Anatomy Skin

As Melanin is made it is _____ in membrane-bound granules called ____ that are moved along actin _____ by motor proteins to the end of _____ processes (the ___ arms); from the processes they're taken up by _____

Accumulated Melanosomes Filaments Melanocyte Spider Keratinocytes

Baby skin is very thin often has ___ of the sebaceous glands on forehead and nose that appear as white spots the ____ = normally disappear by the ___ week after brith

Accumulations Milia Third

During adolescence, skin hair is oiler sebaceous glands activated and ___ appears which generally subsides during early adulthood; skin reaches optimal appearance when youre in your ____ and ____ after this though, skin begins showing effects of ___ environmental assaults: scaling and various kinds of skin inflation of the dermis become more ____

Acne 20s 30s Cumulative Common

___ is active inflammation of ____ glands accompanied by "____" on the skin; it is usually caused by bacterial infection particularly by _____ and can be mild or extremely severe leading to permanent scaring

Acne Sebaceous Pimples Staphylococcus

Thickening of epidermis from persistent friction

Callus

Like all epithelial epidermis replies on ___ in underlying connective tissue (the ___) for its nutrients; above the stratum ____ the epidermal cells are too far from the ____ capillaries and are cut off from nutrients by ____ that coat their external surfaces so they ____

Capillaries Dermis Granulosum Dermal Glycolipids Die

____ is a yellow-orange pigment downs in certain ___ products (like ____); tends to accumulate in the stratum ___ and in ___ tissue of the _____; its coloring is most obvious in ___ and ___ where the Stratum ___ is thickest and most intense when large amounts of foods rich in it are ____

Carotene Plants carrots Corneum Eaten Fatty Hypodermis Palms soles Corneum Eaten

____ glands are specialized appocrine glands found in the lignin of the external ___ ____; their seceretions mix with ____ produced by ____ glands to form sticky bitter substance called ____ (ear wax); job is to deter insects and block foreign entry

Ceruminous Ear canal Sebum Sebaceous Cerumen

____/____ lines in are separations or less ___ regions between collagen ____ in the reticular layer; they are ___ visible and tend to run ____ in skin of head and limbs and in ___ patterns around neck and trunk; when incision made ____ to these lines skin gapes less and heals more ____ than when incision made ____ these lines

Cleavage tension Dense Bundles Externally Longitudinally Circular Parallel Readily Across

Excessive skin exposure leads to ___ of elastic fibers which leads too ____ skin which temporarily depresses ___ system and can alter the ___ of skin cells leading to skin ____

Clumping Leathery Immune DNA Cancer

The hypodermis is basically a ___

Connector

The stratum ____ (the ____ layer) is the _____most; broad zone with ___ to ___ cell layers thick; accounts for up to ___ of epidermal thicknesss

Corneum Honey Outer 20 30 3/4

In the Stratum ____ the ___ and thickened plasma ___ of cells protect skin against abrasions and penetration and the ___ between its cells nearly waterproof this layer; it is also a completely ___ layer

Corneum Keratin Membranes Glycolipid Dead

___/____ cells are shingle-like cell remnants of stratum ____; familiar to all people as "___" shed from your scalp; loose ___ of dry skin; you shed about ___ pounds of this in a lifetime

Cornified Horny Corneum Dandruff Flakes 40

The ____ of the hair is a ___ layer surrounding the medulla; consists of several layers of ___ cells

Cortex Bulky Flattened

The ____ ____ is part of the ___ layer; it is a network of ___ vessels that nourish the Reticular layer and it lies between the reticular and _____

Cutaneous plexus Reticular Blood Hypodermis

The ____ ____ (part of the ___ layer) is superior to surface and thrown into peglike projects that indent overlying ____; help ____ the layers together; some of them house free ___ endings (____ receptors) and some ___ receptors called _____ _____

