Anatomy of the Reproductive System

Bulb of the Penis is part of what erectile tissue?

Corpus Spongiosus and is covered by the Bulbospongiosus muscle.

Unlike the Male, the Broad ligament in the Female Pelvic Cavity

Covers all of the reproductive organs by this thin tissue.

LOCATION OF THE CREMATOR MUSCLE

Covers the testis and its spermatic cord

NAME THREE STRUCTURES THAT PASS THROUGH THE SPERMATIC CORD

Ductus/Vans Deferens Testicular Vein Testicular Artery

THE TESTES: NAME THE DUCTS THAT CARRY SPERM BETWEEN THE TESTIS AND THE EPIDYDIMIS

Efferent ductules

PARTS TO A SPERM

Flagellum: (Tail - only example of this in the human body) Acrosomal cap: (Membrane that protects the nucleus in the head) Head: Contains the nucleus (Chromosomes)

THE DEEP INGUINAL RING IS WHERE

all the structures exit the abdomen to get to the superficial inguinal ring.

ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS MUSCLE in Females

maintains clitoral erection. Homologous to males (Helps maintain erection as well)

PATH OF THE VAS DEFERENS

Connects all the way from the testes, goes behind the bladder, where it connects directly to the Urethra.

Corpus Cavernosum

(A male will have two) Makes up top part of the penis. Main erectile tissue: fills up with blood the most

ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS MUSCLE

(An already stiff penis) stabilizes penis. Corpus cavernosa is its erectile tissue

Ovarian Ligament

Connects the Ovaries to the Uterus (Prevents these two structures from coming apart)

ROLE OF ACCESSORY GLANDS

1) Activate sperm motility -secrete fluids that allow sperm to swim Provide nutrients -necessary for continued motility & life of sperm (to the egg) Produce protecting (chemical) buffers -counteract acidity of male urethra & vaginal contents (disadvantageous environment) a - Eliminates uric acid in the urethra b - Counteractive to acidity in vaginal environment

Ovarian Cycle is divided into two phases:

1) Follicular Phase: 1st half of the ovarian cycle. The follicle will produce estrogen. (Dominated by estrogen) 2) Luteal Phase: Follicle becomes the Corpuse luteum: Secretes progesterone (Important for the maintenance of pregnancy)

PARTS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM :

1) Gonads -ovaries (equivalent to testes) (produce ova(Instead of sperm), estrogen, progesterone, & testosterone) <- Not just testosterone like in Males! 2) Reproductive Tract (Series of hollow tubes) -uterine tubes -uterus -vagina 3) Accessory Glands -mammary gland (in breast) -greater vestibular glands (Located near the vagina) 4) External genitalia -labia minora & majora (Folds of Skin) -clitoris

PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1) Gonads -testes (produce spermatozoa & testosterone) (The testes are the main producers of sperm) 2) Reproductive Tract (Several Parts) -epididymis (Mainly a storage unit for sperm) -ductus/vas deferens (Long tubes that transport sperm to the urethra) -ejaculatory duct (Short duct: connects the vas deferens to the urethra) -urethra (Part of both the Urinary AND Reproductive System) 3) Accessory Glands -seminal glands (Q: 2) -prostate gland (Q: 1) -bulbo-urethral glands (Q: 2) 4) External genitalia -scrotum -penis

BASIC PARTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Male & Female)

1) Gonads (Testes: Male, Ovaries: Female) -produce gametes 2) Reproductive Tract -series ducts which receive, nourish, store, & transport gametes 3) Accessory Glands (Totally different b/w males and females) -responsible for the secretion of fluids 4) Perineal Structures (i.e., external genitalia) -organs of sexual arousal and sexual intercourse

Functions of the male accessory glands

1) Initiate sperm motility (Release Seminal Fluid which contains fructose, a sugar that will give energy and nutrients to the sperm. 2)Secretes a milky white substance (Alkaline - Combats acidity) 3)Secretes the sticky substance well before ejaculation (During male sexual arousal - serves to neutralize uric acid in the urethra. Also helps lubricate the tip of the penis

Name the three male accessory glands:

1) Seminal Vesicle/ Gland (Secretes fluid) 2) Prostate Gland 3) Bulbo-urethral gland (Underneath the prostate)

DESCENT OF THE TESTES: DESCRIBE THE GUBERNACULUM TESTIS

A connective tissue that attaches the testis and scrotum together. Inside the womb at two months that testes are inside the abdomen. 4-7 months this tissue will begin to pull down the testis into the scrotum down the abdominal musculature: causing the spermatic cord to form. Never once changing in size!

