Anatomy Lab Quiz 1

inguinal ligament

V-line

superior/cephalic

above

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

an imaging technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences -produces high contrast images of soft tissue -doesn't use radiation, detects the level of hydrogen in body

CT/CAT Scan (Computerized Axial Tomography)

an imaging technique that reconstructs the human the three-dimensional structure of the human body -rotate and take 12 x-ray images around full circumference of head -provides good images of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels -used quickly and less restrictive -cons: radiation exposure, less useful for nervous tissue and joint

axilla

armpit

lateral

away from midline/middle

inferior/caudal

below

Sonography (ultrasound imaging)

body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that reflect off body tissue -analyzes echos to construct sectional images of outlines of organs -cons: blurry at times

costal margin of ribs

bottom of rib cage

thyroid cartilage

bump at middle of neck (adam's apple)

gluteus maximus

butt (majority region)

zygomatic bone

cheek bone

pectoralis major

chest muscle

proximal

closer to body/joint

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia (with microvilli)

columns, no cilia (hair-like) location: 1. gastrointestinal lining 2. ducts of many excretory glands 3. gallbladder function: secretion, absorption

supraclavicular fossa

depression above clavicle

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right parts

parasagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left halves

transverse/horizontal/cross-section plane

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

cubital fossa

elbow pit

auricle

external ear

orbital cavity

eyes

distal

further from body/joint

Radiography/X-rays

high energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues -creates an image with radio dense tissues (such as bones) appearing white, and less dense, softer tissues appearing in shades of grey or black -best for visualizing bones an locating abnormal dense structures (tumors) -cons: can be blurry, changes 3-D structures to 2-D

iliac crest

hip bone

suprasternal notch

hollow U-shaped depression just above the sternum, in between the clavicles

anterior/ventral

in front of

middle ear cavity

inner ear

deep/internal

into body, internal

popliteal fossa

knee pit

visceral

layer covering organ

parietal

lining that lines cavity

antebrachium

lower arm

latissimus dorsi

lower back muscle

basement membrane

lying between epithelial and connective tissues, non-living layer

oral/buccal cavity

mouth

nasal cavity

nose

gastrocnemius

Calf muscle

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia

-disorganized, cilia location: 1. trachea 2. nasopharynx 3. bronchi (upper respiratory) function: secretes mucus by goblet cells and traps foreign particles in mucus (cilia sweeps mucus to push out body)

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia

-jumbled mess, column, no cilia location: 1. epididymis 2. larger ducts of many glands 3. parts male urethra function: absorption, protection

simple cuboidal epithelia

-one layer, cube shaped, circular pattern location: 1. portions of kidney tubules 2. various glands and ducts function: secretion, reabsorption

ciliated simple columnar epithelia

-one layer, ordered, column, cilia (hair-like) location: 1. bronchioles 2. uterine/fallopian tube 3. uterus 4. paranasal sinuses 5. central canal of spinal cord 6. ventricles of the brain function: cilia help move mucus by beating in unison to expel from body

simple squamous epithelia

-one layer, thin, flat location: 1. from alveoli of the lung 2. inner lining of the cornea of the eye 3. mesothelial lining of ventral body cavities (serosae) 4. endothelial lining of the heart and blood vessels function: filtration, diffusion, secretion

transitional epithelia

-relaxed= bubbles -stretched= flat (fill) location: 1. urinary bladder 2. renal pelvis 3. portions of the ureters and urethra function: allow organs to stretch and recoil without rupturing cells

stratified columnar epithelia

-separation of nuclei, order, column, stacked location: 1. ducts of salivary glands 2. small areas of anal mucous membrane 3. mammary ducts 4. urethra function: protection, secretion

stratified squamous epithelia

-several layers stacked on top, flat -differentiate between keratinized and non-keratinized location: 1. surface of skin 2. lining of mouth, esophagus, anus, and vagina function: protect against abrasions, water lose, UV radiation

stratified cuboidal epithelia

-stacked, cube (nuclei more rounded); exceedingly rare location: 1. lining ducts of adult sweat glands 2. esophageal glands 3. part of male urethra function: protection, limited secretion, absorption

abdominopelvic quadrants

1. Right Upper Quadrant (liver, gall bladder) 2. Left Upper Quadrant (diaphragm, spleen, stomach, transverse colon of LI) 3. Right Lower Quadrant (ascending colon of LI), SI, cecum, appendix) 4. Left Lower Quadrant (descending colon of LI, initial part of sigmoid colon, urinary bladder)

