondyles?
Supracondylar ridges
What bony process lies superior to the scapula's articulation with the humerus and serves as the origin for the long head of the biceps brachia?
Supraglenoid tubercle
What term of direction means toward the head or above?
Superior
Synovial joints occur between what parts of vertebrae from C2 to L5-S1?
Superior and inferior articular processes
What two arteries form an extensive anastomosis which supplies the anterior abdominal wall?
Superior and inferior epigrastric arteries
What blood vessels carry blood to and from the diaphragm?
Superior and inferior phrenic arteries
What are the "visual reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Superior colliculi
What two sphincters are associated with the esophagus?
Superior esophageal sphincter Inferior esophageal sphincter
List the lobes of the left lung.
Superior lobe Inferior lobe
List the lobes of the right lung.
Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe
What unpaired artery emerges from the abdominal aorta and supplies most of the small intestine, the pancreas, and the proximal part of the large intestine?
Superior mesenteric artery
What opening in the skull transmits the fourth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
What opening in the skull transmits the sixth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
What opening in the skull transmits the third cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
What openings in the skull transmit the ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
What part of the pubis originates at the anterior margin of the acetabulum?
Superior ramus
The convergence of the brachiocephalic veins forms what vein?
Superior vena cava
Vessels formed by the merging of veins draining the head, neck, and upper limbs themselves merge to form what vessel, which then drains into the right atrium of the heart?
Superior vena cava
What three vessels empty into the right atrium?
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus
What are the three bony projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
What is the cutaneous innervation of the axillary nerve?
Superolateral portion of the arm
What is the cutaneous innervation of the obturator nerve?
Superomedial skin of the thigh
What type of movement occurs so that the palm of the hand is directed anteriorly or superiorly?
Supination
What is the depression superior to the spine of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
What is the shallow, superior depression on the sternum?
Suprasternal notch
What feature of the humerus lies in the proximal region where the bone begins to narrow?
Surgical neck
What structure attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament
What structures attach to the lens capsule at its periphery where they transmit tension to change the shape of the lens?
Suspensory ligaments
List some examples of glands which secrete their product onto an epithelial surface either directly or through a duct.
Sweat glands Salivary glands Goblet cells
After class you go for a game of racquetball and work up a sweat. What division of the ANS causes the formation of sweat?
Sympathetic
What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies and is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" division?
Sympathetic
A test in the Testing Center takes longer than you anticipated. You're late for your next class. You jog. As you do the airways in your lungs dilate. What division of the ANS brings about this dilation?
Sympathetic division
The pupil dilates when a person walks into a relatively dark building from a bright, snowy winter's day. What division of the ANS brings about this dilation?
Sympathetic division
What division of the ANS increases the rate and strength of the heart beats?
Sympathetic division
The adrenal medulla is a part of what portion of the nervous system?
Sympathetic division of the ANS
What structure the sympathetic division of the ANS has the appearance of a pearl necklace?
Sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia
What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?
Sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia
What is a functional connection for the transmission of impulses from a neuron to a second cell?
Synapse
How are sutures classified functionally?
Synarthrosis
How are gomphoses classified functionally?
Synarthrosis (no movement)
What is a muscle that assists the prime mover in its action?
Synergist (Triceps, Anconeus)
What liquid fills the joint cavity of a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid
What is the inner layer of a joint capsule?
Synovial membrane
What structure forms the liquid that fills the joint cavity of a synovial joint?
Synovial membrane
What type of membrane lines the capsules of freely movable joints?
Synovial membrane
What level of organization deals with organs working together to achieve a common function?
System
The right atrium of the heart receives blood from what circuit?
Systemic circuit
What circulatory circuit carries blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart?
Systemic circulation
From what portion of the CNS does the sympathetic division innervating the heart emerge?
T1-T5
Pain from a ureter is projected to what dermatomes? Where are these located?
T11-L2 (Loin-groin)
What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?
Tail
Which of the tarsals forms the proximal row?
Tallus, calcaneous, and navicular
Which of the tarsals articulates with the tibia?
Talus
What are the sebaceous glands within the eyelids?
Tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)
What is the fibrous core of the eyelids?
Tarsal plate
What is the collective term for the short bones of the ankle?
Tarsals
What joints within the foot lie between the tarsals and metatarsals?
Tarsometatarsal joints
What are gustatory receptors?
Taste buds
What is the plural of taxon?
Taxa
What is the named taxonomic unit (e.g. Homo sapiens, Hominidae, or Mammalia) to which individuals, or sets of species are assigned?
Taxon
What is the science of classification, especially of organisms?
Taxonomy
What is a synonym for "skullcap"?
calvaria
What process of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone?
condylar (condyloid) process
What type of tissue supports other tissues both physically and physiologically and also protects and binds other tissues?
connective tissue
What separates the limbs into compartments?
deep fascia
Origin: Clavicle, acromion process, spine of the scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus Action: Anterior part: Flexes and medially rotates arm Middle part: Abducts arm Posterior part: Extends and laterally rotates arm
deltoid
What rough prominence lies on the lateral side of the middle portion of the humerus?
deltoid tuberocity
What bone of the skull lies between the orbits and forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium?
ethmoid bone
What bones form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
ethmoid bone maxillae inferior nasal conchae palatine bones lacrimal bones
What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?
ethmoid bone- cribriform plate frontal bone sphenoid bone
What are the cavities within the ethmoid?
ethmoidal sinuses
List the groups of paranasal sinuses.
ethmoidal sinuses frontal sinus maxillary sinuses sphenoidal sinuses
What is the common action of the group of four extensors of the knee in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
extension of the knee
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, superior 3/4 of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion: Extensor expansions of digits 2 - 5 Action: Extends digits 2 - 5 and dorsiflexes foot
extensor digitorum longus
Origin: Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of digit 1 (hallux) Action: Extends great toe and assists dorsiflexion of foot
extensor hallucis longus
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus; posterior surfaces of the radius and ulna; interosseous membrane Insertion: Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges Action: Extend wrist and digits
extensors
What is the opening for the ear?
external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)
What is the bony prominence on the midline of the occipital bone that can easily be palpated?
external occipital protuberance
What ribs do not have their costal cartilages directly articulated with the sternum? What are their numbers?
false ribs 8-12
What structure forms the compartments of the thigh?
fascia lata (the deep facia)
Origin: Inferior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula Insertion: Dorsal surface of tuberosity of fifth metatarsal Action: Everts foot and weakly plantar flexes foot
fibularis brevis
Origin: Head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula Insertion: Inferior aspects of medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot
fibularis longus
What cranial nerve is transmitted by the foramina of cribriform plate of the ethmoid?
first cranial nerve I Olfactory
Origin: Medial part of posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line Insertion: Inferior surface of distal phalanges of digits 2 - 5 Action: Flexes digits 2 -5 and plantar flexes foot
flexor digitorum longus
Origin: Lateral head: Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur. Medial head: Popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle Insertion: Posterior surface tuberosity of calcaneus via tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon) Action: Plantar flexes foot, raises heel during walking, and flexes knee
gastrocnemius
What is the most superficial muscle of the calf?
gastrocnemius muscle
What opening within the maxilla do the infraorbital artery and nerve pass through?
infraorbital foramen
Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus Action: Rotates arm laterally
infraspinatus
What opening occurs on the medial, posterior aspect of the temporal bone for blood vessels and nerves?
internal acoustic (meatus) canal
Adjacent vertebrae form what passageway for the spinal nerves?
intervertebral foramina
Through what opening of the sphenoid does the optic nerve pass?
optic (foramen) canal
What part of the ethmoid forms the medial wall of the orbits?
orbital plate
What part of the palatine forms a small part of the floor of the orbit?
orbital process
What part of the maxilla forms the floor of the orbit?
orbital surface
What cavities hold the eyeballs?
orbits
what is a vestigial organ?
organisms have, but they serve no purpose; appendix, tail bones, whale hipbones
Origin: Pectineal line of the pubis Insertion: Pectineal line of femur (a rough line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera) Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh.
pectineus
Origin: Anterior of the sacrum Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter Action: Laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed thigh
piriformis
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur Insertion: Upper posterior aspect of tibia Action: Weakly flexes leg and unlocks it
popliteus
individuals do not evolve. populations do. why?
the genetic makeup of an individual is determined at the moment of conception and does not change through the lifetime of that individual. the genetic makeup of a population may change from generation to generation.
in which strata, deepest (oldest) or shallowest (youngest), would one expect to find the most complex organisms?
shallowest (youngest)
What is the anatomical term for the region where the upper extremity joins the torso?
shoulder
What processes of a vertebra form synovial joints with the vertebrae immediately superior and inferior it?
superior and inferior articular processes
What superior, horizontal line projects laterally from the external occipital protuberance?
superior nuchal line
What two large openings lie within these cavities?
superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissure
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and crest of the ulna Insertion: Lateral surface of the proximal third of radius Action: Supinates forearm
supinator
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus Action: Abducts and laterally rotates humerus
supraspinatus
what is speciation
the formation of a new species
What ribs have their costal cartilages directly articulated with the sternum? What are their numbers?
true ribs 1-7
Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of femur Insertion: Patella by common tendon which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity Action: Extension of the knee
vastus intermedius
Origin: Greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Patella by common tendon which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity Action: Extension of the knee
vastus lateralis
What bony process projects anteriorly from the squamous region of the temporal bone?
zygomatic process
When an ovum, an egg produced by an ovary, is fertilized by a sperm, it results in a single cell that has the ability to become a individual organism. What is the medical term for a fertilized egg?
zygote
What is the plural form of a term ending in a?
Adding an e -vertebra to vertebrae
Define organelle.
"Little organs" within the cell.
What is the plural form of terms ending in is?
-es (diagnosis-diagnoses)
What chisel-shaped teeth have only one root?
Incisors
What is the sense of smell?
Olfaction
What muscle closes the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
Within what order is our species classified?
Primate.
What artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic artery
Why is it important to understand that populations may change in gene frequencies from generation to generation rather than within a generation?
"Individuals do not evolve or change, populations do from generation to generation"
Based on Stephen Jay Gould's essay "Evolution as Fact and Theory" what is a fact?
"facts are the world's data"
How many chambers make up the heart?
4
What are fibrous articulations between bones of the skull?
Sutures
What fontanel is found on the posterior, lateral aspect of the skull?
(Mastoid) posterolateral fontanel
What fontanel is found on the anterior, lateral aspect of the skull?
(Sphenoid) anterolateral fontanel
What teeth have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing?
Canine teeth
What is a muscle producing a particular movement called?
-Agonist or prime mover (Example: Triceps Brachii)
What two ligament within the knee cross to form a "X" or crucifix?
-Anterior cruciate ligament -Posterior cruciate ligament
List the five functions of muscle tissue given by Mckinley and O'Loughlin. Be aware of how smooth and cardiac muscle as well as skeletal muscle might be involved in these functions.
-Body movement -Maintenance of posture -Temperature regulation -Storage and movement of materials -Support
What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?
-Clavicle -Scapula
Despite the existence of a standard there is still considerable confusion in anatomical terminology. Why?
-Conversion of Latin to English -Tradition with specialties -Variation in pronunciation
What is the difference between the digits and phalanges?
-Digits are fingers and toes (Skeletal elements and soft tissue) -Phalanges are the skeletal elements
List the four characteristics of muscle tissue.
-Excitability -Contractility -Elasticity -Extensibility
Other than science, what are other ways of knowing?
-Faith -Religion
Based on structure (the type of connective tissue binding bones and whether a space occurs), what are the three types of joints?
-Fibrous -Cartilaginous -Synovial
List and state the function of the two types of proteins found in the plasma membrane.
-Integral proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and act as channels and receptors and enzymes. -Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the external and internal surfaces of the membrane and act as enzymes.
What are the three functions of synovial fluid?
-Lubricates -Nourishes -Shock Absorption
Where are ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
-Nasal cavity -Part of the pharynx -Larynx -Trachea & bronchi
List the 7 characteristics of life given by McKinley and O' Loughlin.
-Organization -Metabolism -Growth and Development -Responsiveness -Regulation -Reproduction
Outline intramembranous ossification.
-Ossification centers from within the thickened regions of the mesenchyme. -Bone matrix undergoes ossification. -Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form. -Lamellar bone replaces woven bone as compact bone and spongy bone form.
Where are nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
-Part of the male urethra -Epididymis
What two articulations make up the knee?
-Tibiofemoral joint -patellofemoral joint
What is the plural form of terms ending in on or um?
-a (myocardium-myocardia)
What feature lies inferior to the ala of the ilium anteriorly and posteriorly?
-anterior inferior iliac spine -posterior inferior iliac spine
What is the anatomical position?
-body upright -feet parallel and flat on floor -Head and eyes forward -arms at sides w/ palms forward
List six specialties within gross anatomy as given by Mckinley and O' Loughlin.
-comparative -developmental -embryology -regional -surface -systemic
What are three important attributes of the scientific method?
-confidence -honesty -humility
Sex differences in the pelvis reflect the females role in childbirth. List the characteristics of the female pelvis that differ from that of a male.
-entire pelvic girdle is tilted forward -bones are thinner and lighter -distance between the anterior superior iliac spines (greater pelvis) is wider. -true pelvis is spherical and wider -outline of obturator foramen is more triangular -pubic symphysis is shallower -pubic angle is wider and more rounded
Outline endochondral ossification.
-fetal hyaline cartilage model develops. -Cartilage calcifies, and a bone collar forms. -The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis. -Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis. -Bone replaces cartilage plates. -Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.
List the 12 organ systems as given by Mckinley and O' Loughlin.
-integumentary -skeletal -muscular -nervous -endocrine -cardiovascular -lymphatic -respiratory -digestive -urinary -male reproductive -female reproductive
What is the plural form of a term ending in -itis?
-itides (gastritis-gastritides)
What are the three characteristics of fibrous joints?
-joined by dense regular connective tissue -immoveable or only slightly moveable -no joint cavity
What are the six criteria listed by Mckinley and O'Loughlin for the naming of muscles?
-muscle action -specific body regions -muscle attachments -orientations of muscle fibers -muscle shape and size -muscle head/tendons of origin
What are two anatomical terms for what is commonly called the hipbone?
-os coxae -innominate bone
List 3 specialized branches of anatomy that focus on diagnosis of medical conditions or advancements of basic scientific research
-pathologic -radiographic -surgical
List two examples of symphyses.
-pubic symphysis -intervertebral joints between the bodies of vertebrae
What are the functions of articulating cartilage?
-reduce friction -absorb compression -prevent damage to articulating bones
Of the eight carpals, which are involved in the articulation with the forearm?
-scaphoid -lunate -triquetrum
What are two examples of synchondroses within the rib cage?
-the first sternocostal joint -the costochondral joints
How does the distribution of subcutaneous fat differ between men and women?
-thicker in women -males accumulate it in the neck, upper arms, abs, lower back, and buttocks. -Females in breasts, hips, and thighs
What are the 2 general types of knowledge within the base knowledge of science?
-universal -personal
What two processes change the diameter of blood vessels and in the skin help regulate and blood pressure?
-vasoconstriction -vasodilation
What are the three important points with respect to the cerebral hemispheres?
1) It is usually difficult to assign a precise function to a specific region. 2) Usually the hemispheres receive information from and send motor commands to the opposite side of the body. 3) The hemispheres display functional differences (lateralization).
What anatomical region is inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hipbones?
Abdominal region
How many square miles of capillaries are there in the body?
1,000
In his essay "Evolution as fact and theory", Stephen Jay Gouold considers organic eveolution to be a fact and presents three arguments as to why. What are these arguements?
1. Direct observation. 2. Imperfections in nature 3. Transition fossils.
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
How many ribs are there?
12 pairs of ribs
What are the components of the bone matrix?
1/3 organic: Collagen fibers ground substance 2/3 inorganic: Calcium phosphate calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate ions of sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and floride
What is the current estimated number of species on Earth?
10-100 Million
How many neurons make up the CNS?
100 billion
How much CSF is within and around the CNS at any one time?