EMISSION:

Contractions in smooth muscle of vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate Sympathetic nerve control! (Part of the Autonomic NS: Involuntary)

Some homologous features surrounding male and female genitalia include:

Corpus Cavernosum: Erectile tissue that will fill with blood when aroused Males (Made up of Corpus Spongiosum underneath the penis) Females (Vestibular Bulb Flanks the vagina underneath the labia majora - bulges when female is aroused)

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS

A series of hollow tubes responsible for the transportation of sperm (pushing sperm outside of the body) Tube: Made of Smooth muscle

Suspensory Ligament

Anatomical Landmark ONLY The Ovary does not need to be suspended

THE PERINEAM

Area between the legs Lower Pelvic Region What is visible -> External Genitalia

What happens when the gal turns out to be NOT pregnant?

Both hormones will drop significantly (Lining that is very vascularized sheds and is known as menstruation)

Glans Penis

Bulbos ip of the Penis. EXTENSION (same tissue) of the corpus spongiosum

SPERM PATHWAY

Coiled seminiferous tubules will lead sperm in straight tubules which will exit into the Rete testis in the mediastinum. From there the sperm will empty into the Head of the Epididymis through Efferent ductules. Eventually will travel to the tail of the epididymis, ready for ejaculation: Vas deferens travels through the Inguinal canal to get to the abdomen where it travels behind the Bladder to connect Excretory Duct into the Ejaculatory Duct and into the Urethra.

Describe the Lactiferous Duct

Collect all of the milk from all of the Lobules

FUNCTION OF THE SPERMATIC CORD

Communication between the tests and the abdomen. It also serves to suspend the testes in the scrotum.

THE EXTERNAL OBLIQUE EXTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA IS?

Connective tissue that surrounds all structures in the scrotum

At the beginning of the Cervical canal

External Os

Both Urine and Semen leave the penis through what orifice?

External Urethral Orifice

FOR EVERY UNDIFFERENTIATED SEX CELL HOW MANY SPERM WILL BE PRODUCED? HOW DOES THIS CONTRAST WITH FEMALES?

FOUR FUNCTIONAL SPERM Females only produce one mature haploid gamete

Mons Pubis

Fat pad that sits on the Pubic Bone (Otherwise known as the Mound of the Pubis)

Prostatic Urethra

First part of the Urethra: Located in the Prostate

Prepuce of the Clitroris

Foreskin that normally covers the clitoris

Prepuce

Foreskin: Covers the glans

Corpus Spongiosum

Forms a thin ridge at the bottom of the penis. Surrounds the spongy urethra.

Fornix

Functions in holding sperm (widened near the cervix) until the sperm can swim into the cervix

HAPLOID DEFINITION

Half the # of chromosomes

STRUCTURES IN THE SPERMATIC CORD ALL FAVOR SPERM PRODUCTION BE REGULATING ________.

Heat

Function of estrogen in the Ovarian Cycle

Helps prepare the lining of the Uterus

The greater vestibular gland in females is homologous to what structure in males?

Homologous to the Bulbourethral glands in Males.

Labia majora in females is homologous to what in males?

Homologous to the scrotum in males. (Empty sacs of skin) The ovaries don't fall down like the testes so just empty

Progesterone

In Charge of maintaining the environment throughout pregnancy

IMPORTANCE OF TESTOSTERONE IN FEMALES

Increase a gal's sex drive and help with building muscle!

TWO TYPES OF INGUINAL HERNIAS

Indirect: A person is born with this. Cause because the inguinal ring will not full close and the intestine will go through the inguinal canal Direct: Usually with older men due to intense strain. Intestine goes through abdomen and exits through the superficial ring.

