Animal Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Which answer choice has a higher osmolarity than the others listed? 1 mole of substance W/L with a dissociation factor of 2.0 2 moles of substance Y/L with a dissociation factor of 1.8 3 moles of substance V/L with a dissociation factor of 2.0 1 mole of substance Z/L with a dissociation factor of 1.7
3 moles of substance V/L with a dissociation factor of 2.0
You have a total body concentration of 300 mOsM and total body volume of 3 liters. If you add 0.5 L of a solution containing 150 mosmol of NaCl to the body, what would the new total body concentration be?
300 mOsM
Osmolarity is a way of expressing solute concentration taking into account whether or not the solute in question dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. For example, suppose a hypothetical salt, AB, completely dissociates into A+ and B- in water. One mole of AB in water would be one molar (1 M), but it would be 2 osmolar (2 OsM) solution, because there would be 1 mole of each ion dissolved in that solution. Thus, osmolarity is the measure of the number of solutes per volume of solution. Some salts, like NaCl, will incompletely dissociate into their respective ions when dissolved in water. Using the same principles, one mole of NaCl dissolved in a liter of water would become a 1 molar (1 M) NaCl solution, but would also be a 1.8 osmolar (1.8 OsM) solution. In the human body, we express this concentration in milliosmoles per liter (mOsM). Presuming that the salts listed below completely dissociate in water, which of the following solutions below has the highest osmolarity?
7 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)
Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A cell wall Plasmalemma Plasma membrane A cell membrane
A cell wall
Which of the following is the definition of a stimulus?
A detectable disturbance or change in the internal or external environment
Match each term with the correct definition. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
A double membrane droplet containing proteins along the center and an aqueous core −−liposomes .Two rows of phospholipids that form a sheet with tails facing each other and heads on either side facing the aqueous solution −−bilayer Droplets of phospholipids containing a lipid core/center −−micelles .
Which of the following is the most complete and correct definition of a mole?
A mole is 6.02 x 1023 atoms, ions, or molecules of a substance, weighs the same as the gram molecular weight of a particular substance, and is used to express the concentration of a solution.
Which type of research study recruits and follows healthy subjects for a long period of time to determine the factors that contribute to the development of disease? A meta-analysis A prospective study A retrospective study A longitudinal study
A prospective study
Which type of molecular movement requires an input of energy (for example, from ATP)?
Active Transport
Which type of connective tissue is unusual in having relatively little extracellular matrix? Adipose Cartilage Blood Bone
Adipose
Transport processes that can be saturated include __________.
All answers are correct
Which of the following can function as integrators?
All answers are correct
Which of the following would be one of the body's controlled variables?
All answers are correct
Muscle cells are found in the __________.
All answers are correct heart, stomach, walls of blood vessels
Which of the following are types of transmembrane proteins? Transporters or carrier proteins Receptors for hormones or neurotransmitters Ion channels All answers are correct.
All answers are correct.
Which of the following cell structures or functions involve microtubules? Flagella Moving molecules from one part of the cell to another Cilia Mitosis All answers are correct.
All answers are correct.
Which of the following statements about vesicular transport processes into or out of the cell is (are) true?
All answers are correct.
Which of the following is not a connective tissue?
All answers are incorrect
The rate of diffusion, or flux, of particles across a membrane is dependent on __________.
All are correct
Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? cholesterol sphingolipids phospholipids All are membrane lipids
All are membrane lipids
Functions of connective tissue include storing energy reserves. establishing a structural framework for the body. transporting fluids and dissolved materials. providing protection for delicate organs. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following represents the most complicated control pathway in homeostatic systems?
An efferent pathway that includes a neuron, an endocrine gland functioning as an integrator, and a target tissue
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?
Anaphase
Which of the following will always be true of primary and secondary active transport?
At least one substance will move against its concentration gradient.
You have three separate beakers, each containing the following osmolarities: A. 10 OsM B. 13 OsM C. 7 OsM How would you describe the osmolarity of beaker A relative to beaker B?
Beaker A is hyposmotic to beaker B
Using the same beakers as Part E, how would you describe the osmolarity of beaker B relative to beaker C?
Beaker B is hyperosmotic to beaker C.
Increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase resting metabolism. Why is this? Because muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells, allowing for more energy to be made from sugar Because doing so requires exercise and exercising burns calories Because adipocytes contain more cytoplasmic inclusions, which slow down metabolism Because fat cells have no blood supply and cannot carry nutrients to be metabolized
Because muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells, allowing for more energy to be made from sugar
Which of the following statements about homeostasis is false?