100ml -160ml
Suppose you spent 1 hour studying each species on Earth. If there are 10 million and you studied 8 hours everyday, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, how long would it take you to complete the course?
12,500,000 days 34,246 years
Give the dental formula for deciduous teeth.
12/2, C1/1, DM2/2, = 10x2=20
Give the dental formula for permanent teeth.
12/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 = 16x2=32
What is the average volume of the human brain?
1200cc -1500cc
How long is the male urethra?
18-20 centimeters
How many bones are in the thumb?
2
Approximately how many bones occur in the adult skeleton?
206
How many true (moveable) vertebrae are there?
24
What is a heterocrine gland?
A gland that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions
How many miles of blood vessels are there in the body?
25,000 miles Enough to go around the equator
How many bones make up the vertebral column?
26
At what rate does Dr. Wilson estimate biodiversity is being lost?
27,000 a year 74 a day 3 an hour
The tendons of what muscle group can be seen on the dorsum of the hand?
Extensor Group
How many compartments lie within the leg?
3
How long is the female urethra?
3-5 centimeters
How many total vertebrae are there?
33
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What is the average range of weight of the human brain?
3lbs (1.35-1.4 kg)
When does the nervous system begin to develop?
3rd week
How many lobes make up the liver?
4
How many principal tissue types are there?
4
What is the anterior termination of the superior ridge of the ilium?
Anterior superior iliac spine
How many lobes are within the cerebral hemisphere?
5
How many regions are there in the vertebral column?
5
What region of the body do the common carotid arteries supply?
Head and neck
About how much CSF is formed every day?
500ml
Once the descending aorta passes through the diaphragm it is known as what?
Abdominal aorta (descending abdominal aorta)
What cavity lies between the diaphragm and an imaginary line between the superior aspects of the hipbones?
Abdominal cavity
The pancreas produces what hormones to regulate blood glucose levels?
Insulin Glucagon
One side of epithelium (the unexposed side) is attached to what?
A basement membrane
One side of membranous epithelia is always exposed to what?
A body surface, lumen, or cavity
What is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?
A dermatome
Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation
A fetus in the womb is obviously not breathing air and not using its lungs. It must deliver its wastes to its mother and received nutrients and oxygen from her. It is also necessary for much of the blood in the pulmonary circuit of the fetus to be shunted past its lungs. Thus there are several adaptations in the cardiovascular system of the fetus that change after birth, that is, postnatally.
Flagella
A long tubular structure whose whipping movement propels cells forward. The only example in our species in on sperm.
What is a system of veins that begins and ends in capillaries?
A portal system
What is an anecdote?
A short account of a particular incident or and event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature.
What is an aggregation of cells of similar structure and function?
A tissue
What openings drain tears from the eye into the nose?
Lacrimal puncta
What is the lateral end of the clavicle?
Acromial end (extremity)
What joint occurs between the scapula and the clavicle?
Acromioclavicular joint
What bony prominence of the scapula can be palpated on the lateral side?
Acromion
What type of movement is the medial movement of a body part toward the midline?
Adduction (A-D-duction)
What feature of the femur is the site of attachment for the adductor magnus?
Adductor tubercle
What type of loose connective tissue is commonly known as "fat"?
Adipose connective tissue
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
What pathway is a sympathetic axon within if it goes to the adrenal medulla?
Adrenal medulla pathway (aka sympathoadrenal pathway)
The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) Norepinephrine
The outer most tunic of the GI tract may be either of what two structures?
Adventitia or serosa
What is the common name for this organ of exchange?
Afterbirth
The parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the vagus nerve?
Airways Heart Abdominal viscera
What is the wing-shaped portion of the ilium?
Ala
What are the three generalizations of cell theory?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the smallest unit having all the properties of life. All cells arise from previously existing cells.
What percentage of the population in the U.S. are blood donors?
Although an estimated 38% of the U.S. population is eligible to donate, less than 10% actually do each year.
Within the lungs what are the small saccular outpocketings that provide surfaces for the diffusion of gases?
Alveoli
Which membrane forms a fluid- filled sac immediately around the embryo?
Amnion
What is the functional classification of symphyses?
Amphiarthroses
How are syndesmoses classified functionally?
Amphiarthrosis
Endoplasmic reticulum - What is this organelle? What is its function?
An extensive intracellular membrane network involved in such functions as synthesis, transport, and storage of macromolecules and the detoxification drugs and alcohol.
Because of the tissue composition of an individual skeletal muscle what level of organization is a muscle such as the biceps brachii or pectorals major classified within?
An organ
What is a protein?
An organic polymer composed of amino acids
What is the basic structural and functional unit of cortical bone?
An osteon (Haversian System)
What is the terminal section of the large intestine?
Anal canal
What is the posterior triangle of the perineum?
Anal triangle
What is a communication between or coalescence of blood vessels?
Anastomoses
What is a communication between or coalescence of blood vessels?
Anastomosis
Ribs project posterolaterally from the vertebral column. What is the region of a rib where it changes direction and begins curving toward the sternum?
Angle (of the rib)
What type of movement involves an increase or decrease in a joint angle?
Angular motion
The following are characteristics of the kingdom our species is a part of. What is the Kingdom?: Multicellular. No cell walls or chlorophyll. Nutrition principally ingestive. Digestion in an internal cavity.
Animalia
Within what kingdom is our species classified?
Animalia
What is a muscle whose actions oppose those of the prime mover?
Antagonist
What anatomical region is the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist?
Antebrachium (forearm will do in most cases)
What term of direction means in front of or toward the front surface?
Anterior
What are the two main divisions of the sacral plexus?
Anterior Posterior
The popliteal artery bifurcates into what two arteries?
Anterior & posterior tibial arteries
The numerous small attachments of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord converge to form what structures?
Anterior (ventral) root Posterior (dorsal) root
What is the cutaneous innervation of the femoral nerve?
Anterior and inferomedial thigh Medial aspect of the leg
The internal carotid artery ends by bifurcating into what two arteries?
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
The internal carotid artery ends by bifurcating into what two arteries that extend from the cerebral arterial circle?
Anterior cerebral artery Lies within the longitudinal fissure Middle cerebral artery Lies within the lateral sulcus Internal carotid artery
What small artery connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries?
Anterior communicating artery
What ridge of bone lies on the anterior of the tibia's shaft?
Anterior crest
Which of the cruciate ligaments tightens on extension to prevent hyperextension?
Anterior cruciate ligament
What fontanel is found on the anterior portion of the midline on the superior aspect of the skull?
Anterior fontanel
What is the motor innervation of the median nerve?
Anterior forearm muscles Thenar muscles Two lateral lumbricals
The cell bodies of motor neurons within the spinal cord are found in what structures?
Anterior horn
Within the spinal cord what are the anterior masses of gray matter that contain the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?
Anterior horns
What branch of the left coronary artery supplies the anterior walls of the ventricles?
Anterior interventricular artery
What is the motor innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
Anterior leg muscles Muscles of the dorsum of the foot
What regions of the body does the cervical plexus innervate?
Anterior neck muscles Skin of the neck and portions of the head and shoulders Diaphragm
What portion of the pituitary is a true endocrine gland in that it produces hormones and releases them into the bloodstream?
Anterior pituitary
What part of spinal nerves do the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within as they leave the lateral horn of the spinal cord?
Anterior root
What paired openings occur on the anterior surface of the sacrum?
Anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina
What is the motor innervation of the femoral nerve?
Anterior thigh muscles
What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery
What deep veins of the leg run parallel to the main arteries in this region?
Anterior tibial veins Posterior tibial veins Fibular veins (-Drains into the posterior tibial vein)
What features on the lateral side of the ilium are formed by the gluteal muscles?
Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines.
What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) Oxytocin
Who first described microorganisms?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
What is the outer ring of fibrocartilage within an intervetebral disc?
Anulus fibrosus
What is the posterior opening of the alimentary canal?
Anus
Why are lines of cleavage clinically important?
Any procedure resulting in a cut a right angles to a cleavage line is usually pulled open due to recoil from cut elastic fibers resulting in slow healing and increased scarring.
What type of bone growth increases the diameter of the bone?
Appositional growth
What structures reabsorb CSF?
Arachnoid villi
What type of loose connective tissue surrounds nerves, blood vessels, and individual muscle cells?
Areolar connective tissue
What smooth muscles produce "goose bumps"
Arrector Pili Muscles
Functionally, what makes an artery an artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Note that in pulmonary circulation arteries carry unoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood while the opposite is true of the systemic circulation.
What is the smallest type of arteries?
Arterioles
From what blood vessel do the right and left coronary arteries emerge?
Ascending aorta
What specific blood vessel carries blood away from the left ventricle of the heart?
Ascending aorta
The aorta can be divided in to these regions:
Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta And these regions: Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta
What segment of the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve superiorly along the right lateral border of the abdominal cavity?
Ascending colon
When does the blastocyst become an embryo?
At implantation
What is another anatomical term for C1?
Atlas
What level of organization deals with the smallest units of an element that have all of the chemical and physical properties of that element?
Atomic
What are the two superior chambers of the heart that receive blood returning from the body and the lungs?
Atria (atrium = singular)
Collectively what are the three small bones of the middle ear called?
Auditory ossicles
What structure communicates the middle ear cavity with the atmosphere and thus allow the pressure of the middle ear cavity to equal that of the atmosphere and the outer ear?
Auditory tube
What is the skin-covered, elastic cartilage supported projecting portion of the external ear?
Auricle or pinna
What is the anatomical term for the region of the ear?
Auricular region
What lateral structures of the sacrum articulate with the ossa coxae?
Auricular surface (Sacroiliac joint)
What ear-shaped feature of the ilium articulates with the sacrum?
Auricular surface of the ilium
What functional, motor division of the nervous system innervates the heart?
Autonomic nervous system
What are collections of sympathetic postganlionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?
Autonomic plexuses
The epidermis lacks blood vessels. What medical term describes this?
Avascular
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
What is the anatomical term for what is commonly called the armpit?
Axilla, axillary region
What artery extends from the lateral border of the first rib to the inferior border of the teres major?
Axillary artery
List some clusters of lymph nodes that are palpable from the surface of the body?
Axillary lymph nodes Inguinal lymph nodes Cervical lymph nodes Cubital lymph nodes
List the five nerves that innervate the upper extremity.
Axillary nerve Median nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve Ulnar nerve
The cephalic vein drains into what vein?
Axillary vein
What deep vein is formed by the convergence of the brachial and basilic veins?
Axillary vein
What is another anatomical term for C2? What structures does C2 lack?
Axis
What part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What system of veins drains the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls?
Azygos system
What vein carries blood from the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls into the superior vena cava?
Azygos vein
What is the fibrous, saclike structure that is lined with synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid, and reduce friction during movement?
Bursa
What is the anatomical term for the dorsum of the body from the base of the neck to the end of the spine?
Back, dorsum, dorsal region
What type of synovial joint is formed by two opposing articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another and that permits movement in all directions except axial rotation?
Ball and Socket joint
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to changes in pressure within body structures?
Baroreceptor
What is the broad, superior portion of the patella?
Base
What portion of each lung is concave and lies on the diaphragm?
Base
After passing through the foramen magnum the vertebral arteries converge to form what artery?
Basilar artery
What superficial vein runs adjacent to the medial surface of the upper extremity?
Basilic vein
what is the enlarged fleshy part of a muscle made up of muscle fibers?
Belly
Where is the pancreas located?
Between the duodenum and the spleen and posterior to the stomach
Based on movement with respect three intersecting perpendicular planes, what type of synovial joint moves in two planes?
Biaxial
What muscle flexes the elbow but neither originates nor inserts on the humerus?
Biceps brachii
List all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint.
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimebranosus
What is the shape of the spinous process of C1-C6?
Bifid
The inner cell mass (embryoblast) divides into two cell layers that form a flat disc. What is the anatomical term for this disc?
Bilaminar germinal disc (blastodisc)
What artery extends from the inferior border of the teres major to its bifurcation in the cubital fossa?
Brachial artery
What are some examples of muscular arteries?
Brachial artery Anterior tibial artery Coronary artery Inferior mesenteric artery
The deep veins of the forearm converge to form what vein?
Brachial vein
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the first branch of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk
The convergence of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein forms what vein?
Brachiocephalic vein
What is the anatomical term for the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow?
Brachium, brachial region
What part of the CNS holds nuclei which have a great deal of influence over autonomic function?
Brainstem
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic division located?
Brainstem Gray regions of S2-S4 spinal cord segments
List the six functions of the respiratory system.
Breathing Gas exchange Gas conditioning Sound production Olfaction Defense
Which of these stages of respiration is the respiratory system directly involved in?
Breathing or ventilation Exchange of gases within the lungs or external respiration
Respiration involves several separate but related stages. These are:
Breathing or ventilation Exchange of gases within the lungs or external respiration Exchange of gases within the tissues or internal respiration Oxygen utilization by the tissues or cellular respiration
What ligament of the uterus is a peritoneal drape over the uterus?
Broad ligament
What blood vessels carry blood to and from the structures of the lungs other than the alveoli where gas exchange takes place?
Bronchial arteries and veins
What is the highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before entering the terminal bronchioles?
Bronchial tree
What airways within the lungs are less than 1 mm in diameter?
Bronchioles
What is the anatomical term for the cheek?
Buccal region
What surface of a tooth is adjacent tot he internal surface of the cheek?
Buccal surface
What muscle lies within the cheek?
Buccinator
The cervical plexus arises from what spinal nerves?
C1-C4
What structures keep the trachea patent?
C-shaped tracheal cartilages
The brachial plexus arises from what spinal nerves?
C5- T1
What hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?
Calcitonin
What aspect of digestion involves the break down of molecules into their component parts?
Chemical digestion
Inclusions - What are they?
Chemical substances found in the cytosol, but distinct from it and not bound in a membrane.
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor detects specific molecules?
Chemoreceptor
What structures anchor the mitral valve to the walls of the left ventricle and prevent it from everting into the right atrium?
Chordae tendineae
What structures anchor the tricuspid valve to the walls of the right ventricle and prevent it from everting into the right atrium?
Chordae tendineae
The following are characteristics of the phylum our species is a part of. What is the Phylum?: Notochord. Dorsal tubular nerve chord. Pharyngeal pouches and gill slits.
Chordata
Which membrane is outermost and eventually forms the placenta?
Chorion
What stalklike structures form from the chorion?
Chorionic villi
What region of the vascular tunic is posterior and is the most extensive and houses a vast network of capillaries to supply the retina?
Choroid
Within the ventricles of the brain what structure form CSF?
Choroid plexuses
What portion of the vascular tunic of the eye is a muscular ring that works to focus images on the retina?
Ciliary body
What glands lie within the lacrimal caruncle?
Ciliary glands
What structure of the eye changes the shape of the lens?
Ciliary muscle
The parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the oculomotor nerve?
Ciliary muscle Pupillary constrictor muscle of the iris
What type of movement is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion?
Circumduction
What branch of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and left ventricle?
Circumflex artery
What rounded, saclike structure lies at the base of the thoracic duct?
Cisterna chyli
What taxon in our species is classified in has the following characteristics? Mammary glands, hair, 3 ear ossicles, Heterodont dentition. Squamosal-dentary jaw articulation. Attached placenta. Well developed facial muscles. Muscular diaphragm. Four-chambered heart with a left aortic arch.
Class
What are the depressions on the sternum for the articulation of the clavicles?
Clavicular notches
What series of synchronized mitotic divisions results in an increase in the number of cells as a zygote divides, but do not result in an increase in the volume?
Cleavage
Define ganglia.
Clusters of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS
What is the anatomical term for the tailbone?
Coccyx
What is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear?
Cochlea
What is the vernacular for clavicle?
Collar bone
What is circulation of blood established through enlargement of minor vessels and anastomosis of vessels with those of adjacent parts when a major vein or artery is functionally impaired (as by obstruction)?
Collateral circulation
What is circulation to or from an area of tissue, an organ, or a region of the body through more than one vessel?
