Anatomy Final, Quiz Questions

The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree:1 - secondary bronchi2 - tertiary bronchi3 - bronchioles4 - primary bronchi. The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is

4-1-2-3

________ is a loose connective tissue, ________ is a fluid connective tissue, and ________ is a supporting connective tissue.

Adipose; blood; bone

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

All living organisms are capable of digestion.

Which term describes a complex movement that includes both changing the angle at a joint and then moving the distal bone in a circular direction?

Circumduction

What is the main difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Compact bones contain osteons; spongy bones contain trabeculae.

Which of the following is ranked from smallest to largest?

H-band, sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands?

IX

Which organ system produces hormones that directly control the secretions of the pituitary gland?

Nervous system

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins.

Which statement regarding red blood cells is true?

Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis.

When you shiver when it gets cold, you are demonstrating which of the following functions?

Responsiveness

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of

Schwann cells.

Which statement regarding skeletal muscle is true?

Skeletal muscles contain blood vessels.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Spinal nerves outnumber cranial nerves

Identify the projection found on distal end of the ulna.

Styloid process

Which statement regarding respiration is true?

The sternocleidomastoid muscle works to elevate the rib cage.

Identify the primary region of the ulna that forms the hinge joint with the humerus.

Trochlear notch

What is the main role of vitamin D3 produced in the skin?

Uptake of calcium

The fact that a single defective protein causes cystic fibrosis, a multisystemic illness, proves that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

The bones of the pelvis

are bones of the axial skeleton only.

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

can increase melanocyte activity.

Which of the following parts of the brain is not matched correctly with its function?

cerebrum: adjusting blood pressure

Which feature is the attachment point for the temporalis muscle, a powerful muscle that closes the jaw?

coronoid process

Which gives the correct order of meninges from outside to inside?

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates

epiphyseal growth has ended.

As the diaphragm contracts, all of the following events occur EXCEPT _________.

exhalation

Which of the following cartilage types has little ground substance and has a matrix dominated by collagen fibers?

fibrocartilage

Dorsiflexion involves ________ at the ankle joint and ________ of the foot.

flexion; elevation of the sole

Ribs that have no connection to the sternum are called ________.

floating ribs

The actions of the internal intercostals are most important during __________.

forced expiration

Since the epidermis is avascular, how do the epidermal cells obtain their nutrients?

from the blood vessels in the adjacent dermis

Which plane of dissection would cut through hypochondriac, umbilical, and epigastric abdominopelvic regions all at the same time?

frontal or coronal

In which type of cell junction are two cells held together by embedded membrane proteins called connexons?

gap junction

The patella

glides over the smooth anterior surface, between the lateral and medial condyles.

Biopsy samples from organs are sent to your lab for staining and then viewing in a microscope. Your area of expertise would be

histology.

The condition of low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia.

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?

inhibin

Glycolysis

is an anaerobic process.

Lungs are to the respiratory system as the spleen is to the

lymphatic system

The clavicle articulates with the

manubrium.

Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called ________.

menisci

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation?

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called ________.

perimysium

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)

permissive effect.

A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause

pernicious anemia.

Surfactant

plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.

Functions of the respiratory system include

protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes

The pituitary gland is located in the

sella turcica.

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

The muscle that produces the action of standing on tip-toes is the

soleus.

The jugular notch is a structural feature of the ________.

sternum

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelia?

storage

Functions of connective tissue include

storage of energy reserves.

Collectively, the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus make up __________.

the hamstrings

The glottis is

the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.

During an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for __________.

the repolarization phase

A burn that destroys the epidermis as well as the hair follicles and sensory nerves is classified as a __________ burn.

third-degree

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.

vagus

What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?

-70 mV

Paranasal sinuses are located within which of the following bones? (1) frontal bone (2) sphenoid (3) ethmoid (4) maxilla (5) nasal bone

1, 2, 3, 4

Path of air

1. Air enters through the nose and mouth 2. Air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi 3. Air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles 4. Air reaches small sacs called alveoli

The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification: 1. Bone forms at the diaphysis surface. 2. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. 4. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. 5. Blood vessels invade the inner cartilage and new osteoblasts form spongy bone at a primary ossification center. The correct order for these events is

3, 1, 5, 4, 2.