Dermal papillae Papillary Epidermis Glue Nerve Pain Touch Meissner's Corpuscles

The ____ ____ (part of the ___ layer) on your ___ and ____ below the dermal ____ which lies on top of this; larger ____ which in turn cause overlying epidermis to form ____ ____; collectively called ___ ___/ ____ ridges; they increase friction and enhance ____ ability of the finders and feet; they are patterned controlled by genetics and unique to ___ person; they are your ____ which happen when ___ pores open along crests our tips leave identifying ____

Dermal ridges Papillary Hands Soles Papillae Mounds Epidermal ridges Skin ridges friction Gripping Each Fingerprints Sweat Film

Collagen fibers of the ___ give skin strength and resiliency that prevent most jabs and scrapes from penetrating dermis; and also helps to keep skin ____ by binding water; the ___ fibers provide stretch-recoil props of skin

Dermis Hydrated Elastic

The ____ is underlying, makes up the ___ of the skin and is tough ___ layer composed mostly of ___ connective tissue; only layer that is _____; nutrients reach the epidermis by ___ through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in this layer

Dermis Bulk Leathery Fibrous Vascularized Diffusing

The ___ is the second major Skin region; it is strong, ____ connective tisssue; it's cels are typical of those found in any ___ tissue proper: ____blasts., _____phages, and occasional ___ cells and ___ blood cells; it is ____ with more ___ and proteins but doesn't have as many ___

Dermis Flexible Connective Fibro Macro Mast White Acellular Collagen Cells

Alternation in skin color signal certain ___ states and in many people ____ states

Disease Emotional

____ Sweat Glands (aka ____ sweat glands) are far more ___ and abundant onthe ___, ____, and ____; are simple coiled ____ glands; secretory part is coiled in ____ and duct extends to open in ___ shaped ____; these pores are different then the pores of ___ which are ___ follicle ____

Eccrine Merocrine Numerous Tubular Dermis Funnel Pore Complexion Hair Outlets

The epidermis develops from the embryonic ____ and the dermis and hypodermis develop from the ____; at the end of the ___ month the skin develops; by the __ and __ months the fetus is covered with ___ coat of delicate colorless hair: the ____ coat which is shed by the ___ month and ____ hairs make an appearance

Ectoderm Mesoderm 4th 5th 6th Downy Lanugo 7th Vellus

Melanin synthesis depends on ____ in melanocytes called _____; found only in ___ layers of the ____; melanin color distribution is ___ random; (darker = closer to ____); all humans have the ____ number of melanocytes; darker people produce way ___ and darker melanosomes

Enzyme Tyrosinase Deeper Epidermis Not Equator Same More

Durin Old Age, rate of ___ cell replacements slows down, skin ___, and susceptibility to ___ and other injury increases, all the ___ substances produced by the skin glands start becoming deficient so the skin is dry and itchy; elastic fibers _____ and collagen fibers become fewer and ____; ____ fat layer diminished (so become intolerable tot he cold); decreasing elasticity of the skin and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to ____

Epidermal Thins Bruises Lubricating Clump Stiffer Subcutaneous Wrinkling

___ ___ cells are star shaped; they arise from ___ _____ and migrate to the epidermis; they are also called _____ (German); their job is to ingest ___ substances and are key activators of the ___ system

Epidermal dendritic Bone marrow Langerhans Foreign Immune

The ___ is composed of ___ cells; it is the _____ protective shield of the the body, layer that has ____

Epidermis Epithelial Outermost Calluses

The ____ which, structurally is a ____ stratified ___ epithelium consisting of ___ district cell types and __ or ___ district layers; it has no ___ and __ __

Epidermis Keratinized Squamous Four Four five Nerves Blood vessels

A key step to form appendages of skin is formation of the ____ ____; process is stimulated by reduced production of cell ____ factor (cadherin); once cell-to-cell attractions broken cells can move about and rearrange allowing the epithelial ___ to form

Epithelial bud Adhesion Bud

____/(____) may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

Erythema Redness

Short term but acute ____ cause ____: the separation of ___ and ___ layers by ___ filled pocket