Collateral circulation (This allows blood flow to continue if blood flow stops in one vessel supplying or draining the area. It occurs in the several major organs and various regions of the body. It is important to understand when performing surgery.)
What are the three general functions of the CNS and PNS?
Collecting information Processing and evaluating information Responding to information
The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?
Common bile duct
What division of what nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris?
Common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
What nerve is formed from the posterior division of the sciatic nerve?
Common fibular nerve
What branch of the celiac trunk supplies the liver and related organs?
Common hepatic artery
Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?
Common hepatic duct
What vein is formed by the convergence of the external and internal iliac veins?
Common iliac vein
What is the probable cause of referred pain?
Common neural pathways
What level of organization deals with interacting populations of various species within a particular location?
Community
What are blood vessels that travel together?
Companion vessels These form counter currents with blood flowing in opposite directions. This allows heat from the body's core to be absorbed by the vein which carries it back to the core. Counter currents are also important within the kidneys and allow these organs to perform their functions.
The ductus arteriosus becomes what structure after birth?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What general structures make up the lower respiratory tract?
Conducting airways Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Respiratory portion Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
What are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?
Conducting portion Respiratory portion
What type of synovial joint is biaxial with an oval, convex surface on one bone articulating with an oval, convex surface on a second bone?
Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint
What is the general shape of the lungs?
Conical
What layer of specialized stratified squamous epithelium forms a continuous lining of both the external, anterior surface of the eye and the internal surface of the eyelid?
Conjunctiva
What structure initially connects the embryo to the organ of exchange?
Connecting stalk
Which of four primary tissue types is blood?
Connective
Glands arise from epithelial tissue invaginating into what type of underlying tissue?
Connective tissue
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Conscious thought process Origin of all complex intellectual functions
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
What set of teeth erupt between 6 months and 30 months after birth and are eventually lost?
Deciduous teeth
Chromatin
DNA and the protein molecules it is wrapped around
What is an expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that separates individual muscles, binds together muscles with similar functions, forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and to fill spaces between muscles?
Deep fascia
What artery supplies the hip joint and the posterior structures of the thigh?
Deep femoral artery
What are the two main divisions of the common fibular nerve?
Deep fibular nerve Superficial fibular nerve
Where is the cervical plexus located?
Deep on the lateral side of the neck
What is the process of elimination by the digestive system?
Defecation
What is the motor innervation of the axillary nerve?
Deltoid Teres minor
What ligament binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side and prevents overeversion?
Deltoid ligament
What part of the neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
During the development the body of C1 fuses to C2 to form what structure?
Dens (odontoid process)
Ribosomes - Define and give the function of these organelles.
Dense granules responsible for protein synthesis.
What type of dense connective tissue is composed of collagen fibers extending in all directions?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What type of dense connective tissue is composed of densely packed, parallel collagen fibers?
Dense regular connective tissue
What are the sockets that hold the roots of the teeth?
Dental alveoli
What forms the primary mass of a tooth?
Dentin
What is the complete term for DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What type of movement is the inferior movement of a body part?
Depression
What is the scientific study of the skin?
Dermatology
What segment of the large intestine lies along the left side of the abdominal cavity?
Descending colon
The aortic arch leads immediately into what other segment of the aorta?
Descending thoracic aorta
What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
Diarthroses
Based on function, what type of joints are all synovial joints?
Diarthroses (freely moveable)
What part of the brain is composed of the epithalamus, right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Identify: Origin- Anterior belly: Digastric fossa of the mandible. Posterior belly: Mastoid groove or notch of the temporal bone. Insertion- Hyoid bone. Action-Depresses mandible. Elevates hyoid.
Digastric
What function of the digestive system involves the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules?
Digestion
What are the two categories of organs that make up the digestive system?
Digestive organs. Accessory digestive organs.
What term of direction means furthest from the point of attachment or a point of origin or a central point?
Distal
What joints lie between the middle phalanx and the distal phalanx of digits 2-5?
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) joints
What bone in the thumb lies within the segment of that digit with the nail?
Distal phalanx
What surface of a tooth is farthest from the midline?
Distal surface
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Distention & relaxation
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics: Cells with a membrane bound nucleus and membranous organelles.
Domain
List the 8 basic categories.
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
What term of direction means at the backside of the human body?
Dorsal
What is the cutaneous innervation of the ulnar nerve?
Dorsal and palmar aspects of the medial 1 1/2 fingers
What cavity of the body holds the brain and spinal cord?
Dorsal cavity
What superficial network of veins lies on the dorsum of the hand?
Dorsal venous arch (or network)
What artery can be palpated on the dorsum of the foot just lateral to the first metatarsal?
Dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal pedal artery)
What type of movement occurs when the dorsum of the foot or hand moves so that the angle between it and the limb decreases?
Dorsiflexion
What is the anatomical term for the posterior portion of the fingers?
Dorsum, dorsal aspect
What is the anatomical term for the superior portion of the foot?
Dorsum, dorsal region
What structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta of the fetus?
Ductus arteriosus
The umbilical vein enters the body of the fetus through the umbilicus and goes to the liver. There it delivers some blood to the liver. The remainder of the blood is taken to the inferior vena cava by what blood vessel?
Ductus venosus
What is the first segment of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Surrounding the CNS, what is the external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers?
Dura mater
What spaces are formed when the two layers of the dura mater separate?
Dural venous sinuses
What structures collect venous blood within the cranial cavity and are formed by the two layers of the dura mater?
Dural venous sinuses
What is the collective term for the tiny bones of the middle ear?
Ear ossicles
What level of organization deals with a community of organisms and its environment?
Ecosystem
From what germ layer does the nervous system develop?
Ectoderm
What germ layer gives rise to the epidermis?
Ectoderm
The implantation of the products of conception in any place within the body other than the uterus is known as what? In such cases implantation usually occurs within an oviduct, but occur in the pelvis.
Ectopic pregnancy
What are the three types of arteries?
Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles
What type of artery is able to withstand the strong pulsations of the ejected blood as well as reduce the force of the pulsations somewhat so that the pressure of the arterial blood equalizes slightly as it reaches smaller arteries and capillaries?
Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)
What type of cartilage contains numerous elastic fibers?
Elastic cartilage
What type of dense connective tissue contains elastic tissue?
Elastic connective tissue
What type of movement is the superior movement of a body part?
Elevation
Which of these becomes the embryo?
Embryoblast
What is the study of development during this period?
Embryology
What material covers the crown of a tooth?
Enamel
What are vessels that provide the only oxygenated blood to an organ or a region of the body?
End arteries Examples Splenic artery to the spleen Renal arteries to the kidneys Subclavian artery to the upper extremity Femoral artery to the lower extremity
What layer of the heart is composed of a single of simple squamous epithelium?
Endocardium
What type of bone growth occurs in the bones of extremities, vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicles?
Endochondral ossification
What gland releases their products directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine
What are ductless glands whose products are secreted directly into the blood?
Endocrine glands
What is the study of the endocrine system?
Endocrinology
What is the dense irregular connective tissue lining of the space within the shaft of the bone?
Endosteum
What layer of the heart is a serous membrane?
Epicardium
List the three layers of the heart wall.
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
What are the two layers of the integument?
Epidermis Dermis
What potential space lies between the dura and the cranium?
Epidural space
What spoon- or leaf-shaped structure of the larynx folds over the laryngeal opening during swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
What is the anatomical term for growth plate?
Epiphyseal Plate
Where does the bone increase in length?
Epiphyseal plate
What is the transitional zone at which the diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone come together?
Epiphyseal plate or line
What is the example of synchondroses within growing bones?
Epiphyseal plates
What is the part of a bone that ossifies separately at the proximal or distal end of a long bone and later unites with the shaft of the bone?
Epiphysis
What are the lobules of fat hanging off the external surface of the large intestine?
Epiploic appendages
What structure partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalons and covers the third ventricle?
Epithalamus
What primary tissue type acts as a covering or lining?
Epithelial tissue
What structure forms aqueous humor?
Epithelium of the ciliary body
Identify: A massive extensor consisting of three groups that are found from the sacrum to the skull and work to extend the spine or, if only one side contracts, to bring about lateral flexion.
Erector spinae
What muscle forms the bulge on either side of the median furrow (the depression running along most of the length of the back)
Erector spinae
List the formed elements of the blood.
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
What blood vessels carry blood to and from the esophagus?
Esophageal arteries and veins
The esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm?
Esophageal hiatus
What is the tubular organ extending from the pharynx to the stomach?
Esophagus
What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?
Esophagus
What is the history of a words origin?
Etymology.
The following are characteristics of the domain our species is a part of. What is the domain?: Cells with a membrane bound nucleus and membranous organelles.
Eukarya
What domain is our species classified within?
Eukarya
What type of movement occurs when the intertarsal joints are moved to face the sole of the foot laterally?
Eversion
What is the source of biodiversity?
Evolution
What are glands which secrete their product onto an epithelial surface either directly or through a duct?
Exocrine glands
What type of movement brings about an increase in the angle of a joint?
Extension
Identify: Origin-External surfaces of fifth to twelfth ribs. Insertion- Anterior half of iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba. Action-Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk.
External abdominal oblique
What is the bony tube within the skull that carries sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?
External acoustic meatus
What is the structure made of soft tissue and cartilage lining the external auditory meatus?
External auditory canal
The common carotid arteries bifurcate into what arteries?
External carotid arteries Internal carotid arteries
What vein extends from the inguinal ligament to the merger of this vein with the internal iliac vein?
External iliac vein
Identify: Origin- inferior border of a rib from costal tubercle to end of rib at articulation with costal cartilage. Insertion-Superior border of rib just inferior to rib of origin. Action- Elevates ribs during inspiration as needed.
External intercostals
What vein draining the head can often be seen superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?
External jugular vein
What circular array of skeletal muscle voluntarily controls the flow of urine through the urethra?
External urethral sphincter
Based on the origin of the stimulus, what type of receptor detects stimuli from the external environment?
Exteroceptor
What is the collective term for the membranes formed to mediate exchange between the uterus and embryo?
Extraembryonic membranes
In regard to muscles, what are those who have their origin outside of the structure under consideration?
Extrinsic
What are the slightly curved rows of thick, short hairs at the superior edges of the orbits along the orbital ridges?
Eyebrows
What structures extend from the margins of the eyelids and prevent large foreign objects from coming into contact with the anterior surface of the eye?
Eyelashes
What are the movable anterior protective coverings over the surfaces of the eyes?
Eyelids
What is the anatomical term for anterior portion of the head from the eyebrows to the chin?
Face
Based on Stephen Jay Gould's essay "Evolution as Fact and Theory" what is a theory?
Facts can only be proven to a certain point all hypothesis must be testable and repeatable therefore if tests can still be done facts cannot be absolute.
What fold of peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior internal abdominal wall?
Falciform ligament
What separates the two major lobes of the liver?
Falciform ligament
What type of cartilage has numerous coarse, readily visible fibers arranged in irregular bundles between large chondrocytes?
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage holds bones together in symphyses?
Fibrocartilage
What is the outer layer of a joint capsule?
Fibrous (joint) capsule
What layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney maintaining its shape, protecting it from trauma, and preventing the spread of infectious pathogens?
Fibrous (renal) capsule
What is the outer, tough, dense connective tissue layer of the sac surrounding the heart?
Fibrous pericardium
What structure composed of dense irregular connective tissue lies between the atria and ventricles of the heart?
Fibrous skeleton
What is the external layer of the eyeball?
Fibrous tunic
From lateral to medial list the 2 bones of the leg?
Fibula and tibia
What artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibular artery
Proximally what part of the tibia articulates with the fibula?
Fibular articular surface
What feature of the tibia forms the inferior tibiofibular joint?
Fibular notch
If you are driving a Sanpete County road on winter's day and a deer suddenly takes a suicidal leap in front of your car, what is the general response of your ANS?
Fight-or-flight
What part does the respiratory system play in the defense of the body?
Filtering by nasal hair and mucosa. Lysozyme, an enzyme, kills bacteria. Alveolar macrophages phagocytize particles and bacteria within the alveoli.
What are the numerous fingerlike folds at the lateral margin of the uterine tube?
Fimbriae
What are the deep grooves of the cerebrum?
Fissures
Based on shape, what are bones that are broad for protection and muscle attachment?
Flat bones
What type of movement brings about a decrease in the angle of a joint?
Flexion
What is the anatomical term for the softspots in a baby's skull?
Fontanels
What openings in the skull transmit the mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
Foramen ovale
What structure allows blood to be shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium of the fetus thus shunting this blood away from the lungs?
Foramen ovale
What openings in the skull transmit the maxillary branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
Foramen rotundum
What openings in the skull transmit the first cranial nerve?
Foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
What is the anatomical term for the portion of the cranium overlying the frontal bone?
Forehead, frontal region
Cells vary in size and shape. Why?
Form follows function
The foramen ovale becomes what structure after birth?
Fossa ovalis
How many parathyroid glands are there?
Four
What depression in the proximal portion of the femur accommodates the attachment of a ligament?
Fovea capitis
What is the area of sharpest vision on the retina?
Fovea centralis
What is a yellowish or brown spot caused by localized areas of excessive melanocyte activity rather than an increase in melanocyte number?
Freckle
What are contours of the skin surface that form ridges patterns on the palmar aspect of the hand and plantar surface of the foot?
Friction Ridges
What is the most anterior of the cerebral lobes
Frontal
List the paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Maxillary sinuses
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics? Minimum brain capacity in the adult is 600-700 cc. Flattened face. Prominent chin and nose with inferiorly positioned nostrils.
Genus
What is the anatomical term for the gums?
Gingivae
What is the most unstable joint of the body?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
With what part of the scapula does the humerus articulate?
Glenoid cavity
What type of cells support and protect neurons?
Glial cells
What type of cells within neural tissue specialize in supporting, protecting, and providing a framework for others?
Glial cells
What type of movement of a synovial joint involves a simple movement in which two opposing surfaces slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another? In this type the angle between bones does not change and only limited movement is possible in any direction.
Gliding motion
What is the anatomical term for the vocal cords and the opening between them?
Glottis
Nerves emerging from the sacral plexus innervate what portions of the body?
Gluteal region Pelvis Perineum Posterior thigh Almost all of the leg and foot
Onto what feature of the femur does the gluteus maximus insert?
Gluteal tuberosity
What arteries supply the gonads?
Gonadal arteries Testicular arteries Ovarian arteries
What veins drain the gonads?
Gonadal veins -Testicular veins -Ovarian veins
What are the primary reproductive organs?
Gonads Ovaries Testes
Which of the adductors of the thigh crosses the knee joint?
Gracilis
What horizontal bar of gray matter surrounds the central canal within the spinal cord?
Gray commissure
What type of tissue within the CNS houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria and unmyelinated axons?
Gray matter
What structures carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves?
Gray rami communicates (gray rami)
What vein in the coronary circulation lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus and the left side of the AV sulcus?
Great cardiac vein (Remember that the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right. Thus the great cardiac vein is larger than the small cardiac vein and drains the left side of the heart.)
What superficial vein originates on the medial side of the ankle and extends from there along the medial surface of the lower extremity to the femoral triangle where it drains into the femoral vein?
Great saphenous vein
What is the anatomical term for the big toe?
Great toe ,hallux
What is the inferior convex border of the stomach?
Greater curvature
What extension of the peritoneum extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs?
Greater omentum
Through what part of the ilium does the sciatic nerve pass?
Greater sciatic notch
What is the proximolateral projection of the femur palpable on the lateral side of the hip?
Greater trochanter
What bony prominence of the humerus lies proximally and laterally?
Greater tubercle
From what 2 languages are the majority of anatomical terms derived?
Greek and Latin
What is the anatomical term for the anterior region where a fold is created as the torso meets the thigh?
Groin, inguinal region
What is the study of biological structures that are visible to the unaided eye?
Gross Anatomy
What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
Gyri (singular=gyrus)
What is the swelling at the base of the hair lying within the dermis?
