Anatomy Unit 2
The function of the collecting duct is to
determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.
detrusor
Which food molecules are absorbed from the small intestine lumen into the lacteal, the lymphatic capillary located within the villus?
digested fats
Corpora cavernosa
dorsally located columns of erectile tissue that comprise most of the mass of the penis
Mesentery
double layer of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal organs types: - greater omentum - lesser omentum - mesentery proper - mesocolomn
glans penis
enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum
absorbs digested products and/or water
enterocyte and coloncyte
releases hormones
enteroendocrine cells
Which layer of the heart wall is visceral pericardium?
epicardium
Erection is caused by
erectile bodies filling with blood.
Contraction of the right _____________________ oblique helps to turn you towards your left side.
external
What is the function of type I alveolar cells in the alveolar walls?
external gas exchange in the lungs
Which structure helps maintain the shape of the kidneys, and forms a barrier that prevents spread of infection from surrounding regions?
fibrous capsule
The only region of a nephron where__________ takes place is the glomerulus.
filtration
The opening of the oviduct is surrounded by these structures.
fimbriae
The ovarian cortex consists of
follicles and connective tissue.
During ventricular systole, blood is
forced from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
The inguinal ligament:
functions to hold structures passing from the trunk to the lower limb against the body in hip flexion.
Which of the following organs is an accessory digestive organ?
gallbladder
The uniqueness of the__________ , when compared to other capillary beds, is that it is both fed and drained by arterioles
glomerulus
The left lung
has a cardiac notch and 2 lobes
The large intestine is puckered into sacs called __________.
haustra
The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)
have the same basic function as transitional epitheliumaccommodating stretch as the bladder fills.
middle mediastinum
heart and pericardium
The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to
help cool blood
Junction of the transverse and ascending colon.
hepatic flexure
Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis?
hepatic veins
Bulblike union of the main pancreatic duct and bile duct.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.
hilum
Smooth muscle constriction between the ileum and cecum.
ileocecal valve
he terminal portion of the small intestine is the
ileum.
The microvilli along the luminal surface of the proximal convoluted tubule __________.
increase the total surface area of proximal convoluted tubules and maximize their capacity for resorbing water, ions, and solute from the filtrate
The atrioventricular node is located in the
inferior part of the interatrial septum.
The ___ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium.
inferior vena cava
epithelium of the respiratory tract
initially pseudo stratified ciliated columnar then replaced by simple columnar/simple cuboidal
Conducting zone of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Which statement best describes the composition of the blood in the portal vein?
oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich blood drained from the digestive tract
All of the following are located within the spermatic cord
pampiniform plexus. ductus deferens. testicular artery.
Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial? a.pararenal fat b.renal fascia c.fibrous capsule d.perirenal fat
paralegal fat
What is the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?
preventing eversion of the valves into the atria
curvatures
primary- thoracic and sacral; at birth secondary- cervical and lumbar; help with walking and standing
crura of the penis
proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa; anchored to the pubic arch of the bony pelvis
What type of epithelium occurs in the respiratory mucosa?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein; Blood returning to the heart from the lungs is oxygenated.
oxygen-rich
pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
What is the function of alveolar macrophages found within and between alveoli?
removal of microscopic inhaled particles
Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the
renal pelvis
respiratory zone of the respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles, aleveolar ducts, alveoli
Tubules that connect testicular lobules with the efferent ductules of the epididymis.
rete testis
The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
The oblique entry of the ureters into the bladder __________.
revents backflow of urine into the ureters from the urinary bladder
Oxygen poor
right atrium, right ventricle, superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries
When rotating your trunk to your right, which muscle assists your left external oblique muscle?
right internal oblique
Enteroendocrine cells in the gastric glands of the stomach __________.
secrete gastrin, which signals the parietal cells to secrete HCl when food enters the stomach
lumbar vertebral region
short rounded spinous process, large bodies, thin and tapered transverse processes, superior articular facet faces medially
The milk-producing cells in the breast are
simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli.
