Anatomy Lab

Which explanation BEST describes why there is only a NET gain of 2 ATP when 4 ATP molecules are generated from the glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?

2 ATP are used in glycolysis to initially catabolize the glucose molecule

A person with ____________ will have a bronze-like appearance of their skin and nails and have hyperpigmentation of their gums.

Addison's disease

Anne Marie has a condition called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that affects the connective tissue found in her joints and skin. What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

All types of connective tissue have specialized cells embedded in a matrix composed of extracellular fibers and ground substance.

Bone is a type of connective tissue, with specialized cells embedded in a matrix. What does the matrix of bone consist of?

Approximately two-thirds of the weight of bone is composed primarily of calcium salts that form hard, brittle crystals of hydroxyapatite. The other major component of the bony matrix is the collagen fibers that provide tensile strength to bone

Identify the cellular organelle that is responsible for storage, alteration (modification), and packaging of secretory products.

B (purple section up top)

How is giantism similar to acromegaly?

Both disorders result from abnormal cartilage and soft tissue growth.

Which of the following tissue type is associated with bone?

D

ABCDE is an easy mnemonic device that is used while inspecting suspicious moles for indicators of skin cancer. Which of the following letters is NOT correctly matched with its definition?

D = density

Identify cellular structure that functions to produce energy for the cell.

E (bean shape)

In exfoliative cytology, epithelial cells are removed and examined without any lasting damage to the tissue from which these cells are removed. Why is there usually NO lasting damage?

Epithelial tissue is capable of regeneration.

What two molecules supply electrons to drive the redox reactions of the ETS?

NADH and FADH2

Alex and his mother both suffer from osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which means the imperfect formation of bone. Which bone cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?

Osteoblasts are the bone cells that produce new bone matrix.

Skin color may have a diagnostic function. Imagine one of your friends has an obvious orange tint to her skin. What would be a logical conclusion of your observation?

She may have a real taste for consuming carrots

How is ATP used in our bodies

The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work

Use your knowledge of transcription to determine the mRNA sequence coded for from the DNA template. (AGCT)

UCGA

A precancerous scaly area on the skin that indicates that the skin has been sun damaged is called _________________.

actinic keratosis

Which type of loose connective tissue provides padding, cushions shock, reduces heat loss, and stores energy? Where are some places in the body this type of tissue is commonly found? (Figure 4-11)

adipose tissue; deep to the skin at sides, buttocks, and breasts

An eating disorder in which an individual is obsessed with a desire to lose weight by not eating is called _____________.

anorexia nervosa

The practice of listening to various body sounds made by body organs using a stethoscope is called ____________.

auscultation

Which surface attaches to the underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues?

basal

Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers and they range from benign to malignant. Which of the following types of skin cancers is considered the most common but also the LEAST dangerous?

basal cell carcinoma

Some burn victims benefit from skin grafts cultured from their own skin cells. Which skin cells are the most likely candidates for such a culture?

basal cells

Cheryl has a chronic illness that has resulted in weakness and wasting of her body. This type of wasting is known as __________.

cachexia

Identify the muscle tissue labeled "B".

cardiac

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

cardiac

Eating too many carrots can result in an orangish skin tint. What is the name of the pigment that is responsible for the orangish coloration?

carotene

An illness persisting for a long time or one that constantly reoccurs is considered a/an ___________ illness.

chronic

Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following?

citric acid cycle and ETS

In "simple columnar epithelium," which word describes cell shape and which word describes the number of cell layers? (Figure 4-6)

columnar; simple

Diseases that involve not getting enough oxygen-rich blood to the blood vessels, such as certain pulmonary and heart diseases can cause the skin to take on a bluish color. What is the name of the abnormal condition of having bluish skin coloration?

cyanosis

When PCO2 levels decrease, carbonic acid dissociates into CO2 and water. What effect does this have on H+ ion concentration and plasma pH?

decreases H+ concentration that increases pH

Which structure typically receives information from other neurons?

dendrite

When you cut yourself and bleed/feel the sensation of pain, which cutaneous membranes have been damaged?

dermis and epidermis

Certain _________ fractures that occur between the epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop growth at that site.

epiphyseal

Exfoliative cytology involves the removal of epithelial cells for examination. Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of exfoliative cytology?

examination of cardiac muscle cells after a heart attack

Compare the number of melanocytes between fair-skinned individuals and dark-skinned individuals.

fair- and dark-skinned people have the approximately the same number of melanocytes

What type of cartilage forms the soft callus during bone fracture repair?

fibrocartilage

Nearly half of our water intake comes from what source?

food

Highly reactive atoms or molecules that contain an unpaired electron that can damage DNA, proteins and lipids are called

free radicals

Anthony has decided to go to the clinic, because he is experiencing a red, inflamed hallux. The nurse practitioner suspects that he has a condition called hyperuricemia caused by uric acid crystals forming in his great toe. She ordered bloodwork to check his uric acid levels and the results confirm that his levels are high. What is the clinical condition called when uric acid levels in the blood exceed 7.4mg/dL?

gout

Alex had incurred previous fractures that were already in the process of healing when he went to the emergency room for his current injury. What is the correct sequence of events in the repair of a fracture?

hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation

Alex has osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and had incurred previous fractures that were already in the process of healing when he went to the emergency room for his current injury. What is the correct sequence of events in bone fracture repair?

hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation

The study of tissues using a microscope is called _______________. Thin sections of tissue are fixed, sliced and then stained to enhance contrast.

histology

Which of the following tissue type is associated with synovial joints?