Hair bulb
What is the oblique tube of epithelium that surrounds a hair?
Hair follicle
What are the two portions of the palate?
Hard palate. Soft palate.
What is the key characteristic of an hypothesis used in the scientific method?
Has to be testable.
What are the many pouches that the large intestine is divided into?
Haustra (sacculations)
What feature of the ulna appears as a bump on the distal, medial side of the forearm?
Head
What is the proximal end of the fibula?
Head
What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum?
Head
What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula?
Head
What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?
Head
What portion of the radius articulates with the humerus?
Head
What part of a rib articulates with the body (bodies) of a vertebra(e)?
Head (capitulum)
What are the functions of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?
Hearing Speech Smell
What is the general shape of the bodies of T1-T12?
Heart shaped
thoracic cavity?
Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels
What is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to blood vessels that proliferate and form a benign tumor?
Hemangioma
What specialty in medicine focuses on blood?
Hematology
What three pigments contribute to skin color?
Hemoglobin Melanin Carotene
What large vein receives oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it directly to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
What veins carry blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins
Variation is a main point of Darwin's theory of evolution. Enviorment may produce variation, as when clones of plants are exposed to different amounts of sunshine. What type of variation is important in organic evolution?
Heritable (genetic)
What glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Heterocrine glands Pancreas Gonads
In what part of a kidney do the vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to it?
Hilum
What portion of each lung is directed medially, oriented vertically, is indented, and is the area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass?
Hilum
What type of synovial joint is uniaxial and composed of one convex surface fitting into a concave surface and allows movement in only one plane?
Hinge joint
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
The following are characteristics of the family our species is a part of. What is the family? Large upright posture. Tail absent. Hind limbs longer than arms. Thumb opposable, but not big toe.
Hominade
Within what family is our species classified?
Hominiade
Within what genus is our species classified?
Homo
The following are characteristics of the genus our species is a part of. What is the genus? Minimum brain capacity in the adult is 600-700 cc. Flattened face. Prominent chin and nose with inferiorly positioned nostrils.
Homo (Underlined)
The following are characteristics of the species we are classified as. What is the scientific name of this species? Minimum brain capacity in the adult of 1200 cc. Hind limbs long relative to forelimbs. Small face. Short cranium. Reduced body hair.
Homo sapiens (Underlined)
What is the scientific name of our species?
Homo sapiens (Underlined)
What are structures that are derived from common developmental structures (primordial) and serve common functions in adults?
Homologues
What are regulatory chemicals secreted directly into the blood by the ductless glands and carried to target cells that respond by an alteration of their metabolism?
Hormones
What arteries form an anastomosis around the surgical neck of the humerus?
Humeral circumflex arteries
What is the only bone in the brachium?
Humerus
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
What type of cartilage joins bones in synchondroses?
Hyaline
What type of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of bones in a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage
List the three types of cartilage and their location in the body?
Hyaline- Fibrocartilage- Elastic-
What small, U-shaped bone lies superior to the larynx?
Hyoid bone
What type of movement increases the angle of a joint beyond 180 degrees (beyond the anatomical position)?
Hyperextension
What is the name and number of the twelfth cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal
What opening in the skull transmits the twelfth cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal canal
What is a synonym for pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
The pituitary gland is connected to what part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
What is the master control center of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
What part of the CNS has the greatest control over the ANS?
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain controls the function of the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain lies inferior to the thalamus?
Hypothalamus
What is the name and number of the first cranial nerve?
I Olfactory
What is the name and number of the second cranial nerve?
II Optic
What is the name and number of the third cranial nerve?
III Oculomotor
What is the name and number of the fourth cranial nerve?
IV Trochlear
What is the name and number of the ninth cranial nerve?
IX Glossopharyngeal
What circular muscle controls the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
What is the third segment of the small intestine?
Ileum
What is the superior ridge of the ilium?
Iliac crest
What depression lies on the medial side of the ilium?
Iliac fossa
By what name are the iliacus and psoas major referred to after they pass deep to the inguinal ligament?
Iliopsoas
What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?
Iliopsoas & pectineus
What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?
Iliotibial tract
What is the largest and most superior of the three bones on the os coxae?
Ilium
How does the dura mater within the vertebral canal different from the dura within the cranial cavity?
It consists of one layer rather than two.
What is a suture?
Immovable fibrous joints
How does the blood help protect the body?
Immunity Clotting
What is the process by which this sphere burrows into and embeds within the endometrium?
Implantation
Where does the spinal cord begin and end in an adult?
In an adult the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the first lumbar vertebra (L1). Although the spinal cord stops at L1, the lower portions are named for lower segments of the spinal column. This is so because the spinal cord extends the full length of the vertebral canal at birth. The spine, however, grows more than the spinal cord leaving the cord shorter.
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica
Usually both divisions of the ANS innervate organs. Where does this dual innervation not occur?
In the skin and skeletal muscles -There is only sympathetic innervation here.
What characteristics do all the bronchi of the lungs share?
Incomplete rings of cartilage Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Incomplete ring of smooth muscle
Clinically what might an overall redness of the integument indicate?
Increased body temperature from exertion or infection
Which of the three ear ossicles lies between the other two?
Incus
What are the "auditory reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Inferior colliculi
What unpaired artery emerges from the abdominal aorta and supplies the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum?
Inferior mesenteric artery
What are the three main tributaries of the hepatic portal vein?
Inferior mesenteric vein Splenic vein Superior mesenteric vein
What part of the pubis fuses with the ischium inferiorly?
Inferior ramus
The common iliac veins merge to form what vein?
Inferior vena cava
What blood vessel returns blood from the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum, and abdominal structures to the right atrium of the heart?
Inferior vena cava
What bony process lies inferior to the scapula's articulation with the humerus and serves as the origin for the long head of the triceps brachii?
Infraglenoid tubercle
What muscle lies in the infraspinous fossa?
Infraspinatus
What is the depression inferior to the spine of the scapula?
Infraspinous fossa
What is the free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum
What structure attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
What function of the digestive system involves the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity?
Ingestion
List the six main functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion. Digestion. Peristalsis. Secretion. Absorption. Elimination.
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament Sartorius Adductor longus
Nerve fibers are extensively dispersed throughout the dermis. What is this property of the distribution of nerves to or in a part of the body?
Innervation
Most skeletal muscle cross one or more joints to bring about movements in those joints. Which attach of a muscle usually moves when a muscle contracts?
Insertion
What small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
Insula
Where does the gustatory cortex occur?
Insula
What deep vein draining the cranial cavity begins at the jugular foramen of the skull?
Internal jugular vein (This vein cannot be seen from the surface. It run with the common carotid artery and the vagus nerve within the carotid sheath as it travels through the neck.)
What are the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?
Internal nares
What artery emerges from the subclavian artery and supplies the mammary glands and the anterior thoracic wall?
Internal thoracic artery
What circular array of smooth muscle guards the orifice of the urethra?
Internal urethral sphincter
Based on the origin of the stimulus, what type of receptor detects stimuli from the internal environment?
Interoceptor
What broad ligamentous sheet connect bones in a syndesmosis?
Interosseous membrane
What sheet of dense regular connective issue lies between the radius and ulna?
Interosseous membrane
What joint lies between the phalanges of the first digit?
Interphalangeal joint
What joints within the foot lie between the phalanges?
Interphalangeal joints
What type of bone growth increases the length of a bone?
Interstitial growth
List and define the two types of growth that cartilage undergoes?
Interstitial- (-Chondrocytes housed in lacunae undergo mitosis. -Following mitosis, the 2 cells occupy a single lacuna. -The 2 cells synthesize a new matrix and push apart.) Appositional- (-Stem cells at internal edge of perichondrium divide forming new stem cells and chondroblasts. -The new chondrocytes produce new matrix.)
What groups of joints within the foot allows inversion and eversion?
Intertarsal joints
What is the thick, oblique ridge of bone on the proximal, posterior side of the femur between the trochanters?
Intertrochanteric crest
What feature runs between the trochanters anteriorly?
Intertrochanteric line
Through what feature of the humerus does the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii run?
Intertubercular (bicipital) groove (sulcus)
What structure separates the right and left ventricles of the heart?
Interventricular septum
What are the pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae?
Intervertebral discs
What structures separate the bodies of the vertebrae from C2-C3 to L5-S1?
Intervertebral discs
What type of bone growth occurs in the flat bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle
Intramembranous ossification
What term describes abdominopelvic organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum?
Intraperitoneal organs
In regard to muscles, what are those whose origin and insertion are both within the structure under consideration?
Intrinsic
What portion of the vascular tunic of the eye is the most anterior and is what we commonly refer to when we speak of the color of the eye?
Iris
Based on shape, what are bones that are variable in their shape?
Irregular Bones
What is the most inferior bone of the os coxae?
Ischium
What is the narrow transition zone of the uterus between the body and the cervix?
Isthmus
Why is the skin considered an organ?
It is an aggregation of cells working together to serve a purpose.
How does the plasma membrane function as the "gatekeeper" of the cell?
It regulates the passages of substances into and out of the cell.
Why do some authors not consider the posterior pituitary to be an endocrine gland?
It stores but does not make hormones.
What is the shape of the stomach?
J-shaped
What is the second segment of the small intestine?
Jejunum
What is a synonym for articulation?
Joint
What structure surrounds and suspends the uterine tubes?
Mesosalpinx
What opening in the skull transmits the eleventh cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
What opening in the skull transmits the ninth cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
What opening in the skull transmits the tenth cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
Define each and list some locations that keratinized stratified squamos occur.
Keratinized - contain keratin, dead at the apical surface - Epidermis
What type of tissue lines the nasal vestibule?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What other organs have endocrine functions?
Kidneys Heart GI tract Gonads (Some authors do not list the gonads as endocrine glands, however, for our purpose we will do so.)
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics: Multicellular. No cell walls or chlorophyll. Nutrition principally ingestive. Digestion in an internal cavity?
Kingdom
What are the small, reddish bodies at the medial commissure of each eye?
Lacrimal caruncle
The parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the facial nerve?
Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
What structures produce tears?
Lacrimal glands
The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?
L1-L4
At what level of the vertebral column does the aorta end?
L4
The anterior rami of what spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
What thin folds of mucosa on the midline attach the lips to the gums?
Labial frenulum
What surface of a tooth is adjacent to the internal surface of the lip?
Labial surface
What structure drains tears from the lacrimal puncta?
Lacrimal canaliculus
Which side of the heart pumps blood in the systemic circuit?
Left (Arteries carry blood from the left side of the heart to the all parts of the body except the pulmonary circuit in the lungs. Veins carry blood from the body back to the right side of the heart.)
With what features of the sacrum does the pelvic girdle articulate?
Left and right auricular surfaces
Veins that drain the head, neck, and upper limbs merge to form what vessels?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins
The aorta terminates by bifurcating into what two arteries?
Left and right common iliac arteries
What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?
Left and right hepatic ducts
What are the three gross anatomical components of the thyroid gland?
Left and right lobes Isthmus
What structure prevents blood from returning to the left atrium as the left ventricle contracts?
Left atrioventricular (AV) valve (mitral valve or bicuspid valve) (The term "mitral valve" is used more commonly in clinical settings.)
What separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Left atrioventricular opening
What bend in the colon occurs near the spleen?
Left colic flexure (Splenic flexure)
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the second branch of the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
What artery supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Left gastric artery
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the third branch of the aortic arch?
Left subclavian artery
Where is the stomach located?
Left upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the diaphragm
What is the anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle?
Leg or crural region
What is the strong, deformable, transparent structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina?
Lens
What dense, elastic structure bounds the lens of the eye?
Lens capsule
How do veins differ structurally from arteries?
Less smooth muscle Valves
What is the superior concave border of the stomach?
Lesser curvature
What extension of the peritoneum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver?
Lesser omentum
What is the femoral projection on the proximal posteromedial surface?
Lesser trochanter
Identify the muscle located in the ocular region, but not attached to the eyeball. Arises from the under surface of the small wing of the sphenoid. Inserts on the eyelid and acts to raise it.
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
What are bands of dense regular connective tissue that join bone to bone?
Ligaments
What ligament originates along the acetabulum and attaches to the foeva capitis femurs? It must be cut during total hip arthroplasties which are relatively common.
Ligamentum teres (ligament of the head of the femur-ligamentum capitus femoris)
List the three types of microscopes used to study cells.
Light microscope, Transmission electron microscope, Scanning electron microscope
What is the elevated ridge on the posterior midline of the femur?
Linea aspera
Chromosomes
Linear structures formed from chromatin
Based on shape, what are bones that are longer than they are wide?
Long bones
List and define the four types of bone based on shape
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones
What deep groove separates the two halves of the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure
The pulmonary trunk bifurcates into what two blood vessels?
Pulmonary arteries
These are characteristics of the class our species is a part of. What is the class? Mammary glands, hair, 3 ear ossicles, Heterodont dentition. Squamosal-dentary jaw articulation. Attached placenta. Well developed facial muscles. Muscular diaphragm. Four-chambered heart with a left aortic arch.
Mammalia
Within what class is our species classified?
Mammalia
What glands produce milk?
Mammary glands
What is the anatomical region surrounding the nipple on the anterior thorax?
Mammary region
What branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right border of the heart?
Marginal artery
Identify: Origin- Zygomatic arch. Insertion- Lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible. Action- Elevates and protracts mandible
Masseter
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Master control of the ANS Master control of the endocrine system Regulation of body temperature Control of emotional behavior Control of food intake Control of water intake Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms
What is the medical term for chewing?
Mastication
What bone holds the upper teeth and forms the anterior two thirds of the hard palate and the floor of the orbits?
Maxilla
What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?
Maxilla-palatine process Palatine bones- horizontal plates
What bones form the hard palate?
Maxilla. Palatine.
The external carotid artery terminates by dividing into what two arteries?
Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery
What aspect of digestion involves the break down of ingested material into smaller pieces of the same material?
Mechanical digestion
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch?
Mechanoreceptor
What term of direction means toward the midline of the body?
Medial
What ligament connects the femur and the tibia and prevents hyperabduction?
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
Identify: Origin- Deep Head: medial surface of lateral ptyergoid plate and pyramidal process of the palatine bone. Superficial head: Tuberosity of maxilla. Insertion: Medial ramus of mandible. Action: Elevates and protracts mandible. Moves mandible medially.
Medial pterygoid muscle
What type of movement is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own long axis so that the anterior surface moves medially?
Medial rotation
What is the motor innervation of the obturator nerve?
Medial thigh muscles
The umbilical arteries of the fetus become what structures after birth?
Medial umbilical ligaments
From lateral to medial list the tarsals of the distal row?
Medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform bones, and the cuboid bones.
What vein joins the cephalic and basilic veins in the cubital fossa?
Median cubital vein
Carpal tunnel syndrome results in nocturnal hand paresthesia (a sensation of pricking, tingling, or creeping on the skin that has no objective cause) and pain, and sometimes sensory loss and wasting in the hand. The lateral palmar side of the hand and the thenar group are affected. What nerve is involved?
Median nerve
The spinous processes of the sacrum form what structure?
Median sacral crest
What portion of each lung is directed medially?
Mediastinal surface
What is the median space within the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata
What is the space within the diaphysis of a bone?
Medullary cavity
What type of cell division produces haploid cells?
Meiosis
List the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (GH) Growth hormone (TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone Gonadotropins - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PRL)
What hormone does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
What are the fluid-filled tubes of the inner ear?
Membranous labyrinth
Lysosomes - What are they?
Membranous spheres containing enzymes that break down worn out parts of the cell or substances phagocytized by the cell.
What are the apparent functions of the small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
Memory Interpretation of taste
Collectivly what are the three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Meninges (singular= meninx)
What is the anatomical term for the chin?
Mental region (chin is more commonly used)
What type of sweat gland functions in thermoregulation?
Merocrine (Eccrine) glands
What are the double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract organs?
Mesenteries
What fan-shaped fold of peritoneum suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesentery proper
What surface of a tooth is closest to the midline?