Trauma Blisters Epidermal Dermal Fluid

The dermis has ___ layers that abut one another along an ___ boundary they are the ____ layer and the ____ layer

Two Indistinct Papillary Reticular

Antibiotic, antihistamine drugs, perfumes, detergents, heighten the skins sensitivity to ___ ____; causes small itchy blisterlike ____ to erupt all over body then ___ begins in sheets

UV radiation Lesions Peeling

When youre born skin is covered with ___ ___ a white cheesy looking substance produced by ____ glands ____ fetuss skin within the waters filled amnion

Vernix caseosa Sebaceous Protects

Hair is located over the entire skin surface except on palms, soles, lips, nipples, external genitalia; its function is too keep us ___ sense ___ on skin, shield ____, filter large particles from the air; protect from ___ on head and external heat like a natural ____

Warm Insects Eyes Trauma Hat

The skin covers the entire body and has a surface area of ___ to ____ square meters, weights ___-___ lbs, accounts fro about ___ of total body in average adult, about __-____ millimeters thick; it multitasks; is ____ yet ____ allowing it to take constant punishment from ___ agents; without it we would quickly die from ___ and from ___ and ___ loss; is composed of ___ distinct regions: the ___ and the ____; the skin is an ____ made up of different ____

1.2 2.2 9 11 7% 1.5 4 Pliable tough External Bacteria Water heat Two Epidermis Dermis Organ Tissues

By age 50, the number of active hair follicles decreases by ____ and continues to fall = hair ____; hair also loses its __ and delayed action genes responsible for grading and male pattern baldness become active

2/3 Thinning Luster

____ million of dead keratinocyte cells rub off daily giving us a new ____ every ___-____ days; but in our ___ and ____ this is accelerated because of the amount of friction

4 Epidermis 25 45 Hands Feet

In thee body carotene can be converted to Vitamin ____ which is essential for normal ___ and epidermal ____

A Vision Health

____ sweat glands are confined to ___ and ___ areas about ____ of them; they are associated with ___ ____; they are ____ than eccrine glands and lie ___ in the dermis or hypodermis and the ducts empty into ___ follicles; they have the same basic commpenants as other sweat plus ___ substances and proteins; have an ___

Apocrine Armpits Genital 2000 Hair follicles Larger Deeper Hair Fatty Odor

____ sweat glands begin funcctioning at ____ under the influence from _____; they dont help with ____ regulation we dont know the precise function but are activated during ___ or _____; activity increases also during ____ foreplay and enlarge and recede with ___ cycle; they may be the human equivalent of ___ scent glands of animals

Apocrine Puberty Androgens Thermo Stress Pain Sexual Mentrual Sexual

The secretion of Apocrine sweat glands doesn't actually smell but when the ____ begins decomposing it the skin takes on the ___ __ smell

Bacteria Body odor

What are the 5 layers of thick skin innermost(deepest) to outermost(superficial)?

Basale Spinosum (prickly) Granulosum (granular) Lucidum Corneum

The stratum ____ layer is the ____ epidermal layer; it is attached to underlying ___ along a ___ borderline called the stratum _____; it is a ___ row of ___ cells continually renewing cell population, it represents the ____ keratinocytes; has rapid _____; this is where ____ is happening; about __-___% are ____ occasionally you'll see some ___ cells; only ___ layer thicki

Basale (BASE) Deepest Dermis Wavy Germinativum Single Stem Youngest Division Mitosis 10 25 Melanocytes Tactile One

___ and ____ marks also know as ____ reveal where blood escaped ___ and ____ beneath he skin such clotted masses are called ____

Black blue Bruises Circulation Clotted Hematomas

____ is almost metallic appearance of skin sign of ____ disease and makes you tired; adrenal ____ is producing inadequate amounts of its steroid hormones or a sign of presence of ____ gland ___ that inappropriately secretary _____-stimulating hormones