What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?
site of sperm manufacture
A factor that propels an oocyte through the uterine tube is
smooth muscle contraction (peristalsis)
The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the
spongy urethra
The luminal surface of the epithelium in the duct of the epididymis bears long microvilli called .
stereo cilia
What is the function of the gallbladder?
storage of bile
The epithelium lining the vagina is
stratified squamous
Which type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter (shown here), urinary bladder, and proximal portions of the urethra?
transitional epithelium; it allows the mucosal lining to stretch as the ureter and bladder fill with urine while still protecting the underlying connective tissue.
The region in the urinary bladder, defined by the openings of the ureters and the urethra, is called the__________
trigone
The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control
true
Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder by gravity and peristalsis.
true
The fibrous capsule of the testis, also referred to as "white coat," is referred to as the __________.
tunica albuginea
Which cells produce surfactant?
type II alveolar cells
erection
under parasympathetic control
ejaculation
under sympathetic control
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the _____.
ventricles
hilum
where vessels leave and enter organs
A 24 year old male presents to the clinic with complaints of numbness in the penile/scrotal area after a 30 mile bike ride on his new speed bike. He also complains of erectile dysfunction. Dysfunction of what nerve may be causing these symptoms?
Cycling is a common cause of pudendal nerve neuropathy. The bike seat is often too thin to support the ischial tuberosities (butt bones), so the pudendal nerve is vulnerable to compression. Symptoms often include numbness in the penile/scrotal area and erectile dysfunction.
What is the function of the undifferentiated stem cells located in the gastric glands throughout the stomach?
PThey divide continuously to replace the mucus-secreting cells of the epithelial liningls of the stomach every 3 to 7 days
Which of these statements correctly describes a step of the micturition process?
Parasympathetic pathways stomulate the detrusor muscle
chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
The following structures are correctly paired with their location in the mediastium?
Phrenic nerve - Superior mediastinum Vagus nerve - Posterior mediastinum
_____________________ organs develop and remain in direct contact with the posterior abdominopelvic walls
Primarily retroperitoneal
Path from the coronary sinus to the capillaries of the lungs
Right atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonary Semilunar valve > Pulmonary Trunk > Pulmonary Arteries
conducting heart beats
SA node generates impulses; pauses at the AV node; AV bundle connects atria to the ventricle- it branches through the intraventricular septum
Which of these conduction sequences through the heart is correct?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Path of sperm
Seminiferous tubules >straight tubule > tests > Efferent Ductile > duct of the epididymis > ductus deferens > ampulla of ductus deferens > ejaculatory duct > prostatic urethra > membraneous urethra > spongy urethra
Within the respiratory tract
Simple squamous epithelia within the alveolar ducts allow for some gas exchange to occur.
The _______ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium.
Superior vena cava
alveolar cells
Type 1: simple squamous epithelium type 2: cuboidal to produce and secrete surfactant
Which of the following is true regarding the urinary system?
Urinary system functions include regulation of blood volume and ion balance.
What are the components of the respiratory membrane?
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae
The__________ of the uterine tube is the usual site of fertilization.
ampulla
A specific coronary vessel that lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus is the
anterior interventricular artery/Left anterior descending artery (LAD).
Ligaments of the vertebral column
anterior longitudinal- attaches to bony vertebrae & intervertebral discs; prevents hyperextension Posterior Longitudinal- narrow and relatively weak; attaches to intervertebral discs
Inferior mediastinum
anterior- loose CT, fat, lymphatic vessels, vasculature middle- heart, roots of great vessels, pericardium posterior- thoracic aorta, esophagus, veins, lymphatic structures, nerves (vagus, phrenic, thoracic sympathetic trunk )
Which structure is both a lower respiratory structure and in the conducting zone?
any bronchus
the vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
aorta
structure that is located autonomically between the aorta and the left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
The seminal vesicles
are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen.
The external urethral sphincter is located
at the urogenital diaphragm.
cervical vertebral region
bifid transverse process, superior articular facet faces superiorly and posteriorly, transverse foramina
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity causing pain to parietal pleura
When the ventricles relax, intraventricular pressure falls and __________.
blood is pushed against the semilunar valves, causing them to close
The smallest airway of the bronchial tree that is primarily responsible for creating bronchoconstriction.
bronchiole
Supportive cartilage disappears from the bronchial tree at the level of the
bronchioles.