THE SPACE BETWEEN THE DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RINGS IS KNOWN AS THE ___________.

Inguinal canal

THIS LIGAMENT SERVES AS A DISTINCTION POINT B/W THE PELVIS AND THE LOWER LIMB. (WHERE THE FEMORAL ARTERY BEGINS)

Inguinal ligament

Pudendal Nerve and Internal Pudendal Artery and Vein

Innervates and supplies all of the perineal structures

Division of the Cervix and the Uterus

Internal Os

The Perineum is supplied by blood by the

Internal pudendal artery and vein

UNLIKE THE CREMASTER MUSCLE, THE DARTOS MUSCLE IS COMPLETELY ____&_____.

Involuntary & a layer in the scrotum itself

What differentiates the ovarian artery from the other pelvic female arteries?

It is the only artery that does not come off from the Internal Iliac

THE TESTES: LABLE THE PARTS OF THE SCROTUM AND TESTES FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL

Scrotum (Skin > Dartos Muscle > Superficial scrotal fascia) > Cremater Muscle > Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal > Scrotal Cavity > Visceral) > Testis

Describe the Lobules of mammary glands in the female breast

Little sacs where milk is produced

Function of the greater vestibular gland in females

Lubricates the outside area of the lips in Females. Lies right underneath the vestibular bulb.

What is the Labia Minora? Labia Majora?

Minora: Softer, pinker lips in the middle. Wraps around the Vagina Majora: On the outside: are large (Contain pubic hair)

Spongy urethra

Named from the erectile tissue (Part of the penis)

FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Female Only?)

Nourish, support, & give birth to a human fetus *(female only)*

Crus of the Penis

On the right and left (legs) Attached to the Ischium. The Ischium cavernosus muscle covers this.

The Vaginal Orifice is the

Opening to the Vagina (Tube)

NAME THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS LOCATED IN THE FEMALE PELVIS

Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina, and the Clitoris

WHICH PLEXUS IS PART OF THE TESTICULAR VEIN AND SURROUNDS THE TESTICULAR ARTERY IN A COMPLEX NETWORK?

Pampiniform Plexus, otherwise known as the "heat sink" ^Something that draws away heat from an object

Membranous urethra

Part of the Urethra that passes through the Urogenital Diaphragm

FUNCTIONS OF THE VAGINA

Passageway for menstrual fluid expulsion Receives penis during sexual intercourse Holds sperm before it passes into the uterus Labor (expelling mature fetus) **Acidic Environment -> Keeps the vagina from getting infected by killing off foreign substances. This is a hostile environment for sperm. How do sperm avoid this? The seminal fluid + Prostate fluid (Anti-acidic chemicals) Full capacitation: Breaks down the membrane on the head so that the nucleus can reach and eject in to the egg. takes away the barrier!

The Breast is made up of

Pectoralis Major Muscle, Adipose Tissue, Suspensory ligaments, Mammary Glands, Lactiferous duct, Lactiferous sinus and the Areola and Nipple

Uterosacral Ligament

Prevents anterior movement by connecting back part of the uterus roots down into the sacrum

Round ligament of Uterus

Prevents posterior Movement! by pulling from the front of the uterus. Goes from the fundus of the uterus through the INGUINAL CANAL and attaches to the labia majora

Broad ligament:

Prevents the Uterus from rocking side to side

CAPACITATION

Process where sperm is made functionally mature 1) MOTILITY - In the reproductive tract - During Ejaculation 2) Capable of Fertilizing - Not Capable of this until the sperm come in contact with the acidity in the Vagina (Substances in the Vagina are necessary to complete Capacitation)

FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Male & Female)

Produce reproductive cells (i.e., gametes) Gametes: Sex Cells (Sperm or ovum joining to form an embryo) Produce sex hormones that influence the structure & function of all other systems

SPERMATOGENESIS DEFINITION

Production of sperm

MALE ASSESORY GLAND RIGHT BELOW THE BLADDER?

