Anatomy test CH 3 prep

what other biochemical reactions are enzymes used for in peroxisomes?

- help to form bile salts that digest fats - breakdown large lipid chains - breakdown rare biochemicals - detoxification of alcohols

Peroxisomes qualities

- present in all cells, but much more abundant in liver and kidney cells - contain enzymes (peroxidoses) which catalyze metabolic reactions to release H2O2 which is toxic. Then they use the enzyme to destroy H2O2. it also contains many enzymes for other biochemical reactions.

nucleolus definition and qualities

-condensed central part that is compromised of proteins and RNA - has no membrane

Nuclear membrane qualities

-double-layer with large pores - channels consisting of 100 different protein channels

Nucleus qualities

-typically the most central portion of the cell -contains genetic material of the cell

what are the three main cell parts?

1) cell membrane 2) cytoplasm 3) nucleus

an egg cell is how many micrometers?

140

Smooth muscle cells are how many micrometers?

500

a red blood cell is how many micrometers?

7.5

An adult human body has how many cells?

70 trillion cells

cytosol is made up of what?

70-90% water, plus solid components such as proteins, carbs, lipids, and inorganic substances

What is one of the most important metabolic processes to humans and what does it do?

Cellular respiration is one of the most important metabolic processes to humans and releases energy from molecules, like glucose and makes it available for cellular use. It also forms ATP

How do cells know what to do?

Chemicals tell them what to do

General protein synthesis equation

DNA ---(transcription)---> mRNA ---(translation)---> protein transcription: copies the code in Nucleus translation: at the ribosome

Diffusion definition and qualities

Diffusion is the tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of high concentration to an area of low concentration. - It occurs due to constant, random motion of molecules - Difference is called concentration gradient - becomes more evenly distributed into equilibrium

Osmosis definition and qualities

Diffusion of water molecules from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane - not permeable to all solutes, such as proteins - higher solute concentration means lower water concentration - higher solute concentration = higher osmotic pressure

Types of passive transport

Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, and Filtration

Active Transport has two types of vesicular transport. What are they?

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Filtration definition and qualities

Forced movement through a membrane based on pressure. - typically blood pressure controlled by the heart - pushes substances through capillary walls, blood proteins cannot pass

In cellular respiration, there is a series of 14 steps and enzymes to provide the body with energy. What are they? and how much ATP is produced?

Glycolysis -> Citric Acid Cycle -> Electric Transport Chain (ETC) Glycolysis yields 2 ATP, Citric Acid cycle yields 1 ATP, and ETC yields 33 ATP, which makes it the most significant part. In total, the yield is 36 ATP.

what is the difference in a diagram between ER and Golgi body?

Golgi body is more organized and smaller than ER. ER is huge and looks disorganized

phospholipids heads and tails

Heads: water-soluble phosphate groups from the outer surface (hydrophilic) Tails: water-insoluble fatty acids chains that make up the interior of the membrane (hydrophobic) ~ causes insides to be oily

Osmosis: Hypotonic solution

Higher water, lower pressure and solute. Solution that has a lower pressure than bodily fluids

Two types of protein

Integral protein: extends from the ECF to the ICF - provides routes into and out of the cell for smaller molecules and ions - binds to specific molecules that triggers responses in the cell - provides pores for water molecules to enter Peripheral protein: does not extend all the way through, it remains at the surface - many of them are enzymes and take place in signal transduction pathways - they act as 'cellular adhesion molecules' meaning they allow certain cells to touch or bind to them, which helps to form tissues and marks the cells of an individual as 'self'.

What is ATP and what is the formula for it

Intracellular carrier of chemical energy is ATP. High energy bonds are found between the phosphate groups and the formula for ATP is: ATP = ADP +PO4+ energy ATP can builld up or break down into that equation, so basically the equation can go both ways.

What goes across Active Transport?

Ions (Na, K, Cl, Ca, I), Amino Acids (valine, leucine, alanine), Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and lactose) ~ AKA simple sugars

What is the difference between other cell parts and mitochondria?

Mitochondria has the ability to divide and contains its own DNA for making a small number of proteins and specialized RNA.

Passive transport definition and qualities

Movement WITH the gradient. It does not require cellular energy and depends on concentration differences and pressure Can be referred to as 'downhill' reactions

Exocytosis definition and qualities

Movement of molecules out of the cell -passage of vesicles to the ECF - used for protein transporting and neurochemical transfer

Active Transport definition and its qualities

Net movement of particles passing through a membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration ('uphill reactions') - requires usages of cellular energy (ATP) - up to 40% of a cell's energy can be used for active transport - uses carrier molecules within the membrane, just like facilitated diffusion but it pumps it against the current instead of going with the current.