Bronzing Addisson's Cortex Pituitary Tumors Melanocyte

The ____ matrix of the reticular layer contains pockets of ____ cells and thick bundles of interlacing ____ fibers; these fibers run in various planes but most run _____ to the skin surface

Extracellular Adipose Collagen Parallel

Because of its ___ composition the hypodermis also acts as a ___ absorber and an ___ that reduces ___ loss from the body; it thickens considerably when a person ____ weight (women Thighs and breasts; Men anterior belly)

Fatty Shock Insulator Heat Gains

When you have overactive pain receptors you have ____

Fibromyalgia

___ lines reflect dermal modifications; are dermal ___ that occcur at or near joints, where derm is tightly secured to deeper structures (deep creases in ___); since skin cant slide easily o accolade __ movement in such regions dermis ___ and deep creases form; also seen on wrists fingers soles toes

Flexure Folds Palm Joint Folds

UV radiation destroys body's ___ acid stores necessary for DNA synthesis and can have serious consequences partially in pregnant women cuz deficit impairs development of babies ___ system

Folic Nervous

___ and ___ (pigmented ___) are local accumulations of melanin

Freckles moles Nevi

The stratum _____ is thin, it consists of ___ to ____ cell layers in which ____ appearance changes drastically and the process of _____ (in which cells fill with ____ keratin) begins, cells ___ their nuclei and organelles begin to _____ and accumulate two types of ____; in shorten terms the keratinocytes are _____ lost their ____; makes skin ___ proof

Granulosum 3 5 Keratinocyte Keratinization Protein Flatten Disintegrate Granules Dying Nuclei Water

The dermis contains a major portion of the ___ ___ and ___ and ___ glands derived from epidermal ___ but they____ in the dermis

Hair follicles Sweat Oil Tissue Resides

When ____ is poorly oxygenate both ____ and ___ appears ___ in Caucasians which is a condition called ____; the skin often becomes like this during heart _____ and severe respiratory _____; iin darker people this condition is only visible in their mucous membranes and nail beds

Hemoglobin Blood skin Blue Cyanosis Failure Disorders

The pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of oxygenated _____ pigment in ___ ____ cells circulating through dermal ____; Because Caucasian skin contains small amounts of ____ the epidermis is nearly ___ and allows ___ color to show through

Hemoglobin Red blood Caps Melanin Transparent Hemoglobin

The dermis is your "____" and corresponds exactly to ___ hides used to make leather products; it is richly supplied with ___ fibers, ___ vessels, ____ vessels

Hide Animal Nerve Blood Lymphatic

_____ is genetic "wolfman" causes excessive hair growth all over body

Hypertrichosis

The ___ is ____ tissue just dep to the skin; it is ____ part of the skin but it shares some of the skin's ____ functions; it is also known as the ____ ___ because its superficial to the tough ___ tissue wrapping of the skeletal ____, consists mostly of ____ tissue; it stores ___ and ____ the skin to the underlying structures (mostly to ____) but loosely enough that the skin can ___ relatively freely over those structures

Hypodermics Subcutaneous Not Protective Superficial fascia Connective Muscles Adipose Fat anchors Muscles Slide

The ____ system is the skin and its ___ that make up a complex set of organs that serve several functions such as (mostly) ____

Integumentary Derivatives Protective

____ or ___ cast is abnormal yellow skin tone usually fro ____ disorder in which yellow -__ pigments (____) accumulate in bloood and are deposited in body ____

Jaundice Yellow Liver Bile Bilirubin Tissues

_____ are the ___ epidermis cells; their chief role is to produce ____ which is a fibrous ___ that helps give the epidermis its ___ properties; connected by ____ and arises from the deepest parts of the epidermis in the layer called ___ ___

Keratinocytes Most Keratin Protein Protective Desmosomes Stratum basale

Melanocytes greater action stimulation by chemicals secreted by surrounding ____ when exposed to the ___

