Anatomy unit 3 exam

In which ways do cerebral nuclei interact with motor pathways?

- They receive impulses from the entire cerebral cortex. - They receive input from the limbic system. - They receive input from the sensory areas.

Check all that are a function of the hypothalamus. -Control of autonomic nervous system -Control of the endocrine system -Visceral response to odors -Control of emotional behavior -Control of food and water intake -Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms -Control of conscious skeletal muscle movements

-Control of autonomic nervous system -Control of the endocrine system -Control of emotional behavior -Control of food and water intake -Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms

Check all of the brain structures that are composed of white matter. -Cerebral cortex -Corpus callosum -Cerebral nuclei -Septum pellucidum -Internal capsule

-Corpus callosum -Septum pellucidum -Internal capsule

You pull out of the school parking lot and almost enter the road in front of an oncoming truck. For the next several minutes, you experience an increase in your breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vision sensitivity. What aspect of the sympathetic division is this attributed to?

-Mass activation -Stimulation of the reticular activation system -Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

Check all that apply to myelinated axons. -Myelinated axons have slower nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. -Myelinated axons have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. -In myelinated axons, the nerve impulses "jump" from node to node, and do not have to travel the entire length of the axon membrane. -Myelinated axons use more energy than unmyelinated axons. -Myelinated axons use less energy than unmyelinated axons.

-Myelinated axons have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. -In myelinated axons, the nerve impulses "jump" from node to node, and do not have to travel the entire length of the axon membrane. -Myelinated axons use less energy than unmyelinated axons.

Check all that are a function of the nervous system. -Processing and evaluating information -Collecting information -Responding to information

-Processing and evaluating information -Collecting information -Responding to information

Check all that are components of a monosynaptic reflex arc. -Interneurons -Sensory receptors -Motor neurons

-Sensory receptors -Motor neurons

Autonomic reflexes consist of which of the following? Check all that are correct.

-Smooth muscle contractions -Changes in heart rate and contractility -Secretion by glands

Check all that are true statements regarding the effects of the parasympathetic division.

-The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division. -Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs. -The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.

Check all that are true statements regarding the sensory and motor nervous systems. -The sensory nervous system contains both PNS and CNS components. -The somatic nervous system component of the motor nervous system conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. -The visceral sensory component of the sensory nervous system is under voluntary control. -The motor nervous system contains both CNS and PNS components.

-The sensory nervous system contains both PNS and CNS components. -The somatic nervous system component of the motor nervous system conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. -The motor nervous system contains both CNS and PNS components.

Check all of the statements that apply to the subdural space. -The subdural space is between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater. -The subdural space is filled with fluid in healthy individuals. -The subdural space fills with fluid in the case of injury. -The subdural space is a thin space that separates the two lateral ventricles of the cerebrum. -The subdural space is a potential space.

-The subdural space is between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater. -The subdural space fills with fluid in the case of injury. -The subdural space is a potential space.

Which of the following are prevented from entering the interstitial fluid of the brain, due to the blood-brain barrier? -Waste products in the blood -Some hormones -Nicotine -Alcohol

-Waste products in the blood -Some hormones

Put the events involved with a reflex arc into the correct order.

1) Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli. 2) Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord. 3) Information is processed in the integration center by interneurons. 4) Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector. 5) Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron.

__________ nervous pathways consist of paired tracts.

All

When our esophagus contracts involuntarily to move a bolus of food down, it is acting based on which subdivision of the motor nervous system?

Autonomic

Match the region of the spinal cord with the number of spinal nerve pairs that are associated with it.

Cervical: 8 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Coccygeal: 1

CN V: Trigeminal

Controls muscles of mastication

CN X: Vagus

Controls visceral and cardiac muscle

CN III: Oculomotor

Eye movement, pupil constriction

In a motor pathway, the lower motor neuron's axon synapses on interneurons, which then synapse onto skeletal muscles.

False: Lower motor neurons synapse directly onto skeletal muscles.

The spinal cord functions as a pathway for motor impulses, but sensory impulses travel directly to the brain, entering the brain between the C1 vertebrae and the occipital bone.

False: The spinal cord is a pathway for motor and sensory impulses, as well as being responsible for reflexes.

Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.

False: While ganglia are clusters of neuron bodies, they are not in the CNS, but in the PNS.

Nerve impulses relaying pain would most likely use saltatory conduction.

False: saltatory conduction refers to axons that are myelinated and have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. Thus, pain stimuli would most likely use continuous conduction, while nerves innervating skeletal muscles would use saltatory conduction.

Autonomic nervous system

Involuntary control of visceral muscle

Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain).

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Identify whether each pathway is ascending or descending.

Sensory: ascending Motor: descending

Which somatosensory pathway does not use tertiary neurons?

Spinocerebellar pathway

Intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?

T1-T11

The anterior corticospinal tracts carry axons associated with the voluntary movement of axial muscles.

True

The two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.

True

Most nerve pathways decussate from one side of the body to the other at some point in their travels.

True: Decussation means "crossing over." This explains why the left side of the brain processes information from the right side of the body, and vice versa

Identify the activity of the upper and lower motor neurons.

Upper motor neuron: either excitatory or inhibitory Lower motor neuron: excitatory only

The autonomic nervous system is also known as the __________ nervous system because it involves involuntary actions in the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

Visceral

Somatic nervous system

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Damage to the ________ nerve may result in limited ability to move the eyeball laterally.

abducens

CN VI: Abducens

abducts eye

central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Sensory nuclei

contain interneuron cell bodies

CN VII: Facial

control of facial muscles

The anterolateral pathway conducts sensory information for

crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

The space that lies between the dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae, and houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue is the ___________ space.

epidural

CN IV: Trochlear

eye movement

Neurolemmocytes

form myelin in PNS

Oligodendocytes

form myelin in the CNS

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

Parasympathetic division

helps maintain homeostasis

peripheral nervous system

includes cranial and spinal nerves

Somatic motor nuclei

innervate skeletal muscle

Autonomic motor nuclei

innervate smooth and cardiac muscles

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

innervates pharynx

CN XII: Hypoglossal

innervates tongue muscles

temporal lobe

involved with hearing and smell

Ependymal cells

line internal cavities of the brain

A nerve that contains neurons sending both afferent and efferent information is classified as

mixed

Astrocytes

most abundant glial cells in the CNS

The anterior roots contain ____________ axons, while the posterior roots contain _____________ axons.

motor, sensory

Primary neuron

posterior root ganglia

Sympathetic division

prepares the body for stress

occipital lobe

processes visual input

Corticospinal tracts send motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Therefore, these are an example of _______ tracts.

projection

Somatic sensory nuclei

receive pain information from the skin

Visceral sensory nuclei

receive stretch information from viscera

Microglial cells

respond to infection in the CNS

parietal lobe

sensory functions such as touch

CN I: Olfactory

smell

What is a dermatome?

specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

Secondary neuron

spinal cord, posterior horn

Satellite cells

surround somas in ganglia

A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the

synaptic cleft

CN XI: (Spinal) Accessory

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

A spinal nerve splits into ___ branches.

two

CN II: Optic

vision

Frontal lobe

voluntary motor functions

Tertiary neuron

within the thalamus