Blood glucose regulation is not an example of homeostatic regulation.
During exercise, blood flow to which of the following organs cannot be restricted without doing harm?
Brain
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
Cardiac
Which tissue is an excitable tissue? Blood Cardiac muscle Fibrocartilage Stratified squamous epithelium
Cardiac muscle
Which tissue would likely have cells with the greatest number of gap junctions? Epidermis Cardiac muscle Bone The mucosal layer of the GI tract
Cardiac muscle
What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?
-70 mV
Drag and drop each of the following graph types to its appropriate description. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
1. Used to show the relationship between two variables. A best fit line can be used to indicate a trend in the data. Scatter Plot 2. Used when the independent variables are distinct entities. Bar Graph 3. Used when the independent variable on the x-axis is a continuous phenomenon (i.e. time). Line Graph
As with Part H, you have a total body concentration of 300 mOsM and body volume of 3 liters. You now add 2 liters of a 500 mOsM solution. The solution is equal parts NaCl (nonpenetrating) and urea (penetrating), so it has 250 mosmol/L NaCl and 250 mosmol/L urea. Answer the following questions about your new solution: Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
1. hyper 2. 250 mosmol/L 3. 300 mosmol/L 4. Increased 5. Hypo
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the cell.
1st row: Cell membrane 2nd row: Nucleus and Cytoplasm 3rd row: Cytosol, Membranous organelles, Inclusions, and Protein Fibers
Although osmolarity tells you the concentration of solute particles in solution, osmolarity cannot always tell you the direction of water movement across a membrane. To predict if water will move across a cell membrane, you need to know whether the solutes in the solution can cross that membrane. Solutes that can cross a cell membrane are said to be penetrating solutes, whereas solutes that cannot cross a cell membrane are said to be nonpenetrating. Tonicity of a solution is a term that describes how a solution will affect cell volume if that cell were placed in that solution. To determine the tonicity of a solution, compare the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution to the total concentration inside the cell. (By convention, we assume that all intracellular solutes are nonpenetrating.) Water will move into the compartment (cell or solution) with the higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes. Net water movement stops when the two compartments reach osmotic equilibrium. In the figure below, assume that all solutes contributing to the concentrations are nonpenetrating and that the cell membrane is permeable to water. Put the correct term for the degree of tonicity of the solution under the beaker that best describes that solution's effect on a cell. Second, place the solute amount in the beaker that correctly demonstrates the relationship between the number of nonpenetrating solutes found both outside and inside of the cell for each beaker. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Cell does not change size-3 mosmol on top- Isotonic on bottom Cell Swells- 0 mosmol on top- Hypotonic on bottom Cell shrinks- 10 mosmol on top- Hypertonic on bottom
Which of the following is not one of Cannon's postulates describing properties of homeostatic control systems?
Cellular specificity plays a role in the maintenance and achievement of homeostasis.
What is the most important distinction between the membrane transporters known as channel proteins and those known as carrier proteins?
Channel proteins create water-filled passages for small substances that do not bind to the protein. Carrier proteins transport larger substances by binding to them.
When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.
Chromatids
Collagen is a protein found primarily in which type of tissue?
Connective
Which of the following are not intermolecular bonds?
Covalent bonds
What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?
Cytokinesis
The cytoskeleton is not responsible for which of the following cellular movements? Diffusion of solutes Movement of DNA during cell division The sweeping strokes of ciliary action Transport of material into and within the cell
Diffusion of solutes
Complete the calculation in step 3 and drag the appropriate solute amounts to the ECF and ICF columns. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note: not all labels will be used.
ECF= 1085mosmol ICF= 814mosmol
Which of the following is an example of the law of mass balance? Sweating causes a loss of body water and could cause dehydration. Eating a salty meal causes the kidney to excrete sodium from the body. Middle-aged men who consume large quantities of iron are at risk for developing dementia. Sunburn causes pain.
Eating a salty meal causes the kidney to excrete sodium from the body.
In the digestive system, Vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor (B12-IF) is absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine and delivered into the extracellular fluid on the basolateral membrane of the epithelium by a process called transcytosis. This process begins on the apical surface of the epithelial cell when the B12-IF binds to receptors, and is engulfed into the cell. What is the type of membrane transport at the apical surface of the epithelium?
