Anatomy module 2
Approximately what percentage of the bones in the adult human axial skeleton come from the cranium?
10%
A boxer's fracture is a fracture of the __________________ and can occur when a person hits another with a closed fist.
5th metacarpal
How many pairs of ribs are "true" ribs?
7
Autopsy results indicate that a body discovered in a lake had a fractured hyoid as well as fractured larynx and tracheal cartilages. There was no water in the lungs and no other blunt force trauma indicators, however. What conclusions were likely made in the case based on these observations?
Because no water was in the lungs and there were no other blunt force trauma wounds, the person was likely strangled before being put into the lake.
Bones go through both building and breakdown cycles. How will calcium levels be affected in the blood as a result of these cycles?
Blood calcium levels are kept constant by homeostasis.
Spongy bone trabeculae lack lacunae. T/F?
FALSE
Methotrexate is a drug used to treat people with rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints in the skeletal system. A side effect of this drug can be a loss of red bone marrow. How might the patient be affected by this loss?
Hemopoiesis would decrease, leading to decreased blood cell formation.
Osteogenic cells are found in the ___________layer of the periosteum.
Inner
The inferior and posterior portion of the hip bone is the
The hip bone has three parts: the ischium, the ilium, and the pubis. The inferior, posterior portion is the ischium and the inferior, anterior portion is the pubis. The ilium is the superior portion and the largest component of the hip bone.
The lateral malleolus is on what bone?
The lateral malleolus is formed by the distal end of the fibula. The medial malleolus is the distal end of the tibia.
The medial and lateral condyles of the _______ articulate with the femur
The tibia's condyles are the proximal ends of the tibia and articulate with the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint. The fibula articulates with the tibia but does not articulate with the femur.
Speculate as to the reason that nutrient arteries do not enter spongy bone within the epiphyses of the femur.
There is an abundance of hemopoietic tissue present.
The bone in front of you has a sharp, slender projection sticking off one side. What would you call this type of marking?
a spinous process
The conoid tubercle is closer to which end of the scapula?
acromial
Which of the following fontanels takes the longest to close after birth?
anterior, normally closes 18 - 24 months after birth
The process of deposition and crystallization of mineral salts in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue is known as
calcification
Failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bones to unite during embryonic development can result in a/an
cleft palate
The superior articular processes of the first coccygeal vertebra become part of what structure?
coccygeal cornu
The layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length is the
epiphyseal plate
There is a bone on the lab bench in front of you. On it, you see that there is a smooth and slightly convex articular surface. This bone marking would be considered a
facet, such as those found on the vertebrae
The groove on the posterior surface of the humerus that abuts the deltoid tuberosity contains the humeral nerve.
false
Ribs 8-12 are termed
false ribs
In a male, the pelvic inlet and outlet are narrow and the pubic angle is greater than 90°. T/F?
false ~<70 degrees
All of the following bones form the acetabulum, EXCEPT - ilium - ischium - femur - pubis
femur
Following a playground accident, little Johnny was told that the outside of the ankle joint had been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the
fibula
The pelvic bone (hip bone) has many lower limb and trunk muscles attached to it. It is also the preferred bone to obtain donor bone marrow for bone marrow transplants. Speculate as to the ideal shape of this bone given the aforementioned statements.
flat
the scapula is an examples of a(n) ________ bone
flat
which of the following bone markings might accommodate blood vessels?
foramen
A __________ is a shallow depression in a bone.
fossa
A shallow depression on a bone is a/an
fossa
In the pelvis, this structure contains the lower intestines in both genders and the ovaries, uterus, and uterine tubes in the female?
greater pelvis
What is the term for the portion of a rib that articulates with the body of a thoracic vertebra?
head
A patient suffering from myeloma (bone marrow cancer) is at a much greater risk of becoming anemic (lowered oxygen levels) due to a disruption of
hemopoiesis
The lower extremities are attached to the axial skeleton via which of the following?
hip girdle and pelvic girdle
Muscles and ligaments attach to structures of the __________ bone to suspend it in place
hyoid
Muscles of the tongue, neck and pharynx attach on which bone?
hyoid bone
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? - hyoid bone - patella - coxal bone - tarsals
hyoid bone
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? - patella - tarsals - hyoid bone - coxal bone
hyoid bone
Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
hypoglossal canal
When blood calcium levels decline below their regular range, how does the skeletal system play a role to restore calcium levels?
it releases calcium from the bone matrix
The bone on the lab bench in front of you has a diaphysis and two epiphyses. What would you expect to find if you looked at a cross-section of one of the epiphyses of this bone?
it would contain a lot of spongy bone
Which of the following sutures is the most posterior?
lamboid
What type of bone is seen most frequently in the appendages (upper limb and lower limb)?
long
You're looking at a bone that has a diaphysis and two epiphyses. What kind of bone is this?
long bone
If your patient had lower-than-normal levels of yellow bone marrow, then your patient would have
lower triglyceride storage than normal
The sternoclavicular joints connect the clavicles with which section of the sternum?
manubrium
The sternum is divided into three parts: the xiphoid process, the body, and the
manubrium
What is the term for the superior part of the sternum?
manubrium
The pelvic axis is central plane of the pelvic outlet. It is found __________ to the obturator foramen.