Mesial surface
What fold of peritoneum attaches parts of the large intestine to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesocolon
From which of the primary germ layers does connective tissue arise?
Mesoderm
What germ layer gives rise to the dermis?
Mesoderm
What joints within the foot lie between the metatarsals and phalanges?
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Simple nonciliated columnar epithelium often have what finger-like projections?
Microvilli
During what time period did Schleiden and Schwann propose their theory?
Mid-1800's (1839)
What is a synonym for mesencephalon?
Midbrain
What three regions form the brainstem?
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
What vein in the coronary circulation lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus?
Middle cardiac vein
What plane passes lengthwise through the body dividing it into left and right halves?
Midsagittal Plane
What funnel-shaped structure attaches to a renal pyramid to collect urine?
Minor calyx
What teeth are the thickest, have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps, and three or more roots?
Molars
What level of organization deals with combinations of atoms?
Molecular
What is the science of relating and interpreting observed biological structures?
Morphology
What is the compacted 16-cell stage of development?
Morula
Where is thin epidermis found?
Most of the body
What portion of the frontal lobe is involved with muscles involved with speech, is located on the inferolateral portion of the lobe, and is usually on the left side?
Motor speech area (Brocca's area)
What are the anatomical components of the upper respiratory tract?
Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx
What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Airways from bronchi to terminal bronchioles
What are the external nares?
Nostrils
Deep Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb
Note that the deep veins of the extremities are often networks (plexuses) around arteries of the same name. This adaptation allows them to more effectively absorb heat being carried by arterial blood coming from the body's core. These veins absorb the heat and return it to the core.
Within the regions of the spinal cord's gray matter, what are the various functional groups of neuron cell bodies?
Nuclei
What is the inner, circular region of an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus
Cilia
Numerous, short, hair-like projections that wave and move substance along a passage.
Bones are vascular. Through what openings do blood vessels enter bones?
Nutrient foramina
Where does the primary visual cortex occur?
Occipital lobe
What is the anatomical term for the region at the posterior base of the head?
Occipital region
What surface of a tooth is where the teeth from the opposing superior and inferior arches meet?
Occlusal surface
What prominent projection of the ulna forms the posterior "bump" of the elbow?
Olecranon
What is the distal depression on the posterior side of the humerus?
Olecranon fossa
What cranial nerve carries impulses from olfactory receptors?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
What part does the respiratory system play in olfaction?
Olfactory sensors lie in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
Where do the ducts of the submandibular glands enter the oral cavity?
On the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On the superior surface of each kidney
If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the SNS, how many motor neurons would be involved?
One
How does the blood flow in the upper limb mirror that of the lower limb?
One main arterial vessel. That artery bifurcates at elbow or knee. Arterial and venous arches occur in the hand and foot. Both had superficial and deep networks of veins.
Where do sutures occur in the human body?
Only in the skull.
What branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the eyes?
Ophthalmic artery
What are the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic branch (V1) Maxillary branch (V2) Mandibular branch (V3)
What movement occurs when the thumb moves toward the palmar tips of the fingers as it crosses the palm of the hand?
Opposition
The optic nerves converge anterior to the pituitary gland to form what structure?
Optic chiasma or optic chiasm
What posterior portion of the eye do neurons extend through and form a round structure frequently referred to as the blind spot?
Optic disc
What opening in the skull transmits the second cranial nerve?
Optic foramen
What cranial nerve carries impulses from the retina to the brain?
Optic nerve (CN II)
What is the anatomical term for the mouth?
Oral cavity
Identify the sphincter muscle originating medially on the bones of the orbit and inserting on the tissue of the eyelids. It permits blinking, winking and squinting.
Orbicularis Oculi
On what feature of the pubis does a comb-like muscle originate?
Pectineal line
Identify the complicated multilayered muscle with most of its fibers running circularly from the facial node. Its fibers insert in skin, mucosa of the lips, and muscles around the orifice of the oral cavity. It closes the lips and aids in pursing the lips as in kissing.
Orbicularis Oris
Muscles that open & close the eye
Orbicularis oculi - closes the eye Levator palpebrae superioris - opens the eye Six extrinsic muscles of the eye Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique
What is the anatomical term for the region of the face associated with the eye?
Orbital region
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics? Large cerebral hemispheres. Orbits surrounded by bone and directed forward. Limbs with ball and socket articulations. Pentdactyl with an opposable thumb and toe in most. Nails flattened. Tail present or absent.
Order
What level of organization deals with anatomical strutters composed of at least 2 of the primary tissue types and performing specific functions?
Organ
What are lipids?
Organic compounds that are insoluble in water.
What level of organization deals with individuals (living beings) of species?
Organismal
What is the process by which organs develop?
Organogenesis
What level of organization are individual bones?
Organs
What organs lie within the abdominal cavity?
Organs of digestion, kidneys, ureters
Most skeletal muscles cross one or more joints to bring about movements in those joints. Which attach of a muscle usually remains stationary when a muscle contracts?
Origin
What region of the pharynx lies between the soft palate and the level of the hyoid bone?
Oropharynx
What specialty within medicine most directly deals with the skeletal system?
Orthopedics
What is the plural of os coxae?
Ossa coxae
Which of the bones of the pelvis make up the pelvic girdle?
Ossa coxae
What type of bone cells are formed from stem cells and produce new bone?
Osteoblasts
What type of bone cells dissolve bone matrix?
Osteoclasts
What are mature bone cells?
Osteocytes
What are two synonyms for bone growth?
Osteogenesis Ossification
What type of bone cells are stem cells derived from mesenchyme and found within the periosteum and endosteum?
Osteoprogenitor
What is Wilson's argument for maintaining biodiversity?
Our most valuable (but least appreciated) resource.
What is the general shape of the spinal cord in cross-section?
Oval (AP compression)
What is the rounded cord of fibrous and muscular tissue extending from each superior angle of the uterus to the inner extremity of the ovary of the same side?
Ovarian ligament
Manipulation of the function of what structure is used as birth control?
Ovaries
What are the primary sex organs of the female?
Ovaries
Onto what feature of the femur does the pectinous insert? This feature lies between the lesser trochanter and the linea aspera.
Pectineal line
What regions of the body does the brachial plexus innervate?
Pectoral girdle and upper extremity
What muscle forms the anterior border of the axilla?
Pectoralis major
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to light?
Photoreceptor
What branch of the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics? Notochord. Dorsal tubular nerve cord. Pharyngeal pouches and gill slits. Postanal tail.
Phylum
What meninx is the deepest and unlike the others, follows the contours of the brain?
Pia mater
Manipulation of the function of what structure can treat sleep disorders through changes in hormone levels?
Pineal gland
Benign tumors of what structure cause problems with vision and are commonly discovered first by optometrists?
Pituitary gland
What type of synovial joint is uniaxial and is formed by a rounded surface fitting into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone? This type of joint allows the rotation of one bone around its long axis in relation to the second bone.
Pivot joint
What is the organ of exchange between the mother and the embryo?
Placenta
What type of synovial joint is uniaxial and is the simplest?
Planar (gliding) joint
What term implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body?
Plane
What type of movement occurs when the ankle joint moves to point the toes inferiorly?
Plantar flexion
What is the anatomical term for the sole of the foot?
Plantar surface
What is the cutaneous innervation of the tibial nerve?
Plantar surface of the foot
What is the liquid portion of blood?
Plasma
Of the three formed elements of the blood, which is not made up of cells?
Platelets
What is the thin, superficial, sheet-like muscle originating on the fascia of the pectorals major and deltoid muscles and inserting on the lower border of the mandible and the corners of the mouth? It draws the corners of the mouth downward and may assist in opening the mouth.
Platysma
What serous membranes cover the lungs and line the internal thoracic wall?
Pleura
What is the potential space between the layers of the serous membranes associated with the lungs?
Pleural cavity
What is the potential space between the lungs and the thoracic wall?
Pleural cavity
What serous membrane is associated with the lungs?
Pleural membrane
What is the anatomical term for the thumb?
Pollex (It is commonly referred to as the thumb or first digit.)
What is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?
Pons
What major artery lies posterior to the knee?
Popliteal artery
What is the anatomical term for the area on the posterior aspect of the knee?
Popliteal region
The anterior tibial vein and the posterior tibial vein converge to form what vein?
Popliteal vein
What level of organization deals with individuals of the same species capable of reproducing with one another within a particular location?
Population
What is the area where blood and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver?
Porta hepatis
What type of vascular system contains two capillary plexuses interconnected by a vein?
Portal system
What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system?
Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit
What is the axon of a ganglionic neuron within the ANS?
Postganglionic axon
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Provide conscious awareness of smell
What important anatomical feature lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus and functions as the primary somatosensory cortex?
Postcentral gyrus
Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes
What term of direction means in back of or toward the back surface?
Posterior
What are the two main branches of a spinal nerve?
Posterior (dorsal) ramus Anterior (ventral) ramus
What is the cutaneous innervation of the radial nerve?
Posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand
What is the motor innervation of the radial nerve?
Posterior arm muscles Posterior forearm muscles
The basilar artery ends by splitting into what arteries?
Posterior cerebral arteries
What small arteries connect the posterior cerebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries?
Posterior communicating arteries
Which of the cruciate ligaments tightens on flexion to prevent hyper flexion?
Posterior cruciate ligament
What fontanel is found on the posterior portion of the midline on the superior aspect of the skull?
Posterior fontanel
The white matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into three regions. What each called?
Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Anterior funiculus
Within the spinal cord what are the posterior masses of gray matter that contain the axons of sensory neurons and the cell bodies of interneurons?
Posterior horns
What arteries lie between the ribs in the intercostal groove?
Posterior intercostal arteries
What branch of the right coronary artery supplies the ventricles on the posterior side of the heart?
Posterior interventricular arteries
What depressions lie on the anterior and posterior surface of the spinal cord?
Posterior median sulcus Anterior median sulcus
Where is the pineal gland located?
Posterior region of the epithalamus
The cell bodies of sensory neurons associated with the spinal cord are found in what structures?
Posterior root ganglion
What are the paired openings on the posterior side of the sacrum?
Posterior sacral foramina (dorsal foramina)
What is the posterior termination of the superior ridge of the ilium?
Posterior superior iliac spine
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior surface of the thyroid gland
What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
Of the three arteries supplying the compartments of the leg, which can be palpated for a pulse? Where can it be palpated?
Posterior tibial artery Posterior to the medial malleolus
What is the general location of the urinary bladder?
Posterior to the pubic symphysis
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Posterolateral wall
What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if the preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead the postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ?
Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
What period of development ranges from the moment of conception until the completion of implantation into the uterine wall?
Pre-embryonic stage
What important anatomical feature of the frontal lobe lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus and is responsible for primary motor function?
Precentral gyrus
What was an affix attached to the beginning of a word, base, or phrase, and serving to produce a derivative form?
Prefix
A motor neuron within the ANS that lies between the CNS and a ganglion is what type of neuron?
Preganglionic neuron
What teeth have flat crowns with prominent ridges and may have one or two roots?
Premolars
What is the function of eyebrows?
Prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye. Facial expression.
What are the functions of the larynx?
Prevents swallowed material from entering the lower respiratory tract Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract Produces sound
Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
What structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?
Prevertebral ganglia
What are the bifurcations of the trachea?
Primary bronchi
What curves develop in the womb? Give the collective and individual names
Primary curves -Thoracic curves -Sacral Curves
What are the organs which produce gametes?
Primary sex organs (gonads) Ovaries Testes
Where is vision perceived?
Primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe
These are characteristics of the order our species is a part of. What is the order? Large cerebral hemispheres. Orbits surrounded by bone and directed forward. Limbs with ball and socket articulations. Pentdactyl with an opposable thumb and toe in most. Nails flattened. Tail present or absent.
Primate
What is the function of association areas within the cerebrum?
Process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response.
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Processing of taste information
What circulatory circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart?
Pulmonary
Outline the flow of CSF.
Produced by choroid plexuses in each ventricle. Most is produced in the lateral ventricles. Flows from lateral ventricles through interventricular foramina into the third ventricle. More is formed in the third ventricle by the choroid plexus there. CSF then flows through the cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct into the fourth ventricle where more is formed by the choroid plexus in that ventricle. Flows into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle or into the central canal of the spinal cord. Travels through the subarachnoid space. Reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi (granulations) in the dural venous sinuses.
In some situations, as when you lay an object on a table, a muscle is actually getting longer while doing what you want. One of the characteristics of muscle is contractility. Yet a muscle allowing you to extend your elbow in a controlled fashion is not getting shorter. What is it doing?
Producing force
What type of movement occurs so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly?
Pronation
Based on the origin of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to stimuli dealing with the position of the body?
Proprioceptor
List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid
Protection Environmental stability Buoyancy
List the six functions of hair as given by Mckinley and O'Loughlin.
Protection Heat retention Facial expression Sensory reception Visual identification Chemical signal dispersal
List the functions of the integument.
Protection Prevents water loss Temperature regulation Metabolic regulation Immune defense Sensory reception Excretion by secretion
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
Protection & secretion
What is the main function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Protection & secretion
What is the function of stratified squamos epithelium?
Protection of underlying tissues
What is the function pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Protection; ciliated move mucus
What type of movement occurs when a body part moves anteriorly in a horizontal plane?
Protraction
Below are the functions of the respiratory system as listed by Dr. Kent Van De Graaff, another author. Notice that the third and fourth functions listed are different. What are protective and reflexive nonbreathing air movements?
Provide oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide Vocalization or sound production Assist in abdominal compression during urination, defecation,and parturition Protective and reflexive nonbreathing air movements
List the 5 functions (of spine and ribs) as given by McKinley and O'Loughlin
Provide support for the body Support the weight of the head Help maintain upright position Transfer axial skeletal weight to appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs, House and protect spinal cord and provide passage way for nerves
What term of direction means closest to the point of attachment or point of origin or a central point?
Proximal
What joints lie between the proximal phalanx and the middle phalanx of digits 2-5?
Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) joints
What bone in the thumb articulates with the first metacarpal?
Proximal Phalanx
What are the two bones in the great toe?
Proximal and distal phalanges
What are the three bones in digits 2-5 of the foot?
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
What type of tissue lines the inferior portion of the larynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of tissue lines the nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of tissue lines the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of tissue lines the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium appears to be layered but is not? All of the cells are attached to the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the anatomical term for the area overlying the pubic bones?
Pubic region
What is the articulation between the bodies of the pubic bones?
Pubic symphysis
What are the skeletal landmarks of the perineum?
Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosities Coccyx
With what feature of the pubis does the inguinal ligament attach?
Pubic tubercle
What is the most anterior of the three bones forming the os coxae?
Pubis
How might the sternocleidomastoid aid in respiration?
Pulls thoracic cage further upward and outward, enlarging the thoracic cavity and decreasing internal pressure.
What valve prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle as that ventricle relaxes?
Pulmonary valve (Note that right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. This requires less blood pressure then pumping to the rest of the body. Thus the myocardium of the right ventricle is thinner than that of the left ventricle.)
What blood vessels carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart?
Pulmonary veins
What type of vein carries oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary veins (-Four veins return blood to the heart from the lungs. --These are named the left and right pulmonary veins. -However, remember all the veins within the lungs are pulmonary veins)
What specialty within medicine focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lungs?
Pulmonology
What fills the space within a tooth?
Pulp
What is the space lies within the center of a tooth?
Pulp
What is the opening within the iris?
Pupil
What circular muscle of the stomach regulates the material entering the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
What region of the stomach is funnel-shaped and attached to the duodenum?
Pylorus
What lobe of the liver is adjacent to the gallbladder?
Quadrate lobe
Identify: Origin-Illiac crest and iliolumbar ligament. Insertion-Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the twelfth rib. Action- Contraction of one side flexes the vertebral column laterally. Contraction of both sides extends vertebral column.
Quadratus lumborum
What structure joins the quadriceps femoris to the patella?
Quadriceps tendon
What deep veins run parallel to the main arteries of the forearm?