Endocytosis
Which of the following statements about exchange epithelium is true? Exchange epithelial cells are found in the lungs and lining of blood vessels. Exchange epithelial cells are cuboidal to columnar in shape. Exchange epithelial cells have many cell layers. Exchange epithelial cells are tightly connected by many desmosomes.
Exchange epithelial cells are found in the lungs and lining of blood vessels.
What type of membrane transport is used in the following scenario? Neurons will release signaling molecules called neurotransmitters in order to communicate with other neurons or with organs. In the axon terminal of many neurons are storage vesicles of these neurotransmitters called synaptic vesicles. When an electrical signal known as an action potential is propagated to the axon terminal, the synaptic vesicles fuse with the neuronal membrane and the neurotransmitter is released.
Exocytosis
After DNA replication, each individual chromosome becomes a homologous pair. T or F?
False
__________ allows the body to predict that a change is about to occur and start the response loop in anticipation of the change.
Feed forward control
If many solutes are constantly being pumped into or out of cells, why don't the intracellular concentrations of these solutes change?
For any given solute, the rate of active transport in one direction is equal to the passive movement (leak) of the solute in the opposite direction.
Drag and drop each term so that it matches with the correct portion of the phospholipid. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Head (round part): Hydrophilic Tail (long part): Hydrophobic
Which of the following represents the dependent variable? Choose the best answer. Varying walking speeds Standing on the treadmill Heart rate 25 female subjects
Heart rate
Most of the body's water is contained in the __________.
ICF
Which of the following statements provides an accurate comparison between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?
In both facilitated and simple diffusion, substances move down their concentration gradient.
Which of the following statements makes an accurate comparison between primary and secondary active transport?
In primary active transport ATP is directly utilized, while in secondary active transport the potential energy of a concentration gradient is utilized.
Where would ciliated epithelial be found? In medium-sized veins In the kidneys In the trachea In the intestines
In the trachea
You have a beaker containing 1 L of 1 mOsM glucose. Add or subtract the solutions or solute listed below, then determine the concentration of the mixed solution. Use the equation solute/volume = concentration (S/V = concentration) for each item to find the concentration of the added solution. Remember that you cannot just add concentrations. You must first consider the sum of the solutes, then consider the total volume before expressing the value as the concentration (solute amount/total volume) of the mixed solution. Drag the solutions to the correct box to indicate whether the final concentration of the mixed solution has increased, decreased, or remained the same. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Increase- Remove 0.5 L of water- Add 1 mosmol of KCl Decrease- Add 1 L of pure water- Add 0.5 mosmol NaCl and 1 L water Same- Add 0.5 mosmol glucose and 0.5L water- Add 1 mosmol NaCl and 1 L water
Identify to which variable (independent or dependent) each phrase is properly associated by matching them with the correct bin below. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the experimenter Plotted on the horizontal x-axis Dependent variable: The variable measured by the experimenter Plotted on the vertical y-axis
When blood glucose levels increase, the beta cells of the pancreas will sense this increase and release insulin, which will target the liver and cells of the body in order to bring glucose levels back down within homeostatic range. What role does the pancreas play in this homeostatic control pathway?
Integrator and sensor
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?
Interphase (specifically the S phase but if you're not in genetics IG that doesn't really matter lmao)
Identify whether each of the following is a component of the intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid by dragging the box into the appropriate compartment. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Intracellular fluid- Cytoplasm of a neuron; Cytosol of a red blood cell Extracellular fluid- Interstitial fluid; Blood plasma Neither- Nothing
First, how does the solution's concentration compare to that of the body? Is the solution we are adding hyposmotic, isosmotic, or hyperosmotic?
Isomotic
What is the mechanism of action of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)?
It allows for the active pumping of chloride from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
What is a review article and why might it be beneficial for a novice in a subject matter to read? It is a technical paper based on a single research project; because for an accurate understanding of the topic, one must read about it in as much detail as possible. It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it gives a general summary of several technical papers, making it easier for a novice to understand. It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it is full of technical language providing a more in-depth understanding of the subject matter. It is a technical paper based on a single research project; because it is written as a summary paper that can be understood by a novice.
It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it gives a general summary of several technical papers, making it easier for a novice to understand.
Which of the following statements best describes cancer? Cells do not divide rapidly but instead grow in size and then become unspecialized. Current cells shrink and slowly start to die. It is an overgrowth of cells that differentiate into specialized cells. It is a rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells.
It is a rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells.
The permeability of a membrane to a particular solute is related to which two variables, and what is the relationship?