Keratinocytes Sun

______ granules contain a water resistant ___ that is spewed into the extracellular space and is a major factor in slowing ____ loss across the epidermis; plasma membrane of these cells thicken as ___ proteins bind to the inner membrane face and lipids released by this granules coat their ____ surface; keratinocytes are "____ up" to make outer strata the ___ skin region

Lamellated Glycolipid Water Cytosol External Toughening Strongest

The stratum ___ (the ____ layer) appears as a thin ____ band above the stratum _____; consists of ___ or ___ rows of dead keratinocytes (only place with 4 is on ___ and ___) with ____ boundaries; between the ____ and _____

Lucidum Clear Translucent Granulosum 2 3 Feet hands Indistinct Corneum granulosum

____ glands are specialized sweat glands that secretes ____; part of the integumentary system and the female ___ system

Mammary Milk Reproductive

The ___ of the hair is the ____ core; large cells annd ____ spaces only part of the hair that contains ____ keratin; is absent in ___ hairs; has _____ ____

Medulla Central Air Soft Fine Air pockets

Asians skin color due to ____ and ____

Melanin Carotene

What are the 3 pigment contributors

Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin

___ is the only pigment contributor made in the ___; is a ___ made of tyrosine amino acids; two forms ragging in color from ___ to ___ to reddish-brown to ____

Melanin Skin Polymer Yellow Tan Black

During old age the decreasing number of ___ and ___ cells enhance risk and incidence of skin cancer (red heads show all signs of old age much quicker)

Melanocytes Dendritic

____ are spider-shaped epithelial cells that make the pigment ______ and are found in the ___ layer of the epidermis

Melanocytes Melanin Deepest

If ___ glands are blocked by accumulated sebum it is called a _____ appears on skin; if the material ____ and dries it will darken into a ____

Sebaceous Whitehead Oxidizes Blackhead

Keratinocyte cells undergo almost continuous ___ (made in the ___ layer) in response to prompting by the epidermal growth factor, a ____; as the cells are pushed forward by production of ____ ones beneath them they make ____; by the time keratinocytes reach free surface of skin theyre ____, scalelike, and ____ structures

Mitosis Basale Peptide New Keratin Dead Flattened

Appendages of the skin includes ___, ___ ____, ____ ___, ____ ____, and ____ Each plays unique role in maintaining body ____

Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Hair follicles Hair Homeostasis

____/_____ during anger, fear, certain other types of emotional stress some people become ____ which also can indicate ___ or low ___ ___

Pallor Blanching Pale Anemia Blood pressure

What does thick skin cover? (4) How many layers does it consist of?

Palms Fingertips Soles of feet Epidermis 5

The looseness of the ___ layer's connective tissue allows ___ and other defensive cells wander ___ as they patrol the area for bacteria that may breach the skin

Papillary Phagocytes Freely

The ____ layer is a thin, _____; areolar ____ tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic ___ form loosely woven ___ that is heavily invested with small ____ vessels; it contains ____ and ____ receptor nerves about ___%

Papillary Superficial Connective Fibers Mat Blood Touch Pain 20

Hair/____ is flexible strands produced by hair ____ and consists largely of dead ___ cells; ___ keratin so that hair doesn't flake off like ____)

Pili Follicles Keratinized Hard Skin

____ is when you cant make ___ (the ___ part of hemoglobin) so "____" (a precursor to heme) builds up and moves to the ____ which causes ____ throughout the body especially when exposed to ____ and nutilated toes and fingers gums recede hair growth on face and hands take heme supplements

Porphyria Heme Iron Circulation Lesions Sunlights

One of the best ways to stop skin from aging?

