anatomy - representative synovial joints

1. broken ulna, dislocation, nursemaid's elbow, ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

ELBOW JOINT 1. common injuries of the elbow include (4):

1. radioulnar joint 2. passive 3. forearm

ELBOW JOINT 1. formed between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna 2. the radius is ___ at the articulation with the humerus 3. this articulation provides movement of the ___

1. humeroulnar joint 2. strongest, hinge joint

ELBOW JOINT 1. formed between the trochlear notch of the ulna and the condyles of the humerus 2. this articulation is the ___ joint in the elbow, and is a ___ joint

1. ulnar nerve 2. funny bone

ELBOW JOINT 1. the ___ passes along the ulnar groove of the humerus 2. it causes a tingling sensation when struck, and is often mistakenly referred to as the ___

1. radius, ulna, humerus 2. humeroulnar, radioulnar

ELBOW JOINT 1. the elbow joint is formed by 3 bones: 2. two articulations are formed in this joint:

1. stable 2. ulnar collateral, radial colateral 3. tendons, biceps brachii, triceps

ELBOW JOINT 1. the humeroulnar joint is an extremely ___ joint 2. it does not allow any side to side movement because of 2 ligaments in the joint: ___ and ___ 3. stability is also provided by ___ from the ___ and the ___, which cross the joint

ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

ELBOW JOINT -common injuries of the elbow include (4): 1. common in baseball players, surgery called Tommy John

nursemaid's elbow

ELBOW JOINT -common injuries of the elbow include (4): 1. dislocation in a child, which can be the result of a parent pulling upward on the arm of a toddler, with a twisting motion

1. broken ulna

ELBOW JOINT -common injuries of the elbow include (4): 1. often occurs as a result of a fall with a partially flexed elbow; caused by the contractions of the muscles that extend the arm which pull on the bone

1. dislocation

ELBOW JOINT -common injuries of the elbow include (4): 1. usually result from a fall; especially common if epiphyseal growth is not complete

1. hip locations 2. ball & socket 3. fractures of the femoral neck, elderly with osteoporosis

HIP JOINT 1. because the bones of this joint fit snugly together, ___ are rare 2. however, the ___ is not directly aligned with the weight distribution along the shaft of the femur 3. ___ are the most common injury of this joint, particularly in ___

1. femur, pelvis 2. joint capsule 3. iliofemoral ligament, strongest body's ligaments 4. ligamentum teres 5. artery, blood to the head of the femur 6. arthritis of the hip

HIP JOINT 1. the hip joint is formed by the articulation of 2 bones: the head of the ___ and the deep-cupped acetabulum of the ___ 2. a ___ and several ligament hold these 2 bones together and contribute to the joint's great stability 3. the ___ connects the ilium with the femur and is one of the body's ___ ligaments 4. the ___ is a band that runs from the head of the femur to the lower lip of the acetabulum 5. although this ligament is not particularly important in stabilizing the joint, it does contain an ___ which helps ___ 6. damage to this blood vessel may lead to severe ___

1. anterior cruciate ligament 2. forwards sliding of the tibia on the femur

KNEE JOINT 1. (aka. ACL): this ligament attaches the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur 2. it is responsible for preventing ___

1. posterior cruciate ligament 2. backward movement of the tibia, forwards sliding of the femur

KNEE JOINT 1. (aka. PCL): this is the ___ of the two ligaments; it attaches the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle 2. it is responsible for preventing ___ or the ___

1. two menisci 2. tibia, femur 3. cushion, lateral stability

KNEE JOINT 1. also safe-guarding this joint are ___, one on the medial side of the knee, and the other on the lateral side 2. these large c-shaped pieces of cartilage fit into the flat top of the ___, and form a shallow socket for the condyles of the ___ 3. they protect the knee by providing ___ and ___

location of the source of pain

KNEE JOINT 1. diagnoses of other common knee injuries are often based on the ___ within the joint

1. 5.5 million 2. sudden strong forces 3. hits to the lateral side of the joint 4. torn tibial collateral ligament, torn meniscus, torn acl

KNEE JOINT 1. each year more than ___ people visit a medical practitioner because of knee problems 2. this vulnerable joint is often subjected to ___ during athletic activity, making it a common sports injury 3. most knee injuries result from __ 4. this separates the femur from the tibia and can result in (3):

1. muscle tendons 2. quadriceps, semimembraneous 3. strength & tone

KNEE JOINT 1. the knee is also heavily reinforced by ___ 2. the most important of these are the strong tendons of the ___ (anterior upper leg) and the ___ (posterior upper leg) 3. because the muscles associated with the knee are major joint stabilizers, the greater their ___, the less the chance of knee injury