It is directly proportional to lipid solubility and inversely proportional to the size of the solute.
Identify which of the following is the correct definition of primary active transport.
It is mediated by a protein that directly uses ATP energy in order to move a substance against its concentration gradient.
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.
K+; Na+
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate phrases on the right. Make certain each word is matched with a phrase before submitting your answer.
Membrane potential of −70 m V: The resting membrane potential of the cell N a + permeability: Although it plays a role, it is not a primary determinant of the resting membrane potential Membrane potential of −90 m V: The point at which there is no net movement of K + into or out of the cell K + permeability: The primary determinant of the resting membrane potential
An increase in which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen molecules across pulmonary cell membranes?
Membrane surface area, the oxygen concentration inside the lung, and temperature
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?
Metaphase
A cell has a problem where mitochondria are not able to function. Which function of the cell's cytoskeleton would you expect to be decreased?
Movement
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell.
Na+ and Cl-
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?
Na+ and Cl−
Which of the following molecules would not diffuse through cell membranes easily?
Na+ ions and glucose
If a cell's Vm = -70 mV and ENa+ = +50 mV, which way will Na+ ions move across the cell membrane?
Na+ ions will move into the cell.
The Na+-K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped?
Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.
Which of the following is true with regard to physiological control systems?
Negative feedback loops are more common that positive feedback loops in living systems. Negative feedback loops are homeostatic; positive feedback loops are not.
Which two systems of the body act closely together to coordinate body functions and communications among the physiological systems of the body?
Nervous and endocrine
After adding the solution from Part H to the body, would you expect cell size to change?
No, the solution is isotonic.
Upon looking at a tissue sample, you see all the signs indicative of epithelial cell dysplasia. Can you conclude with certainty that the sample is cancerous? No, dysplasia is completely normal in pap tests and is no cause for concern. Yes, dysplasia of cells will always result in cancer. No, trauma as well as HPV infection can cause cellular abnormalities, which are not necessarily cancerous.
No, trauma as well as HPV infection can cause cellular abnormalities, which are not necessarily cancerous.
How will the solute we are adding in the solution be distributed among the body compartments? In other words, does the solution contain penetrating solutes that enter cells, nonpenetrating solutes that stay in the ECF, or a combination of both?
Nonpenetrating
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
One Segment of Spinal Chord (top blank) White Matter (first blank after spinal chord) Ascending Traits Carries Information to the brain Descending Traits Carries Motor Information to brain Gray Matter (second blank after spinal chord) Dorsal Horn-Visceral sensory nuclei Lateral Horn- Autonomic motor nuclei Ventral Horn- Somatic motor nuclei
Predict what you think will happen to the ions in each compartment as soon as we allow potassium to move. Two ions move down their gradients. No net movement of ions. One ion moves down its gradients.
One ion moves down its gradients.
Which of the following does not require the use of ATP?
Osmosis
Read the following passage and construct a flow chart by matching the following events with their proper sequence. Physical exercise results in skeletal muscle contraction, an active process that requires chemical energy in the form of ATP. Initially, as contractions begin, small amounts of ATP are available within the skeletal muscle fibers; however, because of the limited stores of ATP, contractions may only be sustained for about 15 seconds before the ATP needs to be replenished. Cellular respiration is one mechanism by which muscle fibers produce and replenish their ATP. While cellular respiration increases the availability of ATP, it does so by consuming oxygen and glucose while producing water and carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. Thus, during exercise, as the metabolic activity of the muscle fibers increase, the concentration of oxygen in the muscle tissue decreases. Other byproducts of metabolic activity (temperature, acidity, and CO2 concentrations) also increase as the muscle fibers continue to contract and consume glucose and oxygen. The increased presence of these metabolic byproducts is detected by specific homeostatic sensors that send out signals to the local vasculature and cause vasodilation, thereby shifting blood flow from less active tissues to the nearby exercising muscles. The greater flow of blood into the exercising muscle resolves the oxygen loss while simultaneously removing the waste and other byproducts of the increased metabolic activity. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Person Starts to Exercise Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Increases Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Demand Increases Oxygen Sensors cause local blood vessels to dilate Blood delivery to the skeletal muscle increases in order to provide more oxygen
If you were to throw many phospholipids into an aqueous solution, which of the following would you observe?
Phosphate heads and lipid tails would orient away from each other, with the phosphate heads facing either the extracellular or intracellular fluid and the tails facing each other.