All of the following organs does contribute secretion(s) during the male sexual response?
bulbourethral glands seminal vesicles prostate
_____________ fascia is a layer of superficial fat just deep to the skin of the abdominal wall
campers fascia
The ridge along the internal aspect of the most inferior tracheal ring is the__________ .
carina
Visceral pain results from all the following
chemical irritation of an organ, excessive stretch of an organ, inflammation of an organ.
releases digestive enzymes
chief cell
The stomach
churns food into a paste by mechanical means.
The__________ is homologous to the penis, having both a glans and a body.
clitoris
In a patient, bile is not being secreted into the duodenum due to blockage from a gall stone. Pancreatic juices are able to reach the duodenum. Where is the gall stone lodged?
common bile duct
Renal corpuscles __________.
consist of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule
The trachealis muscle
constricts the trachea.
The _____ carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.
cortical
The__________ muscles are responsible for elevating the testes.
cremaster
Involuntary contraction of this smooth muscle layer wrinkles and thickens the walls of the scrotum to prevent heat loss.
dartos muscle
Transversus Thoracis
depresses ribs during forced exhalation
Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?
descending limb of the nephron loop
the following about the internal urethral sphincter is true
-It is not consciously controlled. -It is located superior to the prostatic urethra in males. -It is a thickening of the detrusor muscle.
Both of the following is true regarding the lungs
-The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm. -The apex of the lungs extend superiorly behind the clavicle.
Which of the following is correct regarding coronary circulation?
-The great cardiac vein runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery. -The circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery. -The right and left coronary arteries are branches off of the ascending aorta. -The posterior interventricular artery is a branch of the right coronary artery.
All of the following statements are true regarding the heart
-The left ventricle wall is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. -Chordae tendineae prevent AV valve cusps from flipping back into the atria. -The aortic semilunar valve closes during ventricular diastole. -The left side of the heart sends blood out to the body.
A 60 year old man with cancer of the distal (inferior) portion of the descending colon was admitted to the hospital for tumor removal. During this tumor removal, a portion of the distal descending colon will be removed as well. Which of the following is true in this situation?
-The patient likely had pain when the surgeon applied pressure to his lower left quadrant. -The surgeon will need to ligate (close off) branches of the inferior mesenteric artery during the surgery. -The surgeon must cut through skin, a layer of superficial fat, two fascial layers, muscle, two more fascial layers, and parietal peritoneum to get to the organ.
the following information about the peritubular capillaries is true
-They are low-pressure porous capillaries. -They absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells after these substances are resorbed from filtrate. -They are continuous from efferent arterioles draining the cortical glomeruli.
The following about the urinary bladder are true
-When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity. -The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. -Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder.
All of the following are adaptations for keeping the testes cool
-pampiniform plexus of veins. descent of the testes into the scrotum before -birth. -cremaster and dartos.
At how many points does a rib articulate with the vertebral column?
3
Why is blood pressure in the glomerulus higher than in other capillary beds?
Arterioles are high-resistance blood vessels, and the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole.
Which of the following applies to the small intestine?
Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.
Layers of the abdominal wall
Campers fascia- superficial skin Scarpa's fascia: thin membrane Investing fascia: superficial to muscle Endoabdominal Fascia-deep to muscle exterperioneal fascia: fat layer Parietal Peritoneum
all of the following changes does occur as the conducting tubes of the respiratory tree become smaller?
Cartilage disappears in the bronchioles, The lining epithelium thins, Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage.
Which of these correctly lists the subdivisions of the large intestine?
Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and canal
Organs paired with their parasympathetic innervation
Esophagus - Vagus nerve Stomach - Vagus nerve Sigmoid colon - Pelvic splanchnic nerves Heart - Vagus nerve
Erector Spinae muscles
Iliocostalis (ileum of the pelvis to the costals); Longissmus (middle; longest); Spinalis(closest to spine)
Which sphincter connects the esophagus to the stomach?
Inferior esophageal
What is a disadvantage of absorbed fats traveling in the lymphatic vessels to the venous system before reaching the liver?
Ingested and absorbed fat-soluble toxins can circulate throughout the body before detoxification.