1. 13 2. subcutaneous pre patellar bursa 3. water on the knee

KNEE JOINT 1. the knee is also protected by ___ bursar in the joint (4 are located in front; 4 are located laterally; and 5 are located medially) 2. the ___ is the largest of these bursa 3. it is often injured when the knee is bumped and is the cause of the injury referred to as ___

1. capsule 2. patella, tibia 3. extracapsular ligaments, prevent hypertension 4. patellar ligament, medial patellar retinacula, lateral patellar retinacula

KNEE JOINT 1. the knee is unique because its joint capsule is only partially enclosed by a ___ 2. where the capsule is absent, there are 3 ligaments that run from the ___ to the ___ 3. these ligaments are collectively referred to as ___ ligaments, and all act to ___ 4. extracapsular ligaments (3):

1. largest most complex 2. femo patellar, tibiofemoral joint

KNEE JOINT 1. the knee joint is the __ in the body 2. it is composed of 3 articulations:

1. injury 2. chondral fractures, joint mice 3. articular cartilage 4. joint cavity 5. clicking sounds, locking sensation

KNEE JOINT 1. the thin layer of cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones in this synovial joint may become cracked because of ___ 2. these cracks are called ___ (or ___) 3. they result in fissuring of the ___, which is somewhat like the cracking of egg shells 4. these small fragments may become detached and enter the ___ 5. they are called "joint mice" because they often cause ___ or ___ during joint movement

1. stabilize 2. intracapsular 3. cruciate, cross, x 4. tibia 5. femur 6. anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament

KNEE JOINT 1. there are several additional ligaments present which ___ this joint 2. these ligaments are classified as ___ ligaments 3. they are often referred to as ___ ligaments because they ___ each other making an ___ ("cruci" = cross) 4. their names refer to site of origin of these ligaments on the ___ 5. they cross one another on their way to the ___ 6. cruciate ligaments (2):

cruciate

KNEE JOINT 1. there is a ligament known as the "mlc", but it refers to the medial collateral ligament, and is not a ___

1. patellar 2. patello-femoral pain

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. aka. runner's knee; deep, searing pain that could indicate a more severe cartilage injury 2. known as ___

behind the knee

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. could indicate multiple problems: arthritis, hamstring tendonitis, or baker's cyst (accumulation of joint fluid)

1. articular cartilage 2. osteoarthritis

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. generalized pain, degeneration of joint cartilage causing pain and inflammation 2. often an indication of ___

1. medial side of knee 2. plica syndrome

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. inflammation in the area where synovial fluid is produced; indicates meniscal tears or blunt injury 2. known as ___

1. lateral side of the knee 2. it band syndrome

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. irritation of the iliotibial band, a thick band of tissue that runs outside the leg from the pelvis to just below the knee 2. known as ___

1. patellar tendon 2. patellar tendonitis

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. tendon connecting the patella to the inferior part of the knee joint; inflammation of a bit of fat under the knee; often caused by tight hips or tight it 2. known as ___

1. quadricep tendon 2. quadricep tendonitis

KNEE JOINT -if the knee hurts in the following area, then the diagnosis may be as described 1. tendon connecting the rectis femoris to the superior portion of the patella; caused by micro tears in the tendon which lead to inflammation and pain 2. known as ___

1. tibiofemoral joint

KNEE JOINT -it is composed of 3 articulations: 1. composed of 2 articulations, one between the lateral condyle of the femur with the tibia, and one between the medial condyle of the femur with the tibia

femo patellar

KNEE JOINT -it is composed of 3 articulations: 1. joint formed between the patella and the lower end of the femur

patellar ligament

KNEE JOINT -these ligaments are collectively referred to as extracapsular ligaments, and all act to prevent hyperextension 1. (this is what produces the knee jerk reflex when the doctor taps on your knees)

medial patellar retinacula

KNEE JOINT -these ligaments are collectively referred to as extracapsular ligaments, and all act to prevent hyperextension 1. (this terms means "retainers")

torn tibial collateral ligament

KNEE JOINT -this separates the femur from the tibia and can result in: 1. this injury heals very poorly, so repair usually requires a ligament gavet, using connective tissue taken form a larger ligament, such as the patella ligament or acillies tendon

joint cavity

REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. a space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

1. articular capsule 2. capsule, periosteum 3. strengthen, pulled apart 4. synovial fluid

REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. composed of two layer 2. external layer is a tough fibrous ___ continuous with the ___ of the bone 3. this layer functions to ___ the joint so that the bones are not ___ 4. the inner layer is composed of ___

1. reinforcing ligaments 2. intrinsic 3. extracapsular, intracapsular 4. reinforcing ligaments 5. nerve endings

REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. cords of connective tissue which reinforce and strengthen a joint 2. most reinforcing ligaments are ___ (or capsular), meaning that they are part of the fibrous capsule 3. others are distinct and found outside the capsule (aka. ___) , or deep to it (aka. ___) 4. people who are said to be "double-jointed" merely have looser ___ 5. ligaments are richly supplied with ___ that monitor the position of their joints

articular cartilage

REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. covers the opposing bone surfaces, functions to absorb, compression placed on the joint

1. articulating bones are separated by a cavity 2. diarthoses 3. articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments

REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. synovial joints are those in which ___ 2. all synovial joints are freely movable ___ 3. they have 5 distinguishing features:

1. synovial fluid 2. filtration of blood, capillaries 3. warms during activity 4. joint 5. compressed, pressure on the joint lifts 6. weeping lubrication 7. lubricate free surface of cartilage, nourish their cells 8. microbes, cellular debris

REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. this lubricating fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule 2. it is derived from ___ flowing through ___ in the synovial membrane 3. the fluid has a viscous, egg-white consistency, but thins and become less viscous as it ___ 4. synovial fluid is also found within the articular cartilages of the ___ 5. it is pushed out of the cartilage when the joint is ___, and will soak back into the cartilage, like water into a sponge, when ___ 6. this is referred to as ___ 7. the function of this process is to ___ and to ___ 8. synovial fluid also contains phagocytic which rid the joint cavity of ___ or ___

a separate shoulder, dislocated shoulder

SHOULDER JOINT 1. common injuries of the shoulder include (2):

1. a separated shoulder 2. severity, location of displaced bone 3. I, IV

SHOULDER JOINT 1. defined as injury to the acromiocalvicular joint (aka. ac joint ) 2. this injury is graded by it ___ and ___ 3. grades are classified as types I, II, III, IV, with type ___ involving minimal damage, and type ___ resulting on complete tearing of the ligament

1. dislocated shoulder 2. anterior, posterior, inferior 3. capsule, ligaments

SHOULDER JOINT 1. defined as injury to the joint between the humorous and the scapula 2. there are 3 types of dislocated shoulders: ___ (humeral head is moved below the scapulas; 95-98% of dislocations are this type); ___ (humeral head is moved beneath the acromian process of the scapula; 3% of dislocations are this type); and ___ ( rare! humeral head falls below the joint and may be felt in the chest wall; 1% of dislocations are this type) 3. repeated dislocations are common, because the initial dislocation permanently stretches the ___ and ___

1. scapula 2. stability 3. rotator cuff 4. circumducted 5. baseball players, torn rotator cuff

SHOULDER JOINT 1. four short muscles originate on the ___ and pass around the shoulder 2. muscle tendons that cross the joint contribute to most of the joint's ___ 3. these shoulder muscles and tendons form a cuff-like arrangement around the joint called the ___ 4. this group of muscles and tendons can be severely stretched when the arm is continuously and vigorously ___ 5. this is a common injury in ___ and is often referred to as a ___

acromioclavicular

SHOULDER JOINT 1. joint formed where the acromian process of the scapula meets the distal end of the clavicle

glenohumeral

SHOULDER JOINT 1. joint formed where the head of the humorous meets the glenoid fossa of the scapula (a shallow, dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula)

sternoclavicular

SHOULDER JOINT 1. joint formed where the medial end of the clavicle meets the top of the sternum

1. glenohumeral joint 2. ball & socket joint 3. shallowness of the fossa, loose connections, mobility, dislocate

SHOULDER JOINT 1. the ___ is the main joint of the shoulder and the generic term "shoulder joint" usually refers to it 2. it is a ___ which allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion, or to hinge out and up away from the body 3. it is the ___ and the relative ___ between the shoulder and the rest of the body which allows the arm to have ___, at the expense of being much easier to ___than most other joints in the body

1. clavicle, scapula, humorous 2. muscles, ligaments, tendons 3. freely moving joint, stability 4. glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular

SHOULDER JOINT 1. the shoulder joint is made up 3 bones: 2. it is also associated with ___, ___, and ___ 3. the shoulder is considered to be the most ___ in the body, at the sacrifice of its ___ 4. this joint is actually composed of three separate articulations:

1. labrum 2. ligaments 3. caracoid meral 4. glenohumeral ligaments

SHOULDER JOINT 1. the shoulder joint is stabilized by a ring of fibrous cartilage surrounding the glenoid called the ___ 2. it is also stabilized by ___ 3. the ___ attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humorous 4. there are also 3 other ligaments attaching the humorous and scapula, collectively called the ___