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following layers is targeted by liposuction?

hypodermis

A genetic skin disorder called _______________, which is referred to as a "fish-like condition", is caused by a mutated gene coding for a structural protein resulting in a lack of keratinization of skin cells.

ichthyosis vulgaris

Marfan's syndrome is a disorder associated with excessive growth in length of limbs and digits, giving the afflicted individual a tall and lanky appearance. What is the clinical term for bone growth in length?

interstitial growth

A region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage from an injury or disease is called ____________.

lesion

Cholesterol content in the diet is not the only source of circulating cholesterol. What organ produces approximately 20% of cholesterol that is circulating in the blood?

liver

Excessive diarrhea results in which of the following?

loss of bicarbonate, metabolic acidosis

Which organ system includes the tonsils, spleen and thymus, and functions to defend against infection and disease?

lymphatic system

The ________ of CT proper consists of proteins fibers and ground substance.

matrix

Why does exposure to sunlight darken skin?

melanocytes will produce more pigment in response to UV rays

Identify the cutaneous structure labeled "G".

melanosome (little blue circle)

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained: pH = 7.48 CO2= 42 mm Hg HCO3-= 28 mEq/L What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

metabolic alkalosis

A reversible structural change that alters the character of a tissue is called _____________.

metaplasia

Gerlach used a stain called carmine to stain body tissues, but had a very difficult time staining a certain tissue type. He was finally able to stain the tissue section when he mistakenly left the sample in the stain overnight. What type of tissue type was Gerlach finally able to visualize, due to his "error"?

neural

Which type of tissue has axons and dendrites?

neuron

A benign pigmented spot on the skin, such as a mole, is called a __________.

nevus

Jasmin suffers from an idiopathic, chronic autoimmune disease. The medical definition of "idiopathic" refers to ________________________.

of unknown cause

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix are called _______, and multinucleated cells that dissolve the bone matrix are called _________.

osteocytes; osteoclasts

The most commonly inherited connective tissue disorder in the United States, called __________________, is cause by a mutation in the collagen gene resulting in brittle bones that fracture easily. It is also known as brittle bone disease

osteogenesis imperfecta

Identify the compact bone structure labeled "C"

osteon (entire thing)

What phosphorylation mechanism is used to generate ATP in the ETS?

oxidative phosphorylation

What is the effect of increased plasma PCO2 on pH?

pH decreases

Which layer of the cutaneous membrane lies directly inferior to the epidermis?

papillary layer of the dermis

Each mRNA strand codes for 1

protein

A marked loss in strength and elasticity of connective tissue characterizes Marfan's syndrome. Which connective tissue component imparts strength and elasticity?

proteinaceous connective tissue fibers

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 25 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? Normal pH = 7.35 to 7.45 Normal pCO2 = 35 to 45 mmHg Normal HCO3¯ = 22 to 26 mEq/L

respiratory acidosis

Emphysema, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia can result in a condition of _____________.

respiratory acidosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained: pH = 7.55 CO2= 30 mm Hg HCO3-= 23 mEq/L What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

respiratory alkalosis

The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the __________.

reticular layer

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

he proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

What tissue type comprises the alveoli of the lung?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

skeletal

In a second-degree burn, the entire epidermis and perhaps some of the dermis are damaged. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a second-degree burn?

skin grafts

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) is its main metabolic region?

soma

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma

Describe the body pose of someone who is in the anatomical position.

standing erect, hands at sides, palms pointed forward, toes pointing forward

There is a lot of talk about stem cells in the media. What is unique about these cells?

stem cells are not fully differentiated

Melanocytes __________.

store melanin in melanosomes

Which epithelium, shown at the end of the arrow, is responsible for protection, secretion, and absorption?

stratified cuboidal

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium

What layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes, Merkel cells, and stem cells?

stratum basale

which layer of the skin are melanocytes found? (Figure 5-8)

stratum basale

Which of the following is the correct order of epidermal layers of thick skin from deep to superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

One function of the cytoskeleton (indicated by the blue arrow) is to provide __________.

strength and integrity to the cell

This area of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated by the red arrow is involved in __________.

synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins

Identify the component involved in transcription labeled "B"

template DNA

There currently is no cure for OI, and treatments are often aimed at preventing or controlling symptoms. One common treatment is rodding surgery, where a metal rod is inserted into a long bone to strengthen and prevent deformity. Using what you know about the structure of a typical long bone, what part of the long bone is the most likely place for this rod to be inserted?

the medullary cavity of the diaphysis

Connective tissue proper is divided into loose and dense. What structure determines if it is classified as loose of dense connective tissue proper?

the number of fibers in its ground substance

Healthy skin cells require a constant supply of blood. In decubitus ulcers, or bed sores, this blood supply is hindered because superficial blood vessels are compressed. Which layer(s) of the skin hold(s) such compressed blood vessels?

the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis

Which of the following is NOT a white blood cell?

thrombocyte

Respiratory alkalosis is a result of _______.

too little carbon dioxide in the blood

What molecule is stored in the tissue type labeled "B"?

triglycerides

Bonnie developed hives after walking in the woods, likely due to contact with a plant that she was unknowingly allergic to. The scientific term for hives is _____________.

urticaria

What autoimmune disorder causes the destruction of melanocytes resulting in patches of skin void of pigment?

vitiligo

Brian needed emergency surgery to replace a ruptured aorta cause by a severe, head-on car crash. The only aorta that was available to transplant was from a recently deceased gorilla from Busch Gardens. The transplant surgery was successful. What grafting process occurs when there is a transplant of tissues/organs between different species?

xenograft