What are nutrients and what is the composition in the body

Nutrients are molecules your body is continually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart again. 64% water 16% proteins 16% fats 4% minerals 1% carbohydrates

Two types of intake processes in Edocytosis

Phagocytosis: takes in solid particles - disposal of foreign objects, removal of damaged cells + parts, and destruction of disease-causing organism Pinocytosis: takes in liquids - water and particles dissolved in it that would otherwise be too large

Osmosis: Hypertonic Solution

Pressure and solute is higher which means lower water. So solutions with a higher osmotic pressure than bodily fluids

How do proteins affect water-soluble/charged molecules?

Proteins help them get through the membrane

What are the two types of ER

Rough ER: contains ribosomes on the surface and helps with protein synthesis (protein making) Smooth ER: has no ribosomes and helps lipid synthesis, fat absorption, and breaks down drugs.

What are the two major parts of the fluid mosaic model?

The bilayer of phospholipid molecules and embedded proteins

Cell Membrane definition

The surface membrane that separates the external environment (ECF) from the internal environment (ICF). It surrounds the cell and controls the chemical environment.

How many lipids are in the cell membrane composition for every protein?

There are 50 lipids for every protein.

What are microfilaments and microtubules

They are thread-like structures found throughout the cytoplasm forming the cytoskeleton. They maintain shape and structure but microtubules are better at structural support.

Ribosomes are what

Tiny spherical structures composed of proteins and RNA

(Chemical composition in the body) Minerals and their qualities

VItamins A,B,C,D,E,K Positively charged ions

Endocytosis definition

Vesicular transport into cells

Catabolism definition and examples

When larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy. Bonds between atoms have energy, which when broken down releases that energy. An example would be hydrolysis - process where water is used to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins.

Anabolism definition and what it is needed for

When larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring energy input. It is required for cellular growth and repair.

besides the 3 main cell parts, what else do cells usually tend to share

a group of chemicals called inclusions (CHON)

Signal Transduction

allows cell to receive and respond to incoming messages. They can share things and connect.

Nucleolus - what does it do?

assembles ribosomes

What is the number of different types of cells (differentiation number)

at least 260 types

how does charge affect permeability?

charged molecules cannot pass easily.

What are inclusions

chemicals found within the cytoplasm. They are present temporarily

inclusions def

chemicals that exist at times in the cytosol

the presence of what affects the phsopholipid permeability

cholesterols

Chromosome definition, qualities, and what does it do

chromosomes are thickened rods of chromatin. 23 chromosomes and a pair of chromatids are a chromosome. During cell division, they coil up tighter.

DNA contains the what

contains the code for proteins

What does metabolism do

describes every single biochemical reaction going on in the body

Facilitated Diffusion definition and characteristics

diffusion that is aided by membrane proteins or pores. - important for transport of ions, water, water-soluble glucose, and amino acids (small parts) - still from higher to lower concentrations

DNA qualities

double helix, so two sides that are twisted. Made of nucleotides, which is a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

Mitochondria qualities

double layer membrane, has inner layer that forms folds known as cristae. This increases the surface area where chemical reactions can occur.

enzymes are what and normally end in what

enzymes are the type of protein that controls the rate of reaction and typically ends in '-ase'

qualities of the mitochondria?

filled with an enzyme-solution fluid called matrix. Typically the cell contains 1700 mitochondria.

ribosomes are found where

found throughout the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum

Cytosol has what qualities?

has viscous, is transparent, and has a cytoskeleton made of protein rods and tubules

Essential fatty acids must be...

ingested as they cannot be made in the body by itself.

Cytoplasm

intracellular, fluid environment that contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

What is another thing that cell membrane does?

it also does signal transduction, which allows the cell to receive and respond to incoming messages. It is the link to cells and the body's internal environment.

What happens if you change a cell's shape?

it alters their ability to function

Golgi Complex is made of what

it is a stack of 6+ membranes called cisternae

What is meant by the cell membrane being an actively functioning part of living material?

it is constantly moving, it is not stationary

What does ER do

it is interconnected and communicates with the cell membrane and other organelles. It provides a tubular transport system for molecules throughout the cell. It is involved in higher-level complex chemical actions. It does more than storing or producing.

What are the qualities of ER

it is membrane bound, flattened sacs, elongated canals, and fluid filled vesicles

Golgi complex does what

it refines, packages, and delivers proteins synthesized by rough ER. It chemically modifies glycoproteins as they pass from sac to sac and at the end, they're packaged in parts of the golgi membrane forming transport vesicles. The vesicles can then travel to the cell membrane and release contents to the ECF.