Prostate Gland

FUNCTIONS OF THE UTERUS: Pregnancy

Protection Nutrient support (Main Function) Waste removal Labor (expelling mature fetus) (Contractions of the Uterus) **Menstruation is a by-product of uterine preparation for pregnancy

NAME THE TWO INGUINAL CANAL RINGS

Rings in the inguinal canal are perforations of that muscle and usually cannot be seen Deep inguinal ring: Pierces the beginning of the abdominal wall Superficial inguinal ring: Only thing you can see on a cadaver

DESCENT OF THE TESTES SUBCUTANEOUS ABDOMINAL TISSUE -> INTERNAL OBLIQUE ->

SUBCUTANEOUS ABDOMINAL TISSUE -> The Dartos Muscle INTERNAL OBLIQUE -> The Cremator Muscle

DESCRIBE THE SCROTUM

Sac-like structure that covers each testis

IN BETWEEN THE VISCERAL AND PARIETAL TUNICA VAGINALIS IS KNOWN AS WHAT? WHAT DOES IS PRODUCE?

Scrotal cavity which holds the serous fluid (Doesn't allow the testes to rub against a structure and suffer easy abrasion)

DESCRIBE AND NAME THE TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CREMATOR MUSCLE

Skeletal Muscle (Both voluntary and involuntary) Functions: 1) Sexual arousal - skeletal contraction will work to move the testis closer to the body, skeletal relaxation with suspend the testis at the lowest possible point away from the testis (Important because this would actively decrease the distance the sperm would have to travel 2) Temperature fluctuations - Sperm thrive in 2 degree Celsius around body temperature. The muscle regulates temperature by shortening (Increases temp or temperature retention ) the testis or lengthening (Decreases temps) the testis

FUNCTION OF THE DARTOS MUSCLE

Smooth muscle: Completely involuntary Causes wrinkling of the scrotum itself (Serves for heat regulation) No wrinkling in the scrotum: Increases the surface area for heat to be released If too cold: Muscle will contract and cause wrinkling in the scrotal sack to Increase temp (When less surface area is exposed to the air, less heat will be released from the scrotum)

Mammary Glands

Specialized Accessory Organs (Modified Sweat Glands) for Lactation These are working and functional (Unlike men)

THE EPIDIDYMID IS THE

Storage unit for sperm

Lactiferous sinus

Storage unit for the milk until its time to nurse and will come through the nipple

WHY DOES THE PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS SURROUND THE TESTICULAR ARTERY?

Surrounds the artery so that if there is too much heat in the testis region, the pampiniform plexus will draw blood (a good conductor of heat) away from the testes, drawing away HEAT.

TRUE OR FALSE: NOT ALL OF THE PENIS IS EXTERNALLY VISIBLE

TRUE :D

TRUE OR FALSE: THE URETHA SERVES BOTH A URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION

TRUE :D

TRUE OR FALSE: THE VAGINA IS DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE UTERUS

TRUE :D

THE SPERMATIC CORD LEADS INTO THE ________

Testes

The Uterus lies on top of what urinary structure?

The Bladder

UTERUS SITS ABOVE WHAT URINARY ORGAN?

The Bladder

MOST OF A MALES REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ARE LOCATED IN WHAT REGION OF THE BODY?

The Pelvis

IN A MALE, THE UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM SITS IN BETWEEN WHAT TWO STRUCTURES?

The Prostate Gland and the Penis

The Perineum is innervated by

The Pudendal nerve

The Uterine tube in females is homologous to what structure in Males?

The Vas Deferens

Behavior of the Corpus spongiosum and cavernosa during an erect penis

The cavernosa expands while the spongiosum enlarges very little. (It cannot enlarge too much because would pinch the urethra shut.

DESCRIBE THE INNERVATIONOF THE SPERMATIC CORD

The genital branch of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE This nerve is in charge of both sensory and motor functions. Sensations: On the scrotum skin Innervates: The cremaster muscle (Reason this muscle will contract!)

The glans in the clitoris in females is the same as what in males?

The glans of the penis

DESCRIBE ABDOMINAL HERNIAS

The intestine will come out of some sort of weakening in the abdominal wall. Most common in males! Why? Males have weakened abdominal areas in the abdominal wall (Inguinal canal because of spermatic cord piercing) where the intestine can pass

Ejaculatory duct orifice

The only point you will get sperm into the urethra

THE SKIN THAT MAKES UP THE ABDOMEN THAT IS DRAGGED DOWN BECOMES?