The fluid substance of blood is called
Plasma
Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid? Plasma and interstitial fluid Intracellular fluid and plasma Cytosol and plasma Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
Plasma and interstitial fluid
Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid?Cytosol and plasma Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid Intracellular fluid and plasma Plasma and interstitial fluid
Plasma and interstitial fluid
Which of the following is not a nonmembranous organelle made from insoluble protein fibers? Polyribosomes Cytoskeleton Flagella Centriole
Polyribosomes
Secretion of pepsinogen into the stomach in response to an increase in stomach acidity is an example of what type of response?
Positive feedback
Energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is used to move K+ and Na+ across cell membranes. This process is called __________.
Primary active transport
If a cell were to become depleted of its ATP, which type of membrane transport would be most directly and immediately affected?
Primary active transport
In skeletal muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores a very high concentration of Ca++. When Ca++ is released into the cytosol of muscle to facilitate contraction, it needs to be removed and pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum so that skeletal muscle can return to its relaxed state. The Ca++ is moved from cytosol and pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum where its concentration is much higher. What type of membrane transport does this represent?
Primary active transport
Substances that are going to move against their concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration) will use which type(s) of membrane transport?
Primary or secondary active transport
Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? Produce energy anchor or stabilize the cell membrane Act as transport molecules for various solutes Regulate the passage of ions Bind to ligands
Produce energy
During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?
Prophase
________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________. Independent variables, steady state Setpoints, regulated variable Regulated variables, setpoint Steady state values, integrating center Dependent variables, lowest value
Regulated variables, setpoint
As a result of exercise training, which of the following decreases?
Resting heart rate
Which type of graph would be the most appropriate to present these data? Choose the best answer. Bar graph Scatter plot Line graph
Scatter plot
Which of the following transport mechanisms may be utilized to move glucose across cell membranes?
Secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion
Use the following scenario to answer the question. A beaker containing two fluid compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane is filled with distilled water. In compartment A you place 15 mM of NaCl and in compartment B you place 25 mM of NaCl. The membrane is permeable to both sodium and chloride. Initially, which side has the higher osmotic pressure? As time goes on will the water levels change,and if so how?
Side B has a higher osmotic pressure; the water levels will not change.
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
Skeletal
Which of the following is the best example of a mechanistic understanding of a function? Every cell in our body needs oxygen so that it can make enough energy for its activities. Skeletal muscle cells contract when myosin heads bind to actin filaments and myosin heads rotate to produce force. The kidneys make urine so that waste products, such as uric acid, do not build up in the blood. Bones are strong so that they can support our body weight and protect organs.
Skeletal muscle cells contract when myosin heads bind to actin filaments and myosin heads rotate to produce force.
Which of the following is an example of compartmentation at the intracellular level? Skeletal muscle cells have organelles called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that contain large stores of calcium ions. The calcium ions are released during muscle contraction and then pumped back into the SR as the muscle relaxes. The heart is divided into four chambers, with two upper chambers that receive incoming blood and two lower chambers that send blood out into the circulation. The walls of arteries have an outer connective tissue layer, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, and an inner endothelial lining. Regions of the brain are specialized for different functions.
Skeletal muscle cells have organelles called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that contain large stores of calcium ions.
Take a second and use the information given about the starting conditions to fill in the values for total body solute, volume, and osmolarity.
Solute: 900 Volume: 3 Osmolarity: 300
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
Soma
Which of the following molecules can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes? Ions Macromolecules Glucose Water Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events from the stimulus to the target tissue?
Stimulus, input (afferent) signal, integrating center, output (efferent) signal, target response
Which of the following does not describe the basic shapes of epithelial cells? Stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Stratified
Which of the following statements is false with regard to primary/secondary active transport?
Substances will always move down their concentration gradient.
Which of the following statements is false? Teleological study of human physiology answers the "how" of the system. A large percentage of living cells of the body are in direct contact with the external environment. Homeostasis is an important process in the body. Communication of a cell to the outside world occurs across the cell membrane. Most cell-to-cell communication uses chemicals.
Teleological study of human physiology answers the "how" of the system.
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?
Telophase
Why would tasting salty sweat on the foreheads of babies lead a midwife to assume that the baby might be afflicted with cystic fibrosis?
The CFTR allows for chloride to leave the sweat and re-enter the cells, creating a hypotonic sweat.
How is the function of the CFTR altered in someone with cystic fibrosis?
The CFTR channel is absent.
Which of the following statements about epithelial transport in the intestines is(are) true?