Posterior/dorsal body cavity

1. cranial cavity (brain is located) 2. vertebral canal/spinal cavity (spinal cord)

components of a physical examination (noninvasive diagnostic techniques)

1. inspection: large amount of info gained in this component a. general: involves examining body proportions, posture, and patterns of movement b. local: examining site of injury 2. palpation: physician uses hands and fingers to feel body, understanding of normal anatomy is essential -can provide info on skin texture and temp -can be used to feel underlying structure and sensitive spots 3. percussion: tapping fingers or hand to determine the density of underlying tissues -if lungs are filled with fluid the chest will sound more dense 4. auscultation: listening to body sounds, with stethoscope

abdominopelvic regions

1. right hypochondriac (liver, gall bladder) 2. epigastric (stomach, portion liver, pancreas) 3. left hypochondriac (diaphragm, spleen, stomach) 4. right lumbar (ascending color of LI, kidney) 5. umbilical (SI, transverse colon of LI) 6. left lumbar (descending colon of LI, kidney) 7. right inguinal/iliac (cecum, appendix) 8. hypogastric (urinary bladder, SI, signoid colon, rectum) 9. left inguinal/iliac (initial part of sigmoid colon, descending colon) -2 verticle lines = mid-clavicular lines (parasagittal planes) -top horizontal line = subcostal plane (superior) -bottom horizontal line = transtubercle plane (inferior)

Ventral/anterior body cavity

1. thoracic cavity (makes up chest cavity) a. visceral pleura: lining of lungs b. parietal pleura: lining of cavity c. pleural cavity: houses lungs d. mediastinum: space between lungs (heart is located) e. visceral pericardium: lining covering heart f. parietal pericardium: lining that covers cavity g. pericardial cavity: houses heart 2. abdominopelvic cavity (makes up abdominal and pelvic cavity) a. visceral peritoneum: lining covering abdomen b. parietal peritoneum: lining covering cavity c. peritoneal cavity: houses abdominal organs (stomach, liver, SI and LI) d. retroperitoneal: all organs located outside peritoneum cavity (duodenum, ascending and descending colon, rectum, pancreas)

PET (positron emission tomography)

nuclear medicine procedure that measure metabolic activity of cells -detect radioactive isotopes injected into body -pros: indicate regions of cellular activity, identifies bodies most active cells and pinpoints the region that receive greatest blood supply -most commonly used in oncology (cancer) showing areas of enhanced cellular activity due to tumor growth -used to measure size and distribution of tumors and response to treatment -cons: harmful pregnant/breast feeding, can NOT detect tumors in beginning stages due to low metabolic activity

superficial/external

out of body, toward surface

gluteus medius

outside/top butt

bilateral

same body parts on opposite side of body

supraorbital margin

superior (top) rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone

angiography

technique that produces images of blood vessels -contrast medium injected into vessel and distributed by vascular system -used to see vessel structure and diagnois

epithelia

tissues that cover body surfaces, on inside or outside Number 1. simple= one 2. pseudostratified= one layer but looks like many; random, closely packed 3. stratified= many Shape 1. squamous= flat 2. cuboidal= cube 3. columnar= column

medial

toward midline/middle

posterior/dorsal

toward the back

contralateral

two different body parts in different side of body

ipsilateral

two different body parts on same side of body

brachium

upper arm

trapezius

upper back, V-shaped muscle

endoscopy

viewing of the lining of a ventral body cavity or tubular organ with a flexible, tubelike device -contains lens and light -view internal surfaces in alimentary canal (stomach, colon, sigmoid colon)