How much space in animal cells does Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) take up?

it will take up 1/2 or more of the cell.

how does size affect permeability?

large molecules cannot pass through easily or at all

Selective permeability of substances depends on what

lipid solubility, size, charge, and presence of channels and transporters

Phospholipids

lipids that contain phosphorus

Flagella, or Flagellum are what

long, whip-like tails found on a cell. It usually only has one tail and is present in only one type of human cell, the sperm.

Chromatin definition and qualities

loosely coild fibers in the nuclear fluid, it is DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters called Histones. The DNA contains genes.

under what conditions do lysosomes function and why

lysosomes function under acidic conditions so they do not destroy the cells around them, though it is not known how they don't kill themselves.

DNA is the template for what

m-RNA

mRNA , rRNA, and tRNA does what?

mRNA carries code to ribosomes, so it brings the message and instructions. rRNA is in the ribosomes so it puts pieces together or assembles them tRNA picks up amino acids; has anti-codon which determines which amino acid to pick up. So basically it brings pieces so you can build the protein.

(Chemical composition of the body) proteins and their qualities

makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body. Are the most complex chemical structures. Brings nitrogen into the body. and are made of amino-acids linked by peptide bonds - 9 essential, 20 total.

Electrochemical gradient (membrane phsyiology) definition and the two types of gradients

membrane maintains an electrical and chemical gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane types: Chemical and electrical

Chemical gradient qualities and definition

membrane maintains different chemical compositions between the cytosol and the ECF. ECF= = mainly Na and Cl Cytosol (ICF) = mainly K and PO4, plus proteins

what units are cells measured in

micrometers (10^-6)

What are cilia and flagella

mobile extensions of some cells

Are cells all the same shape?

no, they're all uniquely shaped

organelles def

parts of the cell that have specific functions

Electrical gradient definition and qualities

present because the inside of the cell surface is more negative than the outside of the cell surface. Membrane potential = the voltage due to the separation of positive and negative ions - This separation of ions occur only near the cell membrane - overall, the ECF and cytosol are electrically neutral. - affects the functions of the cell (muscle cells/nerve cells/etc. can use electricity to function)

What does the mitochondria do?

releases energy from the glucose and organic nutrients which forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Osmosis: Isotonic solution

same solute concentration as inside the cell. so everything is equal and has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids. Chemicals move both ways

cilia are what

small, hairlike projections from the surface of the cell. Typically found on epithelial cells.

Lipid solubility definition

substances dissolved in lipids pass easily, so water based things have trouble.

what passes easily in the phospholipids and what doesn't pass easily?

substances, like oxygen, CO2, and steriods pass easily. Water-soluble molecules do not.

the cell membrane is extremely thin but has flexible lining, what does this have to do with its job?

the cell membrane controls the entrance an exit of substances. Therefore, it is selectively permeable, which means it allows only certain things in and out.

Cytosol def

the fluid that suspends organelles and dissolves solutes

what are centrosomes active in?

they are active in cell division, which helps to form fibers that will control chromosomal movement. It also helps to form flagella and cilia.

characteristics of microtubules

they are bigger in diameter, are more rigid than microfilaments, which add more structure to the cell, and move organelles and structures within the cell (similar to tracks on a rollercoaster).

Centrosomes are located where and consists of what

they are located near the nucleus of animal cells and consists of two hollow cylinders called centrioles. Each centriol consists of two tubelike proteins organized in nine groups of three

(Chemical composition of the body) fats/lipids and their qualities

they are long carbon chains called fatty acids. They are used as a storage of energy, making structures, and steroids

Characteristics of microfilaments

they are much smaller in diameter than microtubules. They cause various types of movements within cells.

what are qualities of inclusions

they are stored nutrients, like glycogen and lipids, they are pigments like melanin, and they are functional proteins like cyclin. Cyclin is used for cell division so if the cyclin levels go up, then cell divides. That controls whether or not the cell divides.

(Chemical composition of the body) carbohydrates and their qualities

they are sugars and starches, long units of simple sugars like glucose, and are a major source of ATP

Ribosomes do what

they assemble amino acids to form protein chains.

Lysosomes contain what and for what purpose

they contain enzymes to dismantle debris, like proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, bacteria, and old worn cell parts. It contains over 40 different enzymes

How does the presence of channels and transporters affect permeability

they help with the movement of things. More doors/channels means things enter easier.

what do cilia do?

they maintain a constant 'rowing' type pattern. They move particles along the way, as well as help cells anchor in place. They move things away from the cell.

How do cells' distinctive shapes affect their functions?

you can tell what a cell does simply by shape and things are the way they are due to shape. Cells work a specific way because of their shape.