Radial and ulnar veins
What artery of the forearm is readily palpated for a pulse?
Radial artery
What is the distal, lateral depression on the anterior side of the humerus?
Radial fossa
What feature of the ulna forms a part of the proximal radioulnar joint?
Radial notch
On what prominence of the radius does the biceps brachii insert?
Radial tuberosity
Which of the two bones of the forearm is involved in the articulation with the carpals?
Radius
From lateral to medial, what are the two bones of the forearm?
Radius Ulna
What branches of a spinal nerve are associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Rami communicantes (communicating rami)
What are the connections between the spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunks?
Rami communicates (communicating rami)
What is a category?
Rank of classification in taxonomy
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Receive and process auditory information
As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major dead-end recesses or pouches. What is the posterior pouch formed between the uterus and the rectum?
Rectouterine pouch
What segment of the large intestine is straight and lies on the posterior wall of the true pelvis?
Rectum
Identify: Origin-Pubic crest and symphysis pubis. Insertion-Costal cartilages of fifth through seventh ribs and xiphoid process. Action-Flexes vertebral column. Compresses and supports abdominal viscera.
Rectus abdominus
What type of pain occurs when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not within the organ, but in dermatomes of the skin?
Referred pain
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
Regulates what substances enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
What is the function of the motor speech area?
Regulating patterns of breathing and controlling the muscular movements necessary for vocalization.
What is the continual deposition of new bone tissue and removal of old bone tissue?
Remodeling
What arteries supply the kidneys?
Renal arteries
What is the main blood supply to the kidney?
Renal artery
In the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in a coronal section what structures lay between the triangular shaped structures?
Renal columns
In a coronal section what is the outer, granular layer?
Renal cortex
In a coronal section what is the darker inner layer?
Renal medulla
What part of a renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus?
Renal papilla
What large, funnel-shaped structure within the renal sinus collects urine and delivers it to the ureter?
Renal pelvis
What are the triangular shaped structures within the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in coronal section?
Renal pyramids (medullary pyramids)
What internal space of a kidney houses the renal arteries, renal veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat?
Renal sinus
What vein drains the kidney?
Renal vein
What veins drain the kidneys?
Renal veins
What posteriorly projecting structures of the vertebrae can be palpated?
Spinous Processes
What are the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts Alveoli
What type of connective tissue forms a meshwork that acts as a structural framework for organs such as the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes?
Reticular connective tissue
What layer of the dermis is deeper and contains large amounts of collagen and consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
Reticular layer
What type of movement occurs when a body part moves posteriorly in a horizontal plane?
Retraction
Which side of the heart pumps blood in the pulmonary circuit?
Right (Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.)
Which primary bronchus is more likely to have foreign objects fall lodge in it? Why?
Right It is wider and steeper.
What prevents blood from returning to the right atrium as the right ventricle contracts?
Right atrioventricular (AV) valve (tricuspid valve)
What separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Right atrioventricular opening
What bend in the colon occurs near the inferior surface of the liver?
Right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)
The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates into what two arteries?
Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery
One kidney is lower than the other. Which one? Why?
Right kidney Large size of the right lobe of the liver
What are the two major lobes of the liver?
Right lobe Left lobe
Where is the first region of the large intestine located?
Right lower abdominal quadrant
What structure collects lymph from the right upper extremity, the right side of the head and neck, and the right side of the thorax and returns it to the blood at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein?
Right lymphatic duct
Where is the liver located?
Right upper abdominal quadrant immediately inferior to the diaphragm
Who first used the term "cell"?
Robert Hooke
Collectively what are the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves passing into each lung called?
Root
What is the portion of a hair from the bulb to the surface?
Root
What part of a tooth lies within the bone of the jaw?
Root
What passage within a tooth opens into the connective tissue surrounding root and is continuous with the pulp cavity?
Root canal
Anteriorly and posteriorly what are the small attachments of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?
Rootlets
What type of movement is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own long axis?
Rotation
The umbilical vein of the fetus becomes what structure after birth?
Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)
What remnant of the fetal umbilical vein is associated with the liver?
Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)
What structures run from the lateral sides of the uterus, through the inguinal canal and attach to the labia majora and hold the uterus in an anteverted position?
Round ligaments
What is the anatomical term for the anterior, superior bulge of the sacrum?
Sacral promontory
Peroxisomes - What are they?
Sacs containing catalase which converts H2O2 into water. Most abundant in hepatocytes where they break down fatty acids and toxins.
What fundamental plane of reference passes vertically through the body dividing it into left and right portions?
Sagittal Plane
List all of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint.
Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis
Identify: Origin- Transverse process of cervical vertebrae. Insertion- First and second ribs. Action- Flexes neck laterally. Elevates rib cage.
Scalenes
What is the anatomical term for the area superficial to the shoulder blade?
Scapular region
The work of several scientists led to the establishment of cell theory. What two German scientists are associated with this theory?
Schleiden and Schwann
What is the largest and longest nerve in the body? It arises from the sacral plexus.
Sciatic nerve
What is the white of the eye?
Sclera
What structure reabsorbs aqueous humor?
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
What type of gland produces sebum to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry?
Sebaceous glands
What are structures that carry gametes away from the gonads toward the site of fertilization or to the outside of the body?
Secondary (accessory) reproductive organs
What are those structures that are essential in caring for and transporting gametes and in women for the implantation and development of the fertilized egg?
Secondary (accessory) sex organs
What are the two anastomoses that lie within the palm and supply the hand?
Superficial and deep palmar arches
What are the functions of the eighth cranial nerve?
Sensory function: Conducts impulses of hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear.
What are the functions of the ninth cranial nerve?
Sensory function: General sensation and taste from the posterior third of the tongue. Conducts sensory information on blood pressure and blood chemistry from the carotid sinuses. Somatic motor function: Innervates a pharyngeal muscle. Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates the parotid salivary gland.
What are the functions of the tenth cranial nerve?
Sensory function: Innervates the pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal viscera, as well as the external auditory canal, eardrum, and pharynx. Somatic motor function: Innervates most pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles. Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates myocardium and the smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
What are the functions of the seventh cranial nerve?
Sensory function: Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Somatic motor function: Innervates the muscles of facial expression and other muscles of the facial region. Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates the lacrimal gland and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
What is the function of the first cranial nerve?
Sensory function: olfaction
What is the function of the second cranial nerve?
Sensory function: vision
What is the potential space between the two layers of the membranes lining the ventral cavity?
Serous cavity
What type of membrane lines enclosed cavities and produces a thin, watery fluid?
Serous membrane
What type of membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
Serous membrane
What type of membrane lines the ventral cavity?
Serous membranes
What is the inner portion of the sac surrounding the heart?
Serous pericardium
Golgi apparatus - What is it?
Several tiny membranous sacs, or vesicles, located near the nucleus and continuous with the ER. It functions in modifying and packaging material from the RER.
What is the portion of a hair that extends beyond the skin surface?
Shaft
What is the long, central portion of the femur?
Shaft (diaphysis)
What are two terms for the long, central region of the humerus or any other long bone?
Shaft or diaphysis
Clinically what might an overall paleness of the integument indicate?
Shock
Based on shape, what are bones that are about as wide as they are long and important in transferring forces?
Short bones
What is the vernacular for "scapula"?
Shoulder blade
What segment of the large intestine is S-shaped and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity?
Sigmoid colon
What type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall, narrow cells?
Simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide?
Simple cubiodal epithelium
What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells?
Simple squamous epithelium
What primary tissue type makes up the bulk of a skeletal muscle such as the biceps brachii? What other primary tissue types form skeletal muscles?
Skeletal Muscle Connective tissue Neural tissue Epithelium
What type of muscle tissue has long fibers that are striated, multinucleated, and voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
What organ is the integument?
Skin
What is the cutaneous innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
Skin between the first and second toes on the dorsum of the foot
What is the relative size of the cervical vertebrae?
Small
What is another term for the small intestine?
Small bowel
What vein in the coronary circulation runs along side the right marginal artery and lies in the right portion of the AV sulcus?
Small cardiac vein
What superficial vein extends from the lateral ankle to the popliteal region where it drains into the popliteal vein?
Small saphenous vein
What type of muscle tissue has short, fusiform, nonstriated fibers and is involuntary?
Smooth muscle
What are diploid cells which contain 23 pairs of chromosomes and function in making up the structure of the body and carrying out its physiological functions?
Somatic cells
What are the functions of the eleventh cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Cranial root - Travels with CN X fibers to the pharynx. Spinal root — Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.
What are the functions of the twelfth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.
What is the function of the sixth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Innervates one extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) for abduction of the eyeball.
What is the function of the third cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Supplies four extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique), which move the eyeball, and the levator palpebrae superioris, which elevates the upper eyelid Parasympathetic motor: Innervates sphincter pupillae (pupil constrictor) muscle in eye to make pupil constrict; contracts ciliary muscles to make lens of eye more puffy (thicker, as needed for vision)
What is the function of the fourth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Supplies one extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) to move the eyeball inferiorly and laterally.
What subdivision of the motor division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle?
Somatic motor system
List and define the two subdivision of the motor division.
Somatic motor system- sends motor impulses to skeletal muscle Visceral motor system- (autonomic nervous system) sends motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
What type of receptor is found in the body wall?
Somatic sensory receptor
List and define the two subdivisions of the sensory division of the nervous system.
Somatic visceral- general somatic senses (touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and propioception) we have conscious awareness Visceral sensory- visceral senses (stretch and temperature from blood vessels and viscera) We may or may not have conscious awareness of these.
What is the motor innervation of the ulnar nerve?
Some of the anterior forearm muscles Intrinsic muscles of the hand (hypothenar muscles, palmar and dorsal interossei, and the medial two lumbricals
What taxon that our species is classified within has the following characteristics? Minimum brain capacity in the adult of 1200 cc. Hind limbs long relative to forelimbs. Small face. Short cranium. Reduced body hair.
Species
Nucleoli - What are they?
Spherical, dark-staining bodies within the nucleus. They make the subunits of ribosomes.
What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if it travels through a gray ramus that is at the same level as the ganglionic neuron to innervate blood vessels or arrector pili muscles or sweat glands?
Spinal nerve pathway
What is the cauda equina?
Spinal nerves extend from the end of the spinal cord to the end of the vertebral canal. A pair of them exits the canal at each of the lower levels. This collection of nerves resembles a horse's tail and thus is called the cauda equina.
What small bone is attached to the oval window?
Stapes
What palpable feature lies at the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum?
Sternal angle
What is the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternal end (extremity)
What is the anatomical term for the anterior thoracic region on the midline?
Sternal region
What saddle joint is the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint
Identify: Origin- Sternal head: Ventral surface of the manubrium. Clavicular head: Cranial surface of medial third of clavicle. Insertion-Lateral surface of mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone. Action:Turns head side to side; flexes neck and head.
Sternocleidomastoid
What is the anatomical term for the breastbone?
Sternum
List four factors that are necessary for us to perceive a sensation.
Stimulus Receptor Conduction of nerve impulse Interpretation of the impulse
What type of epithelium is composed of two or more layers of cells with the apical layer made of cells taller than they are wide?
Stratified columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium is typically composed of two layers with the apical layer being cube- shaped cells?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
What type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers with the apical layer being flat?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the two groups of veins in the upper extremity?
Superficial and deep
What is a simple but useful definition of physiology?
Study of biological function Study of life's processes
What is a simple but useful definition of anatomy?
Study of biological structures.
What bony projection on the radius can be palpated on the distal, lateral side of the forearm?
Styloid process
What feature of the ulna can be palpated on the distal, medial side of the forearm?
Styloid process
What real space lies just deep to the arachnoid?
Subarachnoid space
What level of organization deals with particles making up the smallest units of an element?
Subatomic
What artery is the main arterial supply of the upper extremity?
Subclavian artery
The external jugular vein drains into what vein?
Subclavian vein
What vein has the lateral border of the first rib as its lateral border?
Subclavian vein
What term is used to refer to T12 because it lies below the ribs rather than between them?
Subcostal nerve
What layer of tissue lies just deep to the integument?
Subcutaneous layer (Subq or hypodermis)
What potential space lies between the dura and the arachnoid?
Subdural space
What salivary glands are named for their position inferior to the tongue?
Sublingual salivary glands
What structure drains the salivary glands lying inferior to the body of the mandible?
Submandibular ducts
What salivary glands lie inferior to the body of the mandible?
Submandibular salivary glands
What layer of the GI tract is highly vascular, holds mucin-secreting glands, and houses an extensive nerve plexus?
Submucosa
What is the broad, relatively smooth anterior depression of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa
What is an affix occurring at the end of a word, base, or phrase?
Suffix
What are the shallow depressions on the surface of the cerebrum?
Sulci (singular= sulcus)
What term of direction means on the outside or closer to the surface?
Superficial
How is air conditioned as we breath it in?
Temperature is changed Moisture is added Particles filtered out
What lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
Temporal lobe
Where does the olfactory cortex occur?
Temporal lobe
Where does the primary auditory cortex occur?
Temporal lobe
Identify: Origin- Temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia. Insertion- Coronoid process of the mandible. Action-Elevates Mandible.
Temporalis
What joint occurs between the temporal bone and the mandible?
Temporomandibular joint
What are elongated bursae wrapped around tendons?
Tendon sheaths
What are cordlike structures that attach muscle to bone, skin, or other structures?
Tendons
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendons & ligaments
What are the three, thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle on the exterior of the large intestine?
Teniae coli
What are substances that may cause birth defects?
Teratogens
What is usually coarse, pigmented hair found in the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, axilla, and pubic region and the faces of adult males?
Terminal hair
What is the standard term of reference for anatomical terminology?
Terminologia Anatomica
What is a hypothesis?
Testable theory
What are the paired structures on either side of the third ventricle?
Thalamus
What portion of the middle ear cavity communicates with the air cells within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone?
The epitympanic recess
How is the middle ear cavity related to the nasopharynx?
The auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx.
What part of the vertebrate nervous system innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular tissues and governs involuntary, vital functions?
The autonomic nervous system
What is physiology?
The biological study of functions of living organisms and their parts.
What is anatomy?
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other organisms as revealed by dissection.
The circulatory system has two main components:
The cardiovascular system The lymphatic system
What is the basic structural and function unit of life?
The cell
What is the anatomical explanation for phantom pain?
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that provided sensation to the amputated body part remain alive. The stimulation of the neural pathways they make up propagates nerve impulses and conducts them to the CNS where they are interpreted as originating from the amputated portion of the body and usually are perceived as pain.
One of the characteristics of the phylum chordata is a dorsal-hollow nerve cord. This nerve chord is the spinal cord. Its hollowness is created by what structure?
The central canal
What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
The combination of ground substance and protein fibers.
What coronary blood vessel empties into the right atrium of the heart?
The coronary sinus
Nuclear Envelope - What is it?
The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus.
What is the lateral border of the subclavian artery?
The lateral border of the first rib.
From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?
The lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord
How do the left and right gonadal veins differ?
The left drains into the left renal vein. The right drains into the inferior vena cava
What is the third branch of the fifth cranial nerve? What are its functions?
The mandibular branch conducts sensory impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, skin of the chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, and one third of the sensory fibers of the auricle of the ear. Somatic motor function: Innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles of the lower facial region.
Mastoid air cells
The mastoid portion of the temporal bone has numerous spaces lined with mucous membranes. These mastoid air cells communicate with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear cavity.
What is bone matrix?
The material (organic and inorganic) formed by bone cells and lying in between them.
What is the second branch of the fifth cranial nerve? What are its functions?
The maxillary branch conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, and cheek.
Science is a way of knowing. What is it limited to?
The natural world.
Cytoskeleton - What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
The network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement.
What is the first branch of the fifth cranial nerve? What are its functions?
The ophthalmic branch conducts sensory impulses from the cornea, nose, forehead and anterior scalp.
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptor
What is the organ of exchange between a mother and a fetus?
The placenta
What is the base of the heart?
The posterosuperior surface, formed primarily by the left atrium Posterior view of the heart
What blood vessel carries blood out of the right ventricle?
The pulmonary trunk
How are teeth numbered in an adult?
The right, third, upper molar is one. The right, second upper molar is number two.
What is biology?
The science of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.
What's taxonomy?
The scientific of classification, especially organisms.
Where does the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?
The second upper molar
What is gustation?
The sense of taste
What is the approximate surface area with the lungs?
The size of a racketball court
Approximately how large is the heart?
The size of the person's clenched fist
What nerve carrying parasympathetic impulses innervates the heart?
Vagus
The urinary system is a part of the excretory system. What other systems take part in the excretion of waste?
The skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys are main waste management organs in the body
What is a distinguishing characteristic of many of the thoracic vertebrae?
The spinous process is long and pointed and in some angled sharply inferiorly
As a science, what is anatomy?
The study of biological structure
What is microscopic anatomy?
The study of biological structures that cannot be observed with the unaided eye.
What is a simple but useful definition of the word biology?
The study of life.
As a science, what is physiology?
The study of the physical and chemical processes involved in the functioning of living organisms and their component parts.
Where are the kidneys located?
The superior pole of each kidney is about at the level of T12. The inferior pole is about at the level of L3
What direction are the articular surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae oriented? How does this affect their movement?
The superior surface is oriented posteriorly The inferior surface is oriented anteriorly Movement is in a coronal plane allowing lateral flexion
What is the shape and location of the thyroid gland?
The thyroid has a butterfly shape with an isthmus immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the trachea with a lobe on each side extending a short distance superiorly and inferiorly along the larynx and trachea.
What structure carries blood between the fetus and the placenta?
The umbilical cord
Define Biodiversity.
The variety of all organisms considered at all taxonomic levels as well as the ecosystems which they are a part of.
What characteristic of endocrine glands ensures that their products enter the bloodstream immediately?
They are highly vascular.
How do anatomy and physiology relate to biology?
They are specialties within biology.
Why are individual bones considered organs?
They are specific structures with specific functions and are made of all four primary tissue types.
What is the distinguishing characteristic of human diploid cells?
They contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What is the distinguishing characteristic of human haploid cells?
They contain only 23 chromosomes rather than 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What are characteristics of the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae?
Thick and blunt Project posteriorly
What is the anatomical term for the portion of the lower limb from the hip to the knee?
Thigh, femoral region
Microvilli
Thin projections of the superficial surface of the plasma membrane. They do not move. They increase surface area.
The embryo is initially a flat disc. When does it begin to become a cylinder?
Third and fourth weeks
During what time period does the fetal period occur?
Third month (9 weeks) to birth
How many permanent teeth are there?
Thirty-two
What body cavity is surrounded by the ribs and vertebral column and holds the heart and lungs?
Thoracic cavity
What structure collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, left upper extremity, left thorax, and all body regions inferior to the diaphragm?
Thoracic duct
What is the anatomical term for the chest?
Thoracic region
What is another term for the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Thoracolumbar division
How many pairs of multicellular salivary glands are there?
Three
What lymphatic organ lies posterior to the manubrium and anterior to the aorta in the superior mediastinum?
Thymus
What component of the larynx forms the anterior and lateral walls and the anterior projection known as the laryngeal prominence or "Adam's apple" in males?
Thyroid cartilage
What microscopic, spherical structures make up the thyroid gland?
Thyroid follicles
What hormone is produced by the follicles of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid hormone
What three bones are involved in the ankle joint?
Tibia fibula talus
What division of what nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve
What nerve is formed from the anterior divisions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve
What level of organization deals with aggregations of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What are the functions of the thalamus?
To act as the principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and projected to the primary sensory cortex. To filter sensory information so that only a small portion of it goes to the cerebrum. To inform the cerebrum as to where sensory information is coming from.
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To prepare food for cellular utilization
What is the function of a gland?
To produce substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination from the body.
What is the function of the motor division of the nervous system?
To transmit motor impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
What accessory organ of the digestive system lies on the floor of the oral cavity and is composed largely of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium?
Tongue
What are large clusters of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix that are not completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx?
Tonsils
What is the tubular structure that extends from the larynx inferiorly for 12 - 14 centimeters into the mediastinum?
Trachea
What are bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?
Tracts
What type of epithelium may be stretched?
Transitional epithelium
List the three major functions of blood.
Transportation Regulation Protection
What fundamental plane of reference divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Transverse Plane
Which arch of the foot is formed by the distal row of tarsals and the bases of all five metatarsals?
Transverse arch
What ligaments of the uterus run from the sides of the cervix and superior vagina laterally to the walls of the pelvis and restrict inferior movement of the uterus?
Transverse cervical ligaments
What segment of the large intestine projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity?
Transverse colon
What type of folding results in the formation of the torso?
Transverse folding
What openings in the cervical vertebrae allow the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins?
Transverse foramina
What lateral projections occur on each vertebra?
Transverse processes
Identify: Origin-Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and costal cartilage of last six ribs. Insertion-xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis. Action-compresses and supports abdominal viscera.
Transversus abdominus
What is the overall shape of the scapula?
Triangular
What muscle inserts on the olecranon process?
Triceps brachii
What triangular area within the urinary bladder has the ureteral orifices and the urethral opening as its borders?
Trigone
What feature of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
Trochlea
What feature of the ulna articulates with the humerus?
Trochlear (semilunar) notch
What portion of the pelvic cavity lies inferiorly and forms a deep bowl?
True pelvis
What part of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebrae?
Tubercle
What is the general term that describes the layers of tissue forming the walls of a blood vessel?
Tunics
What is another name for the nasal conchae?
Turbinate bones
How many deciduous teeth are there?
Twenty
How many adrenal glands are there?
Two
If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the ANS, how many motor neurons would be involved?
Two
What is a portal system?
Two capillary plexuses interconnected by a portal vein
What space lies within the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity)
What is the delicate, funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
What cranial nerve carries nearly 80% of the parasympathetic output?
Vagus
What are the two main arteries of the forearm?
Ulnar & radial arteries
What distal feature of the radius articulates with the ulna?
Ulnar notch
What blood vessels carry blood from the fetus to the placenta?
Umbilical arteries (These arise from the left and the right internal iliac arteries and carry arterial blood that has been mixed with venous blood as oxygen-rich blood from the placenta mixes with venous blood in the inferior vena cava.)
What does this initial structure develop into?
Umbilical cord
What structure carries blood from the placenta to the fetus?
Umbilical vein (This blood is oxygen rich.)
What is the anatomical term for the navel?
Umbilicus
Based on movement with respect to three intersecting perpendicular planes, what type of synovial joint moves in one plane?
Uniaxial
What region of the body do the subclavian arteries supply?
Upper extremity Some thoracic structures The brain via the vertebral arteries
The nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx make up what part of the anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract
What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract
What long, fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
What are the organs of the urinary tract?
Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
What fibromuscular tube conducts urine to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What organ serves as a reservoir for urine?
Urinary bladder
What is the anterior triangle of the perineum?
Urogenital triangle
What specialty in medicine focuses on the urinary system?
Urology
What artery supplies the uterus?
Uterine artery
Where does this process usually take place?
Uterine tube
What ligaments connect the uterus to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligaments
What is the pear-shaped, thick-walled, muscular organ within the pelvic cavity of the female?
Uterus
What is the conical, median projection of the soft palate?
Uvula
What is the name and number of the fifth cranial nerve?
V Trigeminal
What is the name and number of the sixth cranial nerve?
VI Abducens
What is the name and number of the seventh cranial nerve?
VII Facial
What is the name and number of the eighth cranial nerve?
VIII Vestibulocochlear
What type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?
Veins
What is the fine, unpigmented or lightly pigmented hair found on the arms and legs?
Vellus
Hepatic Portal System
Venous blood from the digestive system and spleen does not return directly to the inferior vena cava. It is instead collected from the capillaries beds within these organs and carried by the hepatic portal system to the liver. In the liver, capillary beds expose the blood to the cells of this organ that prepares the blood for general circulation by manipulating nutrients, adding regulatory proteins and components of the immune system, increasing or decreasing blood glucose, and, if necessary, dealing with toxins absorbed during digestion.
What term of direction means at the belly side of the human body?
Ventral
What body cavity arises from a space called the coelom that forms during embryonic development?
Ventral cavity
What are the cavities within the brain?
Ventricles
What are the two inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and the body?
Ventricles
What is the smallest type of vein?
Venules
What thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules is attached to the first region of the large intestine?
Vermiform appendix
What wormlike structure of the cerebellum lies between the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
From superficial to deep beginning with a vertebra, list the structures and spaces surrounding the spinal cord.
Vertebra Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Pia mater
What is another anatomical term for the spinous process of C7?
Vertebra prominens
Together the posteriorly projecting pillars and the extensions to the midline form what structure?
Vertebral Arch
The vertebrae form what collective passageway for the spinal cord?
Vertebral Canal
Together the posteriorly projecting pillars and extentions to the midline form what passageway within vertebra?
Vertebral Foramen
What arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and travel through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, enter the skull through the foramen magnum and merge to form the basilar artery?
Vertebral arteries
The esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures?
Vertebral bodies
What body cavity holds the spinal cord?
Vertebral canal
What veins drain the cranial cavity and extend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
Vertebral veins
As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major dead-end recesses or pouches. What is the anterior pouch formed between the uterus and the urinary bladder?
Vesicouterine pouch
What is the region of the nasal cavity near the nostrils?
Vestibule
What portion of the inner ear lies between the cochlea and the semicircular canals?
Vestibule
What cranial nerve transmits impulses from the inner ear to the brain?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
What does "splanchnic" mean?
Visceral
Of the membranes that line the ventral cavity, what layer adheres to the external surface of the internal organs?
Visceral layer
What layer of the serous pericardium covers the outside of the heart?
Visceral layer
What subdivision of the motor division of the nervous system is involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glands?
Visceral motor system
Of the membrane surrounding the heart, what portion forms the heart's external surface?
Visceral pericardium
What part of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the surface of the internal organs?
Visceral peritoneum
What portion of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity ensheathes the external surfaces of most digestive organs?
Visceral peritoneum
Of the serous membrane associated with the lungs, what portion adheres directly to the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What specific serous membranes adhere to the outer surfaces of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What subdivision of the sensory division of the nervous system deals with stretch and temperature from blood vessels and internal organs
Visceral sensory
What portion of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated axons?
White matter
What type of tissue within the CNS houses myelinated axons?
White matter
What structures carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk?
White rami communicantes (white rami)
Where is the thymus located?
Within the mediastinum superior to the heart and immediately posterior to the sternum
Where are the ovaries located?
Within the pelvic cavity lateral to the uterus
What is the name and number of the tenth cranial nerve?
X Vagus
What is the name and number of the eleventh cranial nerve?
XI Accessory
Do synovial joints have a joint cavity?
Yes.
Which membrane forms first and is involved in the formation of blood cells and blood vessels?
Yolk sac
The heart is an amazing organ. What are some of the gee-whiz facts about the heart?
Your heart beats about 100,000 times in one day and about 35 million times in a year. During an average lifetime, the human heart will beat more than 2.5 billion times. Give a tennis ball a good, hard squeeze. You're using about the same amount of force your heart uses to pump blood out to the body. Even at rest, the muscles of the heart work hard—twice as hard as the leg muscles of a person sprinting. The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood during an average lifetime—that's enough to fill more than 3 super tankers.
What is a fertilized egg?
Zygote
What is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons?
a Nerve
What is a syndesmosis?
a fibrous joint in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue.
What is hair?
a filament of keratinized cells.
What is a population?
a group of interbreeding organisms
natural selection leads to changes in the genetic makeup of populations and thus changes in gene grequeencies within popuilations. which of the four main points in Darwin's theory refers to this change?
adaptation
Origin: Body and inferior ramus of the pubis Insertion: Proximal part of linea aspera Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh.
adductor brevis
Origin: Pubis - below pubic crest Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera of the femur Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh.
adductor longus
Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium, and ischial tuberosity Insertion: Linea aspera and medial epicondyle of femur Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh.
adductor magnus
Which of the four primary tissue types make up the integument?
all of them: Epithelium Connective Muscle Nervous
What part of the mandible holds the lower teeth?
alveolar process
What part of the maxilla holds the upper teeth?
alveolar process
Where do syndesmoses occur in the human body?
at the distal articulations between the radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula
What region of the occipital bone forms the base of the cranium?
basilar region
Origin: Short head: Coracoid process of scapula. Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Insertion: Radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis Action: Flexes and supinates forearm
biceps brachii
Origin: Long head - ischial tuberosity; short head -distal part of linea aspera of femur Insertion: Lateral side of head of fibula Action: Flexes leg and rotates it laterally; extends thigh.
biceps femoris
What is the function of the fontanelles?
birth and growth
What is the horizontal portion of the mandible?
body
What is the thick, medial part of the sphenoid?
body
What structures does C1 lack?
body spinous process
Origin: Distal half of anterior shaft of the humerus Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna Action: Flexes forearm
brachialis
Origin: Proximal two thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: Lateral surface of distal end of radius Action: Flexes forearm
brachioradialis
What opening does the internal carotid artery pass through?
carotid canal
What is another name for the flexor retinaculum of the wrist?
carpal ligament
Darwin inferred that similar species came from
common ancestors
Origin: Coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: Middle third of medial surface of humerus Action: Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint
coracobrachialis
What suture extends across the superior surface of the skull along the coronal plane?
coronal suture
What process of the mandible does the temporalis insert on?
coronoid process
What are the two main divisions of the skull?
cranium face
Through what openings do the olfactory nerves pass?
cribriform foramina
What horizontal structure of the ethmoid separates the cranial and nasal cavities?
cribriform plate
What is the superior, midsagittal elevation of the ethmoid?
crista galli
What is an anatomical term for the muscles of the leg?
crural muscles
what is the definition of embryology?
deals with formation, development before birth
What is the biological specialty that studies anatomical and physiological changes from the conception of a new individual to that individual's death?
developmental biology
what is simple but effective definition of natural selection?
differential reproductive success
What is the process which results in these cells specializing?
differentiation
Origin - Adjacent sides of two metacarpal bones Insertions - Extensor expansions and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4 Action - Abducts digits 2-4
dorsal interossei
Origin: Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane Insertion: Inferior surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe Action: Flexes first digit at all joints and plantar flexes foot
flexor hallucis longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus; anterior, proximal ulna and radius; interosseous membrane Insertion: Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges Action: Flex wrist and digits
flexors
What type of rib has no connection with the sternum? What are their numbers?
floating ribs 11-12
What is the large, circular opening within the skull for the spinal cord to pass through?
foramen magnum
What three foramina penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid?
foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum
what is the definition of paleontology?
forms of life existing, prehistorical or geological --fossil organisms
How are the bones in the palm of the hand numbered?
from lateral to medial 1-5
What bone forms part of the calvaria, the forehead, and the roof of the orbits?
frontal bone
List the bones that form the orbit.
frontal bone zygomatic bone maxilla lacrimal bone ethmoid bone palatine bone sphenoid bone
What cavity lie within the frontal bone?
frontal sinus
Origin: Iliac crest, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx. Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract Action: Extends hip. Rotates thigh laterally
gluteus maximus
Origin: Upper half of lateral surface of the ilium Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trochanter Action: Abducts hip. Rotates thigh medially
gluteus medius
Origin: Lower half of lateral surface of ilium Insertion: Anterior surface of greater trochanter Action: Abducts hip. Rotates thigh medially
gluteus minimus
List all of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint.
gracilis
Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis Insertion: Proximal medial surface of tibia Action: Adducts thigh; flexes and rotates leg medially at knee
gracilis
What projections of the sphenoid lie inferior to the superior orbital fissure and can be seen in a lateral view of the skull?
greater wings
What organs lie within the median space within the
heart thymus
what are the four topics that explain how evolution (through natural selection) works?
heritable traits (genetics) competitions natural selection adaptation and speciation
What portion of the palatines forms the posterior third of the hard palette?
horizontal plate
Within the skull what is the opening for the cranial nerve XII?
hypoglossal canal
Within the sphenoid what is the depression holding the pituitary gland?
hypophyseal fossa
What group of muscles forms the small fleshy mass at the base of the fifth digit of the hand and work to abduct, flex, and oppose the 5th digit?
hypothenar group
what is a basic definition of theory
hypothesis, tentative answer or idea of an answer, can be accepted as fact.