The Na+/K+ ATPase is found only in the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and the movement of Na+ ions across the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on the electrochemical gradient created by the Na+/K+ ATPase.
Which is the most accurate definition of homeostasis? The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions as long as external conditions remain relatively constant The ability of an organism to prevent changes in internal conditions even though external conditions may change The ability of an organism to return to its original home (for example, migrating animals) The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though external conditions may change
The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though external conditions may change
What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer? To carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only To provide a framework for membrane proteins only The formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only The absorption of fats only The formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and provision of a framework for membrane proteins
The formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and provision of a framework for membrane proteins
Based on the data presented in the table above, which of the following conclusions can you make regarding the function of each of these cells? Gut- Lipids 17%, Protein 83% Carbohydrates 0%-Skeletal Muscle- Lipids 62%, -Protein 33% Carbohydrates 5%
The gut cell is more active in comparison to the skeletal muscle cell.
Which of the following statements about the Na-K pump is(are) true?
The location of the binding sites on the Na-K pump dictates the direction of solute movement.
Which of the following is the proper description of a set point for a homeostatically controlled variable?
The normal, "desired" value of the variable
According to Fick's law of diffusion, diffusion rate is proportional to the surface area of the membrane, the concentration gradient, and which other variable?
The permeability of the membrane
Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in what way(s)?
The rate of facilitated diffusion depends on the number of carriers in the membrane.
Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is(are) true?
The rate of facilitated diffusion is directly dependent on the number of carrier proteins for a solute and the rate of facilitated diffusion is directly dependent on the concentration gradient of the solute across the membrane.
Which of the following is the correct definition of positive feedback?
The response of the system goes in the same direction as the change that sets it in motion.
A cell has a mutation in a sodium ion leak channel, and sodium cannot diffuse through this channel. What would you expect to happen to the resting membrane potential difference?
The resting membrane potential difference would be more negative, because there would be less diffusion of positively charged sodium ions into the cell.
Which of the following is the best definition of physiology?
The study of how an organism functions at the various levels of organization
The fluid compartments of the human body are in osmotic equilibrium. This means that the ICF and the ECF have the same total solute concentrations, despite the differences in their specific solute composition. Osmotic equilibrium occurs because water passes freely through cell membranes using open channels or the water channels called aquaporins. If the osmolarity in one compartment changes, water moves by osmosis to bring the two compartments back to osmotic equilibrium. Water moves down its own gradient into the compartment with the higher osmolarity until both compartments have the same solute-to-volume ratio (or osmolarity). Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?
The types of solutes and their distribution between the ICF and ECF are not the same.
What will occur if solution A, containing 400 mosmol/L nonpenetrating solute, were separated by a biological membrane from solution B, containing 600 mosmol/L nonpenetrating solute? What will occur if solution A, containing 400 mosmol/L nonpenetrating solute, were separated by a biological membrane from solution B, containing 600 mosmol/L nonpenetrating solute? The volume of A would increase. Water would flow from solution B to solution A. The volume of B would increase. There would be no net volume change.
The volume of B would increase.
Which is a definition of clearance? The rate at which a substance is excreted in the urine The volume of a substance cleared from the blood per unit time The rate at which a substance is metabolized The concentration of a substance in urine and feces
The volume of a substance cleared from the blood per unit time
What does it mean if an article has been peer reviewed? The work has been read by an anonymous panel of researchers in a different field than that represented by the article. The work has been read by an anonymous panel of scientists qualified to judge the science. The work has been read by an anonymous panel of people from the general public. The work has been read by an anonymous panel of doctors.
The work has been read by an anonymous panel of scientists qualified to judge the science.
When blood pressure decreases, the hypothalamus will release corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) to the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary then releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which will enter the blood and travel to the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland will release aldosterone, which will travel to the kidneys in order to enhance the retention of Na+ and water in order to reestablish a normal blood pressure. When considering homeostatic control pathways, how many integrators are in the scenario provided?
Three
Drag and drop each term so that it matches up with the appropriate structure on the cell membrane. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Top: Carbohydrate Left side: Cholesterol Right side (top-bottom): Transmembrane protein, Peripheral protein Bottom: Lipid anchored protein
Which cells can develop into any cell type in the body? Totipotent cells Multipotent cells Apoptotic cells Pluripotent cells
Totipotent cells
Which of the following shows an integration of two body systems?
Touching a hot pan and pulling back
Which cytoskeletal protein allows for intracellular transport of organelles? Actin Microfilaments Tubulin Keratin
Tubulