Anatomy Vocabulary

Order the following steps of DNA sequencing, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. Place primers, replication enzymes, unknown sequence, normal nucleotides, and terminator nucleotides into reaction mixture 2. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to primers 3. DNA replication stops each time a terminator nucleotide is added 4. Samples containing fragments of complementary copies of the unknown sequences transferred to an electrophoresis gel 5. Electrophoreses separates the fragments by size 6. The original sequence can be deduced by "reading" the fragments

Below are a list of steps used to create a transgenic organism. Place them in order from first at the top to last at the bottom

1. acquire source DNA and cloning vector 2. cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme 3. mix donor DNA and vector DNA together 4. insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells

Order the following steps of the polymerase chain reaction, beginning with the first step at the top

1. add target DNA, heat-stable DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotides to reaction mixture. 2. Heat to separate strands of target DNA. 3. Cool to allow primer attachment. 4. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers and synthesize copies of the target DNA. 5. Heat and cool again to produce 4 copies of the target DNA. 6. Heat and cool again to produce 8 copies of the target DNA.

Order the steps for using a DNA probe to indicate the presence of a disease allele, beginning with the first step at the top.

1.) Synthesize a probe, a single-stranded piece of DNA that is complementary to part of a disease allele. 2.) Label the probe with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag. 3.) Immobilize the single-stranded source DNA and expose it to the probe. 4.) The probe will bind to any complementary strands in the immobilized source DNA. 5.) Areas that exhibit radioactivity or fluorescence indicate the presence of the disease allele in the source DNA.

Match each letter in the diagram of somatic cell nuclear transfer with its correct label.

A donor of somatic nucleus B egg donor C donor nucleus D denucleated egg E fusion of nucleus and egg F mitosis to produce embryo G implant embryo for growth and development inside surrogate mother H clone of nucleus donor

Select applications of somatic cell nuclear transfer in humans.

A patient's cloned embryo could provide a source of stem cells that would not be rejected by the patient. Infertile couples could be able to have children.

In this diagram of creating a transgenic plant using the Ti plasmid, match the letters to their correct labels.

A- Ti plasmid B-Agrobacterium cell C-gene for herbicide resistance D-unaltered plant cell E- transgenic plant cell

______ stem cells are more differentiated and produce a limited number of cell types.

Adult

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ______ that is toxic to insects and can be inserted into plants using recombinant DNA.

Bt protein

Select all of the following that describe cloning as a method of reproduction.

Cloning is essentially asexual reproduction. At least some organisms in each kingdom reproduce by cloning.

Select all of the following that describe the high-throughput DNA sequencing process.

Copies of 500 base-pair fragments are made. The DNA from a cell is shattered into many pieces. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to immobilized clusters of fragments.

PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ______ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.

DNA

Select all of the following that correctly describe the structure and function of DNA.

DNA encodes a cell's proteins. DNA is copied before a cell divides. DNA is a double helix of nucleotides.

Select all of the following that are required for the polymerase chain reaction.

DNA polymerase regular nucleotides DNA sequence to be replicated primers

Select all of the following that are required for the polymerase chain reaction

DNA polymerase regular nucleotides primers DNA sequence to be replicated

In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called

DNA profiling.

The Human Genome Project was accomplished using what technology?

DNA sequencing

The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called

DNA sequencing

The image shows the results of

DNA sequencing.

Enforcing the law, relieving human suffering, and modifying the human food supply are all applications of

DNA technology

The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called

DNA technology.

If source DNA is extracted from a eukaryotic organism and used to create transgenic bacteria, why will the mRNA transcribed from the recombinant DNA encode a defective protein in the bacteria?

Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, which bacteria cannot remove.

What is the advantage of producing transgenic organisms called Bt crops?

Farmers can reduce the use of insecticides.

How does mRNA transcribed from bacterial DNA differ from mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA?

Only eukaryotic mRNA contains introns.

A(n)__________________ enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.

Restriction

In DNA profiling, the number of repeats of a(n) ______ are compared between a reference profile and a DNA sample.

STR

Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.

Tay-Sachs disease sickle cell disease cystic fibrosis hemophilia

High-throughput DNA sequencing machines have had what effect on DNA sequencing technology?

The cost of sequencing projects has decreased.

Select all the reasons why Taq polymerase is required for the polymerase chain reaction

The high temperatures produced by the thermal cycler denature most DNA polymerase enzymes. Taq polymerase is produced by a hot springs bacterium and is therefore heat-tolerant.

Select all the reasons why Taq polymerase is required for the polymerase chain reaction.

The high temperatures produced by the thermal cycler denature most DNA polymerase enzymes. Taq polymerase is produced by a hot springs bacterium and is therefore heat-tolerant.

Select disadvantages of using stem cells to treat disease.

The patient's immune system can reject tissues derived from another individual's stem cells. Adult stem cells can be less abundant than embryonic stem cells. Some people consider it unethical to use human embryos for medical research.

Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?

They are genetically variable.

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants with the ______, which can carry new genes into plant cells.

Ti plasmid

What is the cloning vector used to transfer an herbicide-resistance gene from Agrobacterium to a plant cell?

Ti plasmid

Select reasons why adult stem cells might be better for use in stem cell therapy than embryonic stem cells.

Using adult stem cells would not involve human embryos. Adult stem cells can be derived from the patient's own tissues. A patient's immune system would not reject its own tissues.