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal: 1. coagulation phase 2. fibrinolysis 3. vascular phase 4. retraction 5. platelet phase The correct sequence of these steps is

3, 5, 1, 4, 2.

The following events are part of the skin repair process. In which order do they occur? Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris Formation of scar tissue Inflammatory response Formation of scab

3,4,1,2

A normal WBC count is about ________ cells per microliter.

5,000-10,000

Which of the following best describes a motor unit?

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

Which of the following events most directly occurs due to an action potential generated by the motor neuron?

ACh is released at the synaptic cleft.

The generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma is short in duration. Which of the following explanations describes why the reaction of the sarcolemma is short in duration?

AChE acts to break down the ACh in the synaptic cleft.

Which statement is FALSE?

All amino acid-derivative hormones are able to circulate freely within the blood.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

An increase in normal body temperature triggers heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating.

Which terms describe the types of movement allowed at the thumb?

Angular motion in only two planes & Circumduction

Which of the following secretion mechanisms does not match the product the glands secrete?

Apocrine secretion: hormones

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means

Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.

Which of the following is the simplest level of organization that can do all of the following: reproduce, grow, be responsive, move, and metabolize?

Cell

As a child grows, his medication doses may need to be increased. The doctor has ordered glucose, sodium, and potassium measurements on Wally's blood. If Wally's medications are inadequate, what will happen to his blood glucose, sodium, and potassium levels, and why? Choose all the lab values that would indicate inadequate treatment of Wally's problem.

Decreased Na+ & glucose Elevated K+

The integumentary system protects deeper structures from which of the following?

Dehydration (water loss) Physical damage from impacts Chemicals Infections

Where in the skeleton is the ulna located in reference to the humerus?

Distal

Identify the structures that are responsible for the stretching of the skin during pregnancy.

Elastic fibers found in the reticular layer of the dermis

Identify the true statement about the head of the ulna.

Found at the distal end of the bone.

The skin provides a somewhat waterproof outer shell that helps the body retain water. However, one of the integument's other functions involves losing water (along with salts and organic wastes). Which function is that?

Heat loss through sweating

Your 75-year-old grandmother has a small dog that does not like to have its nails clipped. As a result, the nails stay long. Since the dog is constantly jumping up and down in your grandmother's lap, he tends to scrape and cut her skin in the process. These abrasions, caused by blood vessels being damaged, are seen all over her arms. What factor is related to this problem?

Her age is related to thinner tissues.

Which type of synovial joint is correctly matched with its example?

Hinge; Joint between phalanges

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

The doctor also ordered measurement of Wally's Na+ and K+ levels. How is the adrenal gland related to these?

If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. K+ will build up in the blood, and +Na+ will be lost in the urine.

Mrs. L and her six-year-old son Wally are at the pediatrician's office for Wally's yearly checkup and immunizations. Wally is a healthy-looking boy, slightly large for his age, with normal heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature. Height and weight are the same as at his previous visit last year. He is a little hoarse and has a drippy nose, and you notice some blackish-blue discoloration of his nails and gums. His mother says he is "doing fine on his meds, as long as he gets all the salt and water he wants," and you see in the chart that Wally has a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and is taking daily cortisol. The doctor does a regular examination, but also orders blood work to test Wally's glucose, sodium, and potassium levels.

If the adrenal does not produce cortisol, the child will not be able to increase blood glucose during illness or stress.

Which organ system synthesizes the precursor that leads to the production of the hormone calcitriol?

Integumentary system

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding neural tissue?

It contains two major types of cells.

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.

K+, Na+

Which of the following correctly describes the backflow of blood permitted by a defective mitral valve?

Left ventricle to the left atrium

Which of the following statements is true concerning motor units?

Movement of the eyeball requires fewer muscle fibers with less tension being produced.

Why do individual muscle twitches have to be added together, as in summation or tetanus?

Multiple twitches add up to an increase in muscle fiber tension, which increases the strength of the muscle.

Which statement regarding "heat loss" is true?