All of the following are part of the urogenital tract
Ischiocavernosus, Deep transverse perineal muscle, External urethral sphincter, Bulbospongiosus
Which of the following statements about the large intestine is false?
It is longer than the small intestine.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine?
It is the main site of nutrient absorption.
Autonomic nervous system
It targets cardiac and smooth muscle; One of its divisions is the sympathetic nervous system
Where is the heart located in the mediastinum?
Middle mediastinum
What happens in tubular resorption?
Most nutrients, water, and essential ions are returned to the blood renal capillaries.
Which of these statements accurately describes how the general visceral motor system of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) differs from the general somatic motor system?
Motor units in the ANS include a chain of two motor neurons.
How is an ovulated oocyte directed into the uterine tube?
The infundibulum covers the ovary and the fimbriae cilia, generate currents in the pelvic cavity fluid that move the oocyte into the uterine tube.
Which structure anchors the chordae tendinae of the atrioventricular valves?
The papillary muscles are extensions from the ventricular wall that connect to the chordae tendinae. Upon ventricular contraction, the papillary muscles contract to prevent the atrioventricular valves from everting into the atria.
Which of the following is correct regarding the colon?
The primary function of the rectum is storage of fecal material.
Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical organization of the somatic and autonomic divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
The somatic nervous system has one neuron from the central nervous system to the target tissue, while the autonomic nervous system is set on a two-neuronal relay.
Which structure(s) is/are confined to the renal medulla?
The thin segments of the nephron loop (loop of Henle.)
Why are the inferior two pairs of ribs considered floating ribs?
They have no anterior attachment; The costal cartilages of these ribs are imbedded in the muscle of the lateral body wall.
Parietal cells produce
intrinsic factor
The parasympathetic nervous system:
involves the vagus nerve
The sacral promontory
is where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into the pelvic cavity.
22 year old with dark urine, unexplained joint pain, and edema. what organ and structures are affected
kidney is affected and within the nephron; called nephritis. interferes with filtration
The female homologue of the male scrotum is the
labia majora
The prepuce of the clitoris is formed by
labia minora
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged?
lipids (triglyceride/fats)
thoracic vertebral region
long inferiorly-pointing spinous process, costal demifacets on the body, superior articular facet faces posteriorly, costal facets not he transverse process
what are the muscles of the erector spinae group
longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis
anterior mediastinum
loose CT and fat
Path from the Lungs to the left ventricle
lung capillaries > pulmonary veins > left atrium > Mitral/bicuspid valve
The ____________________ suspends most of the small intestines from the posterior abdominal wall.
mesentery proper
__________ , located on the surface of simple columnar epithelium in the small intestine, increase the surface area for absorption, and contain enzymes that complete the final stages of digestion.
microvilli
carina
midline cartilaginous ridge that separates the lumen of primary bronchi
Corpus spongiosum
midventral erectile tissue of the penis that surrounds the spongy urethra
Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.
minor calyx
What structure prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium
mitral (bicuspid) valve
which cells secrete mucus
mucus neck cells, goblet cells, and surface mucus cells
The wall of the uterus is composed of three basic layers: an outer perimetrium, a middle__________ , and an inner endometrium.
myometrium
The right and left coronary arteries __________.
supply blood to the heart muscle itself
The vaginal fornix
surrounds the tip of the cervix.
A woman has developed a cancerous lump in each breast, and the skin of the breasts is dimpled. What structure(s) is (are) causing the dimpling?
suspensory ligaments of the breast
Division that is dominant during exercise, excitement, or emergencies.
sympathetic
capillaries receiving blood flow form the left side of the heart are the
systemic capillaries
somatic nervous system
targets skeletal muscle
Which airway is considered the last passageway of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
terminal bronchioles
Which of the following is the primary sex organ in the male?
testis
An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that
the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.
During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that
the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.
An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that
the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.
The posterior intercostal arteries are a branch off of the
thoracic aorta.
posterior mediastinum
thoracic descending aorta, esophagus, vagus nerve, and phrenic nerve
Superior Mediastinum
thymus, great vessels, vagus & phrenic nerves, trachea, esophagus
superior mediastinum
thymus, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, esophagus, and trachea
The function of the anterior longitudinal ligament on the vertebral bodies is
to prevent hyperextension of the back.