medial
The spongy bone and red bone marrow of the metaphyses are drained by the _________veins.
metaphyseal and nutrient
The target region for human growth hormone (hGH) in a long bone is the
metaphysis
Tendons form attachments from
muscles to bones
The joint that allows you to move your head to signify "yes" includes the superior articular facets of the atlas and what other structures?
occipital condyles
The hyoid bone provides attachment sites for muscles from all of the following EXCEPT - pharynx - orbit - neck - tongue
orbit
The pubic tubercle denotes the beginning of the __________ which is one of the boney features that defines the separation of the greater and lesser pelves.
pecten publis
The measurement from the central plane of the pelvic inlet to the pelvic outlet is called the
pelvic axis
Another term for the os coxa is the
pelvic girdle
________veins leave the diaphysis through many interosteonic (perforating) canals and carry blood from the periosteum and outer part of compact bone.
periosteal
Inserting a screw into the diaphysis of an adult long bone would ultimately result in penetrating the cavity containing yellow bone marrow. Which best describes the specific sequence of layers the screw would penetrate when doing this?
periosteum, compact bone, endosteum
The flexor retinaculum is a fibrous band of connective tissue which forms the carpal tunnel. It extends from the scaphoid and trapezium on the radial side to the __________________ on the ulnar side.
pisiform and hamate
White blood cells are produced in the
red bone barrow
The hormone _________ aids the process of childbirth by making certain ligaments more flexible thereby allowing the pelvic outlet to widen.
relaxin
What is the structure that is formed when the laminae of the fifth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse?
sacral hiatus
Select all of the features that are qualities of a female pelvis. - narrow pelvic brim and small acetabulum - small acetabulum and wide greater sciatic notch - heavy and thick and wide greater sciatic notch
small acetabulum and wide greater sciatic notch
Damage to the greater trochanter would hinder the function of
some muscles of the buttocks, thigh, and hip abduction
short bones consist mostly of?
spongy bone
A patient visits you and complains of pain around the ear, clicking with mouth opening/closing, and a headache. What might you diagnose them with?
temporomandibular joint dysfunction TMJ
The extremities may be found in
the appendicular skeleton but not the axial skeleton
Your patient was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the left femur. Which part of her skeleton is directly affected by this diagnosis?
the appendicular skeleton but not the axial skeleton
Three small bones are found in the ears. In which part of the skeleton would these bones be classified?
the axial skeleton but not the appendicular skeleton
Ribs articulate with
the body and transverse processes of thoracic vertbrae
Which of the following is the least likely to receive its blood supply from the nutrient artery?
the femoral condyle
where does the tubercle of a rib connect to the vertebra?
the transverse costal facet
The medial leg bone with a medial malleolus is the
tibia
The medial malleolus is on what bone?
tibia
The interosseous membrane connects the
tibia and fibula
The femur has a very large proximal projection that serves as an attachment site for some very large lower limb and pelvic muscles. This femoral projection is referred to as a/an
trochanter
Which of the following might be a type of bone marking to which a tendon is attached? - trochanter - sulcus - meatus - fissure
trochanter
Spongy bone trabeculae are composed of lamellae.
true
The false pelvis is separated from the true pelvis by the pelvic brim.
true
The hyoid bone is a unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not articulate with any other bone.
true
The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue are precisely oriented along lines of stress.
true
Which of the following is NOT part of the ethmoid bone?
vomer
Which part of the sternum does not ossify completely until the age of 40?
xiphoid process
Which structures in the sacrum connect with the sacral canal to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels?
Sacral foramina
Sarah sustained a leg injury when she was ten years old while playing at a playground. The consequence of this injury twelve years later is that her right leg is one inch shorter than her left leg. What can you surmise about Sarah's playground injury?
Sarah most likely fractured the epiphyseal plate in her right leg bone
What structure is the hyoid bone suspended from?
Styloid processes
The depression on the medial superior surface of the manubrium is called the
The depression on the medial superior surface of the manubrium is called the jugular notch. Lateral to the jugular notch are the clavicular notches, which articulate with the medial ends of the clavicles forming the sternoclavicular joints.
The pubic arch of a female pelvis is
The female and the male pelves differ in both size and structure. The female pelvis is adapted for pregnancy and childbirth. The pubic arch of a female pelvis is greater than 90 degrees, while in males it is less than 90 degrees.
The special joint that allows you to move your head to signify "no" is called the
atlantoaxial joint
Which portion of the sternum has articulations with the costal cartilages of the second through tenth ribs?
body
Which of the following is the largest part of the sternum?
body is the largest
In order for muscles to contract, calcium must be available. In conditions of lowered circulating calcium levels (hypocalcemia), what is the most likely organ from which to obtain calcium from storage?
bone
At the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula is a projection (bone marking) on the anterior surface. This is called the
coracoid process
The thoracic cage includes the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and the
costal cartilages
Inflammation of the costal cartilages is called
costochondritis
The prominent ridge in the ilium is the iliac ___________-
crest
When the head of a rib articulates with the bodies of two vertebrae, a/an ________ is formed
demifacet
the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is composed of
dense irregular connective tissue
The position of the temporal bone is _____ compared to parietal bones
inferior
The tibia and fibula, like the ulna and radius, are connected by
interossesous membrane
Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth are called
interstitial lamellae