Muscle contractions play an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature.

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell.

Na+ and Cl-

The Na+-K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped?

Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.

Older individuals suffer from a much higher proportion of hip fractures than the young. Why?

Older people have less bone density than the young.

Identify the region of the ulna that articulates with the humerus when the forearm is in full extension.

Olecranon process

Our tissue cells require constant inputs of oxygen and nutrients as well as waste removal. What is the lowest level of organization required to fulfill these needs and keep us alive?

Organism level

Osteoporosis is a condition that reduces bone mass so much that normal function is compromised. Sex hormones are important in maintaining normal rates of bone deposition. Over age 45, an estimated 29 percent of women and 18 percent of men have osteoporosis. Osteoporotic bones break easily and do not repair well. Which bone cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?

Osteoblasts are the bone cells that produce new bone matrix.

Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position?

Palms facing inward towards the thighs

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.

Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the body after death due to continuous muscle contraction. The concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm increases as muscle cells break down while ATP stores decrease as breathing stops. Which of the following correctly identifies the roles for Ca2+ and ATP in this process?

Presence of Ca2+ activates myosin heads to form cross-bridges with actin; absence of ATP maintains high levels of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.

Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of slow fibers?

Resting slow muscle fibers contain oxygen reserves, bound to myoglobin.

Which of these organ systems provides some protection for endocrine organs?

Skeletal, integumentary, and muscular systems

Muscles that produce facial expressions pull on which of the following?

Skin

What role does the female integumentary system have in human reproduction?

Specialized integumentary glands produce milk.

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the muscular system?

Synthesize vitamin D3

Why is smooth muscle called by that name?

The actin and myosin filaments are not organized.

Why is the elbow joint considered to be extremely stable?

The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock.

The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?

The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.

What is the main difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in the halting of bleeding?

The extrinsic pathway begins outside the bloodstream, whereas the intrinsic pathway begins inside the bloodstream.

The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle?

The knee is superior to the ankle.

Depolarize

The membrane potential is becoming more positive than the resting membrane potential

Hyperpolarize

The membrane potential is more negative than the resting membrane potential

Reploarize

The membrane potential is moving from a more positive value toward resting membrane potential

Which of the following statements is true?

The neurotransmitter is stored in the axon terminal of the motor neuron.

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

There are no vital organs in the region.

Your doctor suggests that you increase your calcium intake to maintain your healthy bones. You do not understand why the doctor suggested this since you are a healthy 32-year-old. What was the doctor's reasoning?

You are at an age where calcium levels in the bone may start to subside, producing weaker bones later in life.

Release of heparin and histamine leads to decreased

accumulation of toxins and waste products.

The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?

acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

acting as the main source of body heat

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration.

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are

albumins

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?

aldosterone

A rise in the concentration of solutes in the blood or a fall in the blood volume will cause the release of __________.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of the following glands and descriptions are mismatched?

apocrine; water-based sweat

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation?

arachnoid granulations

During an EEG, alpha waves

are characteristic of normal resting adults.

If the nurse tells you that the vaccine is to be administered in your brachial region, you will need to uncover your __________.

arm

Your friend tells you that he is going to the doctor to have a Pott's fracture treated. Next time you see him, you will see a cast ________

around his ankle

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are

association areas.

A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission?

at the axon terminal

Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?

atrial natriuretic peptide

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

autonomic

You are a 24-year-old woman who loves to run about 5 miles per day, every day. You are eating regularly and have the stamina to run long distances, but you are very slender. One of the problems that you might likely experience would be

becoming pregnant.

The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body

During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?

both the electrical and chemical gradients

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm

Muscle cells

can only contract.

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

cell bodies of neurons and glial cells.

You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the

cerebral hemispheres.

