Anatomy Lesson 4

Draw a typical synovial joint, labeling the following: articular cartilage, joint cavity, bone, periosteum, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and ligaments. State the function of each of the labeled structures.

- diarthrotic what 2 layers make up the articular capsule? 1. fibrous layer 2. synovial membrane DRAW THIS

Label and describe the function of each of the following components of the knee joint: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and medial and lateral meniscus.

- fibula is always lateral - Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) DRAW THIS

What would be the structure in compact bone that supplies nutrients to the osteocytes? The one that connects one osteon to another?

1. canaliculi 2. perforating

Summarize the processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Which bones are formed by each process?

2 types of ossification 1. intramembranous ossification - bone growth within a membrane - forms flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle (Remember this by thinking the clavicle and up!!) - temporal bone, parietal bone 2. endochondral ossification - "Chon": cartilage - Bone growth within cartilage - turns fetal framework of hyaline cartilage into bone - formation of most bones - femur, Humerus - certain vertabrea

Diagram a typical long bone. Label the following: compact bone, spongy bone, proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal line, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum, perforating fibers, nutrient foramen, yellow bone marrow, and red bone marrow. State the function of each labeled structure.

2 types of the bone found in the body are spongy/cancellous/ Trabecular OR compact/cortical (cortex or the superficial part) structure of long bones 1. compact bone (outside/heavy) 2. spongy bone (deep to the compact bone/lighter weights) 3. epiphysis - distal epiphysis (far part of the bone (head)) - proximal epiphysis (close part of the bone (butt)) 4. diaphysis (shaft of the bone/the long part) 5. Metaphysis (epiphyseal plate or line) (transition from diaphysis to the epiphysis (area) - made up of cartilage/growth plate - epiphyseal plate: you can grow - epiphyseal line: bones will not grow 6. articular cartilage (cartilage on the part of the bone that articulates with other parts of the bone - like joints; this reduces the rubbing of bone against bone) 7. Medullary cavity - contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children - found inside of the bone - bone marrow 8. Endosteum - layer of cells lining and spongy bone and medullary cavity - a membrane - like wall paper (not the outermost but it is a layer 9. Periosteum - dense irregular CT outer covering of the bone - lines the compact bone and the outside - a membrane - MOST SUPERFICIAL 10. Perforating fibers - holds periosteum to the bone 11. Nutrient foramen

Explain the causes and symptoms of gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Arthritis: - inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints - gouty arthritis (Uric acid crystals in joint cavity) - osteoarthritis (chronic degenerative condition; "wear and tear") - Rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune disease; chronic inflammatory disorder)

Describe the composition of bone matrix, including both organic and inorganic components.

Bone - made up of osseous connective tissue - bone cells (osteocytes) - extracellular matrix (osteoid/collagen or calcium phosphate) Organic (osteo) - body produces - osteoid inorganic (calcium phosphate) - from our diet (like calcium) 2 things that make up the extracellular matrix of the bone = osteoid (mostly Collagen, organic) + Calcium phosphate (inorganic)

Briefly summarize how bones grow lengthwise during childhood. Explain how bones grow in thickness (width) during childhood.

Bone growth - interstitial growth (length) which occurs at the epiphyseal plate - Appositional growth (thickness) occurs at the periosteum and endosteum region of the bone (think apple as fatttyyy)

Explain the major functions of cartilage Explain the major functions of bone.

Cartilage: Characteristics: - semirigid, weaker than bone - flexible and resilient due to elastic fibers and water content - avascular (receives nutrient supply through diffusion Function: - support soft tissues - articular surfaces for joints - provide a model for endochondral bone formation Bone Functions: - support and protect (create framework of the body and protect vital organs from injury) - movement (attachment sites for muscles - Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) BLOOD - red bone marrow and more prevalent in kids but turns yellow when we get older/production of blood cells - Storage of minerals and energy reserves (calcium phosphate, yellow bone marrow) mostly in adults