Origin: Iliac fossa Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur Action: Flexes hip. Rotates thigh laterally.
iliacus
By what name are the iliacus and psoas major referred to after they pass deep to the inguinal ligament?
iliopsoas
at what level does natural selection work (population or individual)?
individual
Origin: Spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae; iliac crest and lower 4 ribs Insertion: Intertubercular groove of the humerus Action: Extends, adducts, and rotates humerus medially; retracts shoulder
latissimus dorsi
What bone forms the anterior, medial orbital wall?
lacrimal bones
What depression in the lacrimal bone holds the lacrimal sac?
lacrimal fossa
What suture extends like an arc across the posterior surface of the skull?
lambdoidal suture
List the four compartments of the thigh.
lateral anterior medial posterior
What parts of the ethmoid bone hold the cavities within it?
lateral masses
What part of the skull do the parietal bones form?
lateral walls and roof
What bony prominence of the humerus lies proximally and anteriorly?
lesser tubercle
What projections of the sphenoid lie superior to the superior orbital fissure?
lesser wings
Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse process of C1 C4 Insertion: Superior part of vertebral border of scapula Action: Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
levator scapulae
Mesenchyme
loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage
Origins - Tendons of a flexor which sends a tendon to the distal phlanx of digits 2-5. Insertions - Lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5 Action - Flex digits at metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints
lumbrical muscles
What is the only bone of the lower jaw?
mandible
What is the smooth round portion of the condylar process?
mandibular condyle
What opening within the mandible lies on the posterior, medial side?
mandibular foramen
What part of the squamous region of the temporal bone articulates with the mandible?
mandibular fossa
What is the U-shaped depression between the two mandibular processes?
mandibular notch
From superior to inferior, what are the three main parts of the sternum?
manubrium body xiphoid process
What prominence on the temporal bone lies posterior to the ear, serves as the insertion for the sternocleidomastoid, and contains air cells?
mastoid process
What is the posterior region of the temporal bone?
mastoid region
In addition to the temporal process, what other two processes articulate the zygomatic bone with surrounding bones?
maxillary process frontal process
What large cavity lies within the maxilla?
maxillary sinus
What projections of the sphenoid provide attachment surfaces for some muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate?
medial and lateral pterygoid processes
What opening lies on the anterolateral surface of the body of the mandible?
mental foramen
What scroll like extensions of the ethmoid project medially into the nasal cavity?
middle and superior nasal conchae
Within the hand, what group of muscles lies between the 1st and 5th digits?
midpalmar group
If the fertilized egg is human, it may go on to produce an individual of approximately 100 trillion cells. What process of cell division produces these trillions of genetically identical cells?
mitosis
What type of cell division functions in growth, cell replacement, and wound healing and results in the production of two genetically identical somatic cells?
mitosis
What bones of the face form the bridge of the nose?
nasal bones
What scroll-shaped bones are visible on the inferior lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
nasal conchae (turbinate bones)
What structure divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves?
nasal septum
Within the lacriminal bone what structure allows the passage of the nasolacriminal duct?
nasolacrimal canal
What process selects those individuals best suited to survive and reproduce within the environment they inhabit?
natural selection
the study guide outlines four main points of Darwin's theory of evolution. which of the four was Darwin's original idea?
natural selection.
What bone forms the posterior portion of the skull and the base of the cranium?
occipital bone
What are the smooth, rounded projections on the left and right sides of the foramen magnum?
occipital condyles
What part of the maxilla forms the anterior 2/3 of the hard palette?
palatine process
Origins - Palmar surfaces of metacarpals 2, 4, and 5 Insertions - Extensor expansions of digits and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2, 4 and 5 Action - Adduct digits 2, 4, and 5
palmar interossei
Origin: Clavicular head: Anterior surface of medial half of clavicle Sternocostal head: Anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages and aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique Insertion: Crest of greater tubercle of humerus (Lateral lip of intertubercular groove) Action: Adducts and medially rotates humerus. Draws shoulder joint anteriorly and inferiorly. Acting alone: Clavicular head flexes humerus and sternocostal head extends it
pectoralis major
Origin: Sternal ends of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula Action: Pulls scapula forward and downward
pectoralis minor
What part of the palatine forms the posterior, lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
perpendicular plate
What part of the temporal bone holds the middle and inner ear?
petrous region
What is the 38-week period of development in the female reproductive system?
prenatal period
Origin: Distal fourth of anterior surface of ulna. Insertion: Distal fourth of anterior surface of radius Action: Pronates hand
pronator quadratus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: Middle of lateral surface of the radius Action: Pronates forearm
pronator teres
What are the functions of subcutaneous fat?
protection energy reservoir thermal insulation
What are the functions of nails?
protection improve grip
Digits II through V each have three bones. How are they designated?
proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx
Origin: Transverse processes of L1-L5 Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur Action: Flexes hip. Rotates thigh laterally. Flexes vertebral column.
psoas major
What is the collective name of the group of four extensors of the knee in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
quadriceps femoris
What are the ascending, posterior regions of the mandible?
rami (singular=ramus)
Of the four extensors in the anterior compartment of the thigh, which crosses the hip joint and is a flexor of the hip?
rectus femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and groove superior to acetabulum Insertion: Patella by common tendon which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity Action: Flexion of the hip. Extension of the knee
rectus femoris
"Functional units"
refers to the fact that it is within these vessels that the exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and other materials occurs.
Origin: Spinous process of T2-T5 Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula from the inferior border of the rhomboideus minor to the inferior angle of the scapula Action: Adducts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity
rhomboideus major
Origin: Inferior portion of nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1 Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula just below the level of the spine Action: Adducts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity
rhomboideus minor
What is the part of a word that contains its primary meaning?
root word
What 4 bones make up the adult pelvis?
sacrum coccyx right os coxae left os coxae
What suture lies along the midline superiorly?
sagittal suture
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: Superior part of the medial surface of tibia Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip jiont and flexes leg at knee joint. (Known as tailor's muscle.)
sartorius
What are nails?
scale like modifications of the epidermis that form the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes
From lateral to medial, what bones form the proximal row of carpals?
scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform
What is the bony enclosure of the hypophyseal fossa?
sella turcica
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Proximal portion of medial surface of body of tibia Action: Flexes leg at knee; extends and medially rotates thigh at hip
semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia Action: Flexes leg at knee; extends and medially rotates thigh at hip
semitendinosus
Origin: External surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-8 or 9 Insertion: Anterior vertebral border of the scapula Action: Pulls scapula forward and downward
serratus anterior
What are the three main components of the axial skeleton?
skull vertebral column rib cage
Origin: Posterior aspect of fibula and tibia Insertion: Posterior surface tuberosity of calcaneus via tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon or calcaneus tendon) Action: Plantar flexes foot
soleus
What term refers to the formation of a new species?
speciation
What bone of the skull has a butterfly-shape and unites the cranial and facial bones?
sphenoid bone
What cavities lie within the sphenoid?
sphenoidal sinuses
What is the ridge of bone on the posterior side of the scapula?
spine of the scapula
What is the flat, posterior region of the occipital bone?
squamous part
what is the definition of biogeography
study of geographic distribution of organisms
What thin point of bone on the temporal bone serves as an attachment for several hyoid and tongue muscles?
styloid process
What opening does the facial nerve pass through on the inferior surface of the skull?
stylomastoid foramen
Origin: Subscapular fossa Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus Action: Extends humerus, adducts and rotates arm medially
subscapularis
What 4 muscles make up the Rotator Cuff?
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
What is a synonym for the brow ridges?
superciliary arches
What bones may be found within sutures? They are variable bones that commonly occur in the lambdoidal suture and occasionally in other articulations within the skull?
sutural bones
List the two types of cartilaginous joints.
synchondroses symphyses
What bony projections of the zygomatic bones contribute to the zygomatic arches?
temporal processes
What is the joint between the mandible and the temporal bone?
temporomandibular joint
List all of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint.
tensor fasciae latae
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine and anterior part of external lip of iliac crest Insertion: Anterolateral aspect of lateral tibial condyle via iliotibial tract Action: Abducts thigh
tensor fasciae latae
Origin: Inferior angle and lateral border of scapula Insertion: Crest of lesser tubercle of the humerus Action: Medially rotates and adducts arm
teres major
Origin: Superior part of axillary border of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates arm laterally
teres minor
what is the definition of morphology?
the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures
What feature on the posterior aspect of the tibia runs distally from lateral to medial and is part of the origin for the soles and other muscles of the calf?
the soleal line
What group of muscles forms the thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb and work to abduct, flex, or oppose the thumb?
thenar group
what is Steven J Gould's definition of theory?
theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts
What structures make up the thoracic cage?
thoracic vertebrae ribs sternum
What is the common insertion of the group of four extensors of the knee in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
tibial tuberosity (via the patellar tendon)
Origin: Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia Insertion: Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone Action: Dorsiflexion of ankle and inversion of foot
tibialis anterior
Origin: Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and posterior surface of fibula Insertion: Inferior surfaces of navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of metatarsals 2, 3, and 4 Action: Plantar flexes and inverts foot; supports arches
tibialis posterior
What is the main function of the Rotator Cuff?
to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during movement of the shoulder joint
From lateral to medial, what bones form the distal row of carpals?
trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
Origin: Medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, and spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae. Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula Action: Elevates, retracts and rotates scapula; superior fibers elevate; middle fibers retracts; inferior fibers depress scapula; superior and inferior fibers work together in superior rotation of scapula
trapezius
Origin: Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral head: Posterior surface of humerus superior to radial nerve groove Medial head: Posterior surface of humerus inferior to radial nerve groove Insertion: Olecranon process of the ulna Action: Extends forearm. Long head steadies head of abducted humerus.
triceps brachii
What is a synonym for the nasal conchae?
turbinate bones
What region of the temporal bone surrounds the bony, external opening of the ear?
tympanic region
Origin: Medial surface and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Patella by common tendon which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity Action: Extension of the knee
vastus medialis
What two layers of tissue contribute to its formation?
• Chorion • Functional layer of the uterus
List the eight functions of cells.
• Covering • Lining • Storage • Movement • Connection • Defense • Communication • Reproduction
What structures form from the mesoderm?
• Dermis • Epithelial linings • Muscle • Connective tissue • Adrenal cortex • Dentin • Heart • Kidneys & ureters • Internal reproductive organs
What are the three primary germ layers?
• Ectoderm • Mesoderm • Endoderm
What structures form from the endoderm?
• Epithelial lining of respiratory tract, GI tract, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, urinary bladder, & urethra • Liver (most of) • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Thymus • Tonsils (portions of) • Parathyroid glands • Thyroid gland
Where in the body does reduction division occur?
• Gonads
Why is reduction division important?
• It maintains the correct number of chromosomes. • It produces variation.
How do these two types of cell division differ?
• Mitosis- Results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Produces diploid cells. No crossing over • Meiosis- Results in 4 genetically unique cells. Produces haploid cells. Crossing over occurs
What are the sources of variation that occur within meiosis?
• Mutation • Independent assortment of chromosomes • Crossing over (the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes)
What structures form from the ectoderm?
• Nervous system • Epidermis & other external structures
List and define the three types of lipids found in the plasma membrane.
• Phospholipids • Cholesterol • Glycolipids
List and define the three basic constituent parts of a typical cell.
• Plasma (cell) membrane - outer barrier • Cytoplasm - content between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions. • Nucleus - control center.
What four characteristics do all cells have in common?
• Sustain life • Dispose of waste • Maintain cellular shape and integrity • Reproduce
What are the two distinct components of this fluid-filled sphere?
• Trophoblast • Embryoblast (inner cell mass)
What are the three periods of development from the moment of conception to birth?
• pre-embryonic period • embryonic period • fetal period
When blood is centrifuged three layers form. List them.
•Plasma •Buffy coat/ layer (Leukocytes and platelets) •Erythrocytes
What anatomical region lies on the front of the elbow?
● Antecubital region ● The antecubital fossa occurs here.
What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?
● Cartilage ● Bone
What two types of pseudostratified columnar epithelium occur?
● Ciliated ● Nonciliated
Connective tissue may be classified into what three broad categories?
● Connective tissue proper ● Supporting connective tissue ● Fluid connective tissue
What organs lie within the pelvic cavity?
● Distal portion of the large intestine ● urinary bladder ● urethra ● internalreproductiveorgans
What are the two general types of glands?
● Endocrine glands - release their products directly into the blood ● Exocrine glands - release their products onto epithelial surfaces
List the nine abdominopelvic regions.
● Epigastric region (top center) ● Umbilical region (surrounding the umbilicus) ● Hypogastric region (Bottom center) ● Right and left hypochondriac regions (over the lower ribs) ● Right and left lumbar regions (lateral sides of the middle portion from superior to inferior) ● Right and left iliac regions (lateral sides of the lower portion from superior to inferior)
Where is elastic cartilage found?
● Epiglottis ● External ear
List the four primary tissue types.
● Epithelial tissue (epithelium) ● Connective tissue ● Muscle ● Nervous tissue (neural tissue)
List and give the function of the formed elements of blood.
● Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) - transport oxygen ● Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs) - immune responses ● Platelets - clotting
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
● Fetal skeleton ● Articular cartilage ● Nose ● Trachea ● Larynx ● Costal cartilage
What are the two major categories of epithelial tissue?
● Glandular ● Membranous
Where is fibrocartilage found?
● Intervertebral discs ● Pubic symphysis ● Menisci
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
● Large ducts ● Parts of the male urethra
What two factors are used to classify membranous epithelia?
● Layering or stratification ● Shape of apical cells
Where does transitional epithelium occur?
● Lining of urinary bladder ● Inner layer of ureters ● Part of the urethra
What are the two broad categories of connective tissue proper?
● Loose connective tissue ● Dense connective tissue
Where in the body does the simple ciliated columnar epithelium occur?
● Luminal surface of the uterine tubes ● Larger bronchi
What type of membrane lines cavities and other structures of the body that have connections to the outside of the body?
● Mucous membranes ● Mucous membranes line the nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, the digestive system, the urethra, and the vagina.
In general, where is simple squamous epithelium found?
● Only in protected regions ● Lining of the pulmonary alveoli ● Walls of blood vessels & heart chambers ● Lining of body cavities
Serous membranes have what two parts?
● Parietal layer on the body wall ● Visceral layer on the viscera
List the functions of epithelial tissue.
● Physical protection ● Selective permeability ● Secretions ● Sensations
List the main functions of connective tissue.
● Physical protection ● Support & structural framework ● Binding of structures ● Storage ● Transport ● Immune protection
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
● Rapid diffusion ● Filtration ● Secretion
It is common to divide the abdominopelvic cavity by drawing an imaginary vertical plane and an imaginary horizontal plane through the umbilicus. List these four quadrants.
● Right upper quadrant ● Left upper quadrant ● Right lower quadrant ● Left lower quadrant
What are the three classifications of epithelium based on cell layers?
● Simple epithelium - one layer ● Stratified epithelium - two or more layers ● Pseudostratified - one layer that has the appearance of many
What are the classifications of epithelium based on shape?
● Squamous - flat ● Cuboidal - cube-shaped ● Columnar - taller than wide (column-shaped) ● Transitional - change shape
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
● Walls of kidney tubules ● Ducts of exocrine glands ● Surface of the ovaries ● Lining of the follicles of the thyroid
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
● Walls of large ducts ● Part of the male urethra
What two general types of stratified squamos epithelium occur?
●Nonkeratinized ● Keratinized