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.

chemically gated; postsynaptic

During which phase is the stimulus frequency so high that the relaxation phase is eliminated?

complete tetanus

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease due to a defect of the respiratory mucosa. Mucous cells in the respiratory mucosa of affected individuals produce dense, viscous mucus that CANNOT be transported by the cilia of the respiratory tract. Mucus transport stops, and mucus blocks the smaller respiratory passageways. The clogged airways make breathing difficult. This inactivation of the normal respiratory defenses leads to frequent bacterial infections. Where is the respiratory mucosa found in the respiratory tract?

conducting portion

Skeletal muscle is to muscle tissue as bone is to

connective tissue

Unlike cartilage, bone __________.

contains a blood supply

Insulin causes

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles

Shafts of hair are comprised of

dead keratinized epidermal cells.

During the action potential, when does sodium permeability initially DECREASE?

during the peak of depolarization

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________.

either depolarize or hyperpolarize

Someone suffering from a lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme may have a problem with their

endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries.

Which abdominal pelvic region is directly medial and superior to the left lumbar?

epigastric

The intervertebral articulations are classified as ________ joints.

gliding and symphysis

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called ________.

graded potentials

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted.

The use of hormones to improve athletic performance is banned by many athletic committees and leagues. A significant number of amateur and professional athletes, however, persist in this dangerous practice. Synthetic forms of testosterone are used most often, but athletes may use any combination of testosterone, growth hormone, erythropoietin, and a variety of synthetic hormones. The use of anabolic steroids or androgens has become popular with many amateur and professional athletes. The goal of steroid use is generally to increase muscle mass and endurance. A steroid, such as androstenedione, is converted to testosterone in the body. One justification for this steroid use is the unfounded opinion that compounds made in the body are not only safe, but good for you. In reality, the use of natural or synthetic androgens in abnormal amounts carries unacceptable health risks. What cells produce androgens in the testes??

interstitial cells

The flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex.

"Anaerobic endurance"

is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.

The trachea

is reinforced with c-shaped cartilages

As you unsuccessfully attempt to lift the 300-pound weights off the ground, you are demonstrating ________.

isometric contraction

Which suture connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones?

lambdoid

Which of these structures contains the "voice box"?

larynx

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

loss of the ability to speak

Which hormone is a very effective antioxidant, one that may protect CNS neurons from free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?

melatonin

The sole of the foot is supported by the

metatarsal bones.

During the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood volume and the conservation of salts and water?

mineralocorticoids (with ADH)

Which of the following is located in a median position?

mouth

The mucous cells produce

mucus that traps foreign particles in the respiratory tract. Return to Assignment

The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of

neural axons, directly.

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

neutrophils: antibody production

Interneurons

only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons.

The effect of prolactin closely interacts with the hormone

oxytocin.

Two hormones that work together to elevate calcium levels in the body are ________ and ________.

parathyroid hormone; calcitriol

The inner surface of the abdominal body wall is lined by which serous membrane?

parietal peritoneum

A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal?

posterior

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.

presynaptic neuron

Saltatory conduction

produces a stronger action potential.

Which of the following describes an epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells with varying heights?

pseudostratified

Which structural feature of the upper limb marks the attachment site of the biceps brachii muscle, a flexor of the forearm?

radial tuberosity

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

The endocrine system

relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

Which of the following is the correct flow of exhaled air leaving the bronchial tree from the alveoli?

respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, bronchioles, tertiary bronchi

Elderly people tend to have rougher skin and more brittle hair than younger people. What structure is associated with this problem?

sebaceous glands

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

sending signals to muscles

A commonly performed exfoliative cytology procedure is a Pap test for cervical cancer. The test involves scraping a small number of epithelial cells from the tip of cervix, which has the same type of epithelial tissue as the vagina. What kind of epithelial cells are being collected during a Pap test?

stratified squamous

Which of the following is a muscle of the rotator cuff?

teres minor

When the chordae tendineae are loose ___________.

the AV valves are open

A small, low-caliber bullet has entered your chest at an angle, through the right lung and then the heart. It is now lodged in heart muscle. The surgeon will have to open some closed cavities of the body and enter those spaces to remove the bullet. What is the order of the cavities and the correct cavities that the surgeon will have to open (starting from the outside)?

the thoracic cavity, the pleural cavity, the mediastinum, the pericardial cavity

Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the

venae cavae.

The spinal cord lies within the

vertebral foramen.

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes is

whether the cavity is open to the exterior or not.