Chondroblasts

Chondro (cartilage) Blast (to build) what builds cartilage

Define synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis. Give examples of each Define fibrous joint. Name the three subtypes. Draw a picture and give examples of each subtype. (See video 9.2-4) Define cartilaginous joint. Name the two subtypes. Draw a picture and give examples of each subtype. (See video 9.2-4)

Classification of joints functional classification - synarthrosis (immovable) - amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) - Diarthroisis (freely movable) Structural classification - fibrous (connected by fibrous tissue) - Cartilaginous (connected by cartilage) - synovial (contains a joint cavity) SHOULDER JOINTS Fibrous joints - sutures (synarthrosis) CRANIAL BONES - Gomphosis (synarthrosis/ Peg-in-socket joint) - where you chew your gum TEETH - Syndesmosis (amphiarthrotic) - think Moses parting the bones INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE Cartilaginous joints - synchondrosis (synarthrotic/cant move, bones connected by hyaline cartilage)EPIPHYSEAL PLATES - Symphyses (amphiarthrotic, Bones connected by fibrocartilage) Types of Synovial joints - pivot joint (neck) - Ball-and-socket joint (shoulders) - Hinge joint (elbow, finger interphalangeal) - plane joint (wrist, carpal bones) -> carpals slide - Saddle joint (thumb) - Condylar joints (fingers Metacrapophalangeal, wrist)

Diagram a typical flat bone. Label the following: compact bone, spongy bone, red bone marrow, endosteum, and periosteum

Classified by Histology (study of tissues) Compact bone: - Also called cortical bone - Lined by the periosteum - Contains osteons Spongey bone: - Also called cancellous or trabecular bone - lined by endosteum (endo meaning inside) - often contains red bone marrow red bone marrow: - in spongey bone endosteum: - lines the spongey bone Periosteum: - lines compact bone

Describe the composition, function, and distribution of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

Connective tissue (Mesenchyme) becomes connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue or fluid connective tissue 2 types of connective tissue proper is Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense (regular, irregular, elastic) - pirates with loose teeth say AAR when they chomp on RIE bread 2 types of supportive connective tissue are bone and cartilage. 2 types of bones are compact and spongey bone. 3 types of cartilage are fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and elastic cartilage Fluid connective tissue is blood Fibrocartilage: (thickest) - contains thick collagen fibers - shock absorber - intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, articular discs of jaw Hyaline: (medium thick) - flexible but resilient - respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton Elastic: (thinnest) - contains elastic fibers - provides flexibility - epiglottis and external ear

Explain the differences between first-class, second-class, and third-class lever systems.

First-class (F for fulcrom) - fulcrum is the pivot point - fulcrom in the middle like ur head when you tilt back and forth Second Class (R for resistence) - the resistance is in the middle - like in your ankle well the fulcrom is the tippie toe, and the middle of your foot is the resistance and the ankle is effort Third- class (E for effort) - how the muscle is being pulled - Effort is in the middle - Like the bicep!

Explain what bursae, tendon sheaths, fat pads, tendons and menisci are. Where are they found in relation to articulations, and what are their functions?

Ligaments: fibers that hold bones together Tendons: hold together bones to muscle Tendon Sheaths: connective tissue filled with lubricating fluid surrounding single tnedons (aka water snake toy) - Synovial bursae provide a gliding surface and a cushion for soft tissues as they pass over skeletal prominences and are found over bone and under muscle, tendon ligaments, fascia, or skin fat pads: bad of fat Meniscus: crescent shaped articular disc: circular shape both are fibrocartilage and function the same

Identify the characteristics of long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Be able to classify the bones of the body

Long: - humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals Short: - carpals (wrist), tarsals (foot area), sesamoid bones (patella) Flat: - skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs irregular: (weird shapes) - vertebrae, sacrum, coccyz, os coxa, ethoid, sphernoid

Differentiate between osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in terms of function and location.

Osteo: BONE gen: creation off blast: build osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells of bones - matures to osteoblast Osteoblasts: Build bone by secreting osteoid (produces organic part of bone) - matures to osteocytes osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix Osteoclasts: consume bone (bone resorption) DIFFERENT from all of these vocab. They CONSUME bones all have one nucleus except osteoclasts, it is multinuclei

Describe the following bone disorders: osteomalacia (rickets) and osteoporosis.

