Anatomy Midterm: Mastering A&P Blood Typing
The average functional lifespan of an RBC is ________.
100-120 days
Normal whole blood contains ________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL.
12-18
Blood normally clots in approximately ________.
3 to 6 minutes
Severe shock that can be fatal occurs with blood loss exceeding ________.
30 percent
Each hemoglobin molecule is able to transport ________ molecules of oxygen.
4
Place these leukocytes in order from the most common to the least common: 1) basophil 2) eosinophil 3) lymphocyte 4) monocyte 5) neutrophil
5,3,4,2,1
White blood cells differ from red blood cells because only they contain ________.
A nucleus and most organelles
When typing a patient's blood, agglutination occurred with anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies. What is this patient's blood type?
A positive
A persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel is known as ________.
A thrombus
The ABO blood groups are based on two antigens: antigen ________ and antigen ________.
A; B
The blood type that contains both antigens A and B is ________.
AB
The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called ________.
Agglutination
When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or ________ occurs.
Agglutination
An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________.
Albumin
What is the protein found in blood plasma that acts to keep water in the bloodstream?
Albumin
Which of these functions to maintain osmotic pressure and pH balance?
Albumin
Hemolysis most likely will occur when ________.
An Rh negative person receives the second transfusion of blood that is Rh positive
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as ________.
Anemia
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies is the ________.
Antigen
Substances that the body recognizes as foreign are called ________.
Antigens
A person with type B blood can receive blood from blood type(s) ________.
B, O
Which type of leukocyte contains heparin, an anticoagulant?
Basophil
Which leukocytes release histamine during the inflammatory response?
Basophils
Which blood type contains the A antigen only
Blood type A
Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive?
Blood type O
Which of these blood types carries no antigens?
Blood type O
The ion essential for blood clotting is ________.
Calcium
Which of these is a plasma electrolyte?
Chloride
The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.
Coagulation
What triggers the adherence of platelets to the wall of an injured blood vessel?
Collagen fibers
Compatibility testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients' serum is called ________.
Cross matching
The process by which white blood cells travel through the wall of blood vessels is termed ________.
Diapedesis
Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?
Erythrocyte
The hematocrit is the percentage of ________.
Erythrocytes in blood
The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone known as ________.
Erythropoietin
Basophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte.
False
Blood type A can receive blood from blood types A and AB during a transfusion.
False
Erythropoeitin is released to stimulate platelet production in response to inadequate amounts of oxygen in the blood.
False
Megakaryocytes are classified as agranulocytes since they lack visible granules in the cytoplasm.
False
Polycythemia arises from an excess or abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells.
False
During coagulation, long, hairlike molecules known as ________ form the basis for a clot.
Fibrin
Which of the following insoluble fibers forms a mesh network and the basis for the formation of a clot during coagulation?
Fibrin
Which of the following is characteristic of whole blood?
Five times the viscosity of water
White blood cells containing granules and lobed nuclei are classified as ________.
Granulocytes
The two major groups of white blood cells are ________.
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
The percentage of erythrocytes in blood is known as the ________.
Hematocrit
Which of these is a normal value for whole blood?
Hematocrit: 45%
Which cell is the precursor of all types of blood-formed elements?
Hemocytoblast
The condition in which maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs is called ________.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of clotting factors are referred to as ________.
Hemophilia
What disorder is associated with a deficiency of clotting factors?
Hemophilia
Which of the following is a blood clotting disorder?
Hemophilia
The process by which bleeding is stopped is called ________.
Hemostasis
The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called ________.
Hemostasis
Which of the following inhibits clot formation?
Heparin
Pernicious anemia is caused by lack of vitamin B12 absorption by the small intestine. What substance is lacking or in low concentrations that causes this condition?
Intrinsic factor
Low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the release of erythropoietin by the ________.
Kidneys
Erythrocytes ________.
Lack a nucleus and most organelles
Romaine, a 23-year-old woman, is complaining about constant infection and heavy monthly menstruation. A blood test reveals that Romaine has accelerated leukocytosis but an abnormally high number of immature white blood cells (WBCs). What is Romaine's diagnosis?
Leukemia
Which blood cells are responsible for fighting infections?
Leukocytes
A total white blood cell count above 11,000 cells/mm3 is a condition known as ________.
Leukocytosis
Abnormally low levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as ________.
Leukopenia
What term refers to a deficiency of white blood cells?
Leukopenia
The organ largely responsible for the synthesis of clotting factors is the ________.
Liver
What is the cause of the physiologic jaundice seen in some newborns?
Liver is too immature to handle the breakdown products of hemoglobin if fetal RBC's are rapidly destroyed.
Which type of leukocyte produces antibodies?
Lymphocytes
Platelets are fragments of a multinucleate cell known as a ________.
Megakaryocyte
Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called ________.
Megakaryocytes
The most numerous of the white blood cells are the ________.
Neutrophils
Which of the following cells are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Which patient might be diagnosed with physiologic jaundice?
Newborn baby
The most common type of blood in the U.S. population is ________.
O
What type of anemia is associated with atrophy of the stomach mucosa in the elderly?
Pernicious anemia
Which of these formed elements is responsible for stopping bleeding?
Platelet
Life at a high altitude can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as ________.
Polycythemia
Which of the following red blood cell disorders may result from life at a higher altitude?
Polycythemia
If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh ________.
Positive
What is the basis of the ABO blood groups?
Presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs
Where does hematopoiesis produce new red blood cells?
Red bone marrow
Which of the following is associated with the sickle cell trait?
Resistance to the malaria-causing parasite
An immature RBC which contains some endoplasmic reticulum is called a(n) ________.
Reticulocyte
The immune serum used to prevent maternal sensitization to Rh antigens is ________.
RhoGAM
Which anemia is caused by a genetic mutation?
Sickle cell anemia
What enzyme joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long molecules of fibrin during coagulation?
Thrombin
Which clotting factor converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Thrombin
Which of the following conditions is NOT characterized by excessive bleeding?
Thrombosis
Treatment of hemophilia often involves ________.
Transfusion of plasma or injections of missing clotting factor
All formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called a hemocytoblast.
True
Calcium is necessary for coagulation to properly occur during hemostasis
True
Cross matching prevents transfusion reactions by testing for agglutination between donor and recipient blood prior to the transfusion.
True
Rh-related problems occur in pregnant Rh- women carrying an Rh+ baby.
True
The amount of hemoglobin contained within a RBC determines its capability to transport oxygen.
True
The life span of a red blood cell is 100 to 120 days.
True
The primary job of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen.
True
Vascular spasms, a part of process of hemostasis, limit blood loss during blood vessel injury.
True
What blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma?
Type O
What blood type can a person with O negative blood receive in a transfusion?
Type O negative
Which of these occurs first in hemostasis?
Vascular spasm
Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of which one of the following vitamins ________.
Vitamin K
Which of these indicates leukocytosis?
WBC count higher than 11,000 cells/mm3