Protect skin from sun

The ___ layer of the dermis lays, ___ to the papillary layer and accounts for ___ of the thicknesss of the dermis; is coarse; ___ arranged; dense ___ connective tissue; helps with skin ____

Reticular Deep 80% Irregularly Fibrous Resiliency

The ____ of the hair is where ___ is still ongoing it is the remainder of the hair deep with in the ____

Root Keratinization Follicle

Most ____ glands but not all glands develop from ____ follicles and sebum is secreted into hair follicle or ___ on skin surface; they ____ and lubricate prevents hair from becoming ___ and slow water loss from skin when external ____ is low; it also kills ____ called a _____

Sebaceous Hair Pore Soften Brittle Humidity Bacteria Bactericidal

_____ glands (___); are simple branched ___ glands found all over the body except in ___ skin of ___ and _____; they are always attached to a ___ ___; they are small on the body ___ and ____ but large on ____ and ___ and upper ____; they secrete ___ substance called ____; their secretions are stimulated by ____

Sebaceous Oil Alveolar Thick Hands Feet Hair follicle Trunk Limbs Face Neck Chest Oily Sebum Hormones

_____ is known as "___ ___" in infant is caused by overactive ___ glands it begins on scalp as ___ raised lesions that gradually become yellow to brown and begin to slough off oily ____

Seborrhea Cradle cap Sebaceous Pink Scales

The dermis contains a ____ matrix, embedded with fibers, binds the ___ body together like a body ____

Semifluid Entire Stocking

The ___ is the portion of the hair in which ____ is complete; projects from skin extends ____ down portion of hair embedded in the ____

Shaft Keratinization Halfway Skin

5 parts of a hair

Shaft Root Medulla Cortex Cuticle

The stratum _____ is the ___ layer; it is several cells ____ and contains ___ system of intermediate filaments mainly ___-resisting bundles of pre-_____filament which span their cytosol to attach to ____; the keratin in this layer have ____ (prickly); the most abundant cell in this layer is the ___ ___ cells but will see melanin ____

Spinosum Prickly Thick Weblike Tension Keratin Desmosomes Spines Epidermal dendritic Granules

___ ___ are extreme stretching of ___ can tear the ____; this is indicated by silvery ___ scars= ____

Stretch marks Skin Dermis White Striae

Sweat glands (____ glands) are distributed over entire skin surface except the ___ and parts of ___ genitalia; there up to ___ million per person; there are ___ types but regardless of the type ____ glands are associated with _____ cells - special cells that ____ when stimulated by ____ system - their contraction forces ___ into and through the glands duct system to skin ____

Sudoriferous Nipples External Three Two Secretary Myoepithelial Contract Nervous Sweat Surface

The purpose of Melanin is for the granules accumulating on the ___ side of keratinocytes nucleus, to form a pigment _____ that protects the ___ from damaging effects of ___ radiation in sunlight

Superficial Shield Nucleus UV

___ is a hypotonic filtrate of blood that passes through ____ cells and is released by _____; 99% is ____ with some salts, vitamin C, antibodies, microbe killing peptide (dermicidin), and traces of metabolic waste; your exact composition of sweat is based off ___ and ___; it has a PH of __-__ it is ____

Sweat secretory Exocytosis Water Heredity diet 4 6 Acidic

Sweating is regulated by ____ division of the ____ system over which we have little control its major role is too prevent the body from _____; a heat induced sweat starts on the ____; an emotional induced sweat starts in the ____, ____, and ____

Sympathetic Autonomic Overheating Forehead Palms soles armpits

___/____ cells are occasionally present at the ____-____ junction; theyre shaped like spiky hemisphere; each is intimately associated with disclike ___ ___ endings, this combination often called a ____ _____ functions as a sensory receptor for ____

Tactile merkel Epidermal dermis Sensory nerve Tactile disk Touch

A ___ is caused by prolonged sun exposure causes a substantial melanin _____ and helps protect the ___ of viable skin cells from ___ radiation by absorbing the rays annd ___ the energy as heat; it is the speeding up of melanin _____ causing the skin to ____ visibly

Tan Buildup DNA Uv Dissipating Synthesis Darken

During infancy and childhood the skin ___ and more subcutaneous ___ is deposited the number of ____ glands that begin functioning increases in first ___ years but the actual number of glands is about ___; ____ can also effect number of active cells

Thickens Fat Sweat Two Equal Climate