Osteomalacia - called rickets in children (soft bones / leads to bowed legs) - Caused by a Vitamin D or Calcium deficiency Osteoporosis (poris bone) - excessive bone resorption - aged and post-menopause WOMEN - too MUCH osteoclast activity (break down of bone) Osteopetro - hypermineralization of bone - often leads to skull foramina pinching nerves

Draw a cross-section of compact bone (microscopic view). Label the following: osteon, central canal, blood vessels, lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and perforating canal. Explain the functions of each of the labeled structures Draw a diagram of spongy bone (microscopic view). Label the following: trabeculae, lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi. (See video 6.10 & 6.11)

Structure of Compact bone 1. Osteon (Haversian system) - reason why compact bone is dense - center of the osteon has blood vessels/nerves (reason why it hurts when we break a bone/ heal itself) 2. Central canal (Haversian canal) - canal going through the bone - Haversian is the guy who discovered it 3. Lamellae - the rings that surround the Central canal 4. Osteocytes - live within the rings (kinda like cockroaches that live in caves) 5. Lacunae - Like a cave filled with osteocytes - the space that the osteocytes live in 6. Canaliculi - tiny canals that supply blood to the osteocytes (the cockroaches) 7. Perforating (Volkmann's canals) - connects 2 central canal - think about driving a volkswagen (Volkmann's canal) to another street (central canal) Structure of spongey bone 1. Trabeculae - crisscrossing bars and plates - like a beam that criss cross (random spider web) 2. Parallel lamelle 3. Osteocytes - with lacunae 4. Canaliculi Terms in the cancellous bone - traveculae - lamellae - osteocytes - lacunae - cancaliculi Not in cancellous bones - perforating canal - volkamann's canal - centrall canal - haversia canal

Describe the structure of cartilage, including chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacunae, extracellular matrix, and perichondrium.

Structure of cartilage - Chondroblast: cells that produce cartilage matrix - Chondrocytes: Mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae - Extracellular matrix: protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance - perichondrium: dense irregular connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

The most common type of cartilage; is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose medium thick (resilient) most prevalent of our body Function: - respiratory system location: - in the respiratory system stuff - larynx, trachea, bronchi) - costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton

Briefly discuss the different types of bone fractures and how bone fractures are repaired.

Types of fracture 1. closed fracture - bone doesn't pierce the skin 2. Open fracture - bone pierces the skin 3. Comminuted fracture - Several breaks result in many small pieces 4. Greenstick fracture a partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken Fracture repair 1. fracture hematoma (collection of blood) forms 2. Cartilage (soft) callus forms 3. Cartilage is converted to spongy bone by endochondral ossification 4. Compact bone forms on the bone's outer surface

Explain the two joint classification schemas (functional and structural)

What are the 2 ways to classify a joint? - structure - functional (how movable) What is a joint? - connection of 2 bones What is it made of? (structural) - cartilage - fiber - synovial membrane How movable is the joint? (functional) - depends! Which joint is the most mobile in the body? - the shoulder joint Which joint is the weakest joint in the body? - the shoulder joint Mobility v. Strength - inverse proportion - the most mobile is the weakest

Chondrocytes

cartilage cells

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord. thickest Function: - shock absorption Location: - intervertebral disks - pubic symphysis - menisci of the knee - articular discs of the jaw

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage thinnest which allows elasticity/ flexibility Location: - epiglottis and external ear

extracellular matrix

ground substance + protein fibers

perichondrium

peri (around) chondrium (cartilage) membrane that surrounds the cartilage

Lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes caves in which chondrocytes

Define the following, and give common causes of each: sprain torn cartilage dislocation bursitis tendonitis

sprain: reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn torn cartilage: tearing of a meniscus or articular cartilage dislocation: bones forced out of alignment bursitis: inflammation of bursa because of a blow or friction tendonitis: inflammation of a tendon or tendon sheath because of overuse "itis" think inflammation