The scrotal skin

THE SCROTAL SEPTUM WORKS TO DIVIDE WHAT?

The scrotum into two separate chambers

DESCRIBE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE TESTES

The testis contain different LOBULES separated by the septum: SEPTA. Each lobule contains these bunched up SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES which can stretch half a mile long for each testis. These tubules are the producers of sperm. The sperm produced will collect into the RETE TESTIS network in the MEDIASTINUM OF TESTES. This is located in the superior portion of the testis. Functions to pull all the sperm from each of the tubules and collect it though the rete testis. The sperm are then drained through the EFFERENT DUCTULES into the epididymis.

OOGENISIS

With each step one egg will take all of the cytoplasm. Ends up being the ovum. One undifferentiated cell -> on ovum

What differentiates the Epididymis from the Vas Deferens?

The vas deferens is not coiled like the epididymis. Because it needs to get its substance through fast!

FUNCTION OF THE SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING

This is the landmark where the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal exits into the abdominal wall (the anterior muscles that hold organs in place)

MALE ERECTION

Triggered by parasympathetic nervous system (Involuntary) Nerves will trigger -> Vasodilation -Corpora cavernosa (and to lesser extent corpus spongiosum) engorge with blood Ischiocavernosus & Bulbospongiosus contractions compress veins in the penis & prevent return of blood to the heart (until it needs to get oxygenated.)

NAME FOR THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT COVERS EACH OF THE TESTES. (LIKE HEART PERICADIAL LAYERS: CREATES A SEROUS FLUID THAT WILL SURROUND THE TESTES AND LIMIT DAMAGE TO THEM)

Tunica Vaginalis

Difference between Vas Deferens and Ureter.

Ureters go into the bladder. The Vas deferens goes behind the bladder to connect directly to the Ejaculatory duct.

THE VAS DEFERENS CONNECTS THE TESTES TO THE ________.

Urethra

WHAT IS THE DIVISION POINT BETWEEN THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE PERINEAM (EXTERNAL GENITALIA)?

Urogenital Diaphragm

Tube that connects the ovaries to the Uterus

Uterine Tube

Cervix projects in the ________.

Vagina

Name the arteries that supply blood to the interior reproductive organs (Female)

Vaginal arteries, Uterine Artery, Internal Iliac Artery and the Ovarian Artery

ERECTILE TISSUE

Vascular channels separated by elastic connective tissue & smooth muscle Chambers fill with blood during erection

THE TESTES IS COVERED BY BOTH A ________ LAYER AND ________ LAYER OF TUNICA VAGINALIS

Visceral, Parietal

BULBOSPONGIOSUS MUSCLE in Females

constricts vaginal orifice & assists orgasm Fits on either side of the Vagina and covers the bulb of the Vestibule when contracted. contrast: In males it helps push sperm through the Corpus Spongiosum

Which of these structures is not innervated by the Pudendal Nerve? a) Clitoris b) Vestibular Bulb c) Greater Vestibular Gland d) Ovaries

d) Ovaries

The ampulla is where

fertilization happens. If there is no sperm in this location, no fertilization. How do we still easily get knocked up? SPERM CAN SURVIVE UP TO FIVE DAYS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

Suspensory ligaments in the breast serve to

hold the breast tissue together

Describe the Epididymis

huge one continuous coiled tube (storage unit for a ton of sperm!) Takes about two weeks for sperm to travel through the Epididymis (This is a constant process) Three parts: Head of Epididymis: Pulls sperm away from the testis Body of Epididymis Tail of Epididymis: Sperm will eventually go here (at the bottom) ready for ejaculation.

BULBOSPONGIOSUS MUSCLE

pushes semen through external urethral orifice. Covers base of the penis. Corpus spongiosum is a type of erectile tissue.

The Vesitibule is the

space created by the Labia Minora

The Uterine Tube functions to

take ova from the ovaries Made of Smooth Muscle : Contractions help push the ova (Just like sperm in males!!!)