To create a transgenic organism, researchers must use a cloning ______, such as a plasmid, to carry source DNA into a recipient cell.

VECTOR

What is a cloning vector

a genetic structure that is used to carry source DNA into a recipient cell

Transgenic ______ can be produced to study the development of human diseases or to yield abundant supplies of human proteins that can be secreted in their milk.

animals

Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism

bacterium plant animal

"Golden rice" is a transgenic plant that is genetically engineered to

be more nutritious.

Plasmids and viruses are common types of

cloning vectors

The use of tissue culture or cuttings from stems to produce new plants is an example of

cloning.

DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to

determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.

What technique is being demonstrated in this diagram?

development of a transgenic organism

Step 3 of the image depicts a stage of DNA sequencing called ______, in which DNA fragments are separated by size

electrophoresis

What technique separates DNA fragments by size?

electrophoresis

A type of animal stem cell called a(n) ______ stem cell can give rise to any type of cell in the body.

embryonic

Transgenic organisms are designed to

express the protein product of the recombinant DNA.

The fact that different species use the same genetic code means that a(n) _____________from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.

gene

Select ways that a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a bacterial cell.

gene guns using electricity

As determined by the Human Genome Project, the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding

genes

In PCR, what is the role of the thermal cycler?

heat and cool the reaction mixture

Using gene guns or electricity are two ways to conduct what step in creating a transgenic organism?

inserting recombinant DNA into the recipient cell

Select pharmaceuticals that can be produced using transgenic bacteria.

insulin fertility hormones blood clotting factors

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used toThe Ti plasmid carried by a type of bacteria called Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to

introduce new genes into plant cells.

One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of ______ from an mRNA molecule.

introns

The same gene is able to code for different proteins depending on the combinations of introns removed from a(n) ______ molecule.

mRNA

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to

make a DNA copy of mRNA.

Select all of the following that are applications of DNA technology.

manipulate gene expression to treat diseases modify crop plants to be insect-resistant study evolutionary relationships among species

When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison

most variable

Stem cell technology can possibly provide treatment for disorders involving ______, which ordinarily do not divide to replace diseased or damaged tissue.

neurons

What eukaryotic organism is especially easy to clone?

plants

Select examples of cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms.

plasmids viruses

Adult stem cells are ______, able to give rise to a limited set of cell types, whereas embryonic stem cells are ______, able to give rise to ALL cell types.

pluripotent; totipotent

The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called

polymerase chain reaction. PCR

Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method.

primers normal nucleotides DNA polymerase terminator nucleotides

Embryonic stem cells are totipotent and able to ______. However, adult stem cells are pluripotent and able to ________.

produce all cell types of the body; produce a limited subset of cell types

A bacterium that has received recombinant DNA containing the gene for human insulin will

produce human insulin along with the other proteins it normally produces.

Select all the applications of transgenic animals.

production of human proteins in the milk of farm animals increase yield for human consumption provide a model for disease development

Select current uses of transgenic bacteria and yeasts.

production of phenylalanine degradation of pollutants production of milk curding enzymes for the cheese industry

About 1.5% of the human genome consists of

protein-encoding sequences.

The sequences of nucleotides in DNA encode the ______ of a cell, such that scientists can add new sequences, find existing sequences, or identify changes in sequences that affect the functioning of a cell or organism

proteins

Select all the potential applications of stem cell technology.

provide specific cells for drug testing treat currently incurable diseases replace injured or damaged tissue

DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called ______, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors.

pseudogenes

Within the noncoding portion of the human genome, _______ are DNA sequences that resemble protein-encoding genes, but their mRNA is not translated.

pseudogenes

DNA profiling often focuses on STRs, which are

repeated sequences of a few nucleotides.

What are proteins that cut both source and vector DNA used to create recombinant DNA?

restriction enzymes

What enzyme is used to make cDNA, an intron-free DNA copy of mRNA?

reverse transcriptase

Select the portions of the noncoding human genome that have functions for the cell.

sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA enhancers

Some restriction enzymes produce ______ ends in both the source DNA and plasmid DNA, and these ends can stick to each other by ______.

single-stranded; complementary base pairing

The cloning technique that was used to create the first cloned mammal (a sheep named Dolly) was called __________cell nuclear transfer.

somatic

Recombinant DNA is genetic material

spliced together from multiple sources.

In DNA profiling, what indicates the probability that two DNA samples are from the same person?

statistical analysis

An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a(n) ______ cell.

stem

Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ______ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.

sticky ends

The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to

synthesize or extract source DNA.

Short _______ repeats are variable DNA sequences that are useful in DNA profiling

tandem

ATTCGATTCG repeated many times, the number varying from person to person, is a type of noncoding DNA called a ______ and is often used in DNA profiling.

tandem repeat

Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA

technology.

What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?

transgenic

A ______ organism is an organism that has been engineered to contain ______ DNA

transgenic; recombinant

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins

transposons repetitive sequences DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA enhancers pseudogenes

Repetitive DNA sequences that can "jump" within the genome and make up about 45% of human DNA are called

transposons.

Stem cells are said to be ______, which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet.

undifferentiated

Select ways that scientists create transgenic animals

using viruses to carry recombinant DNA into a gamete or egg cell injecting DNA into a fertilized egg using a tiny needle

Select applications of creating transgenic plants.

viral resistance enhanced nutrients herbicide resistance insecticide production

In creating transgenic animals, what cloning vector is often used to transfer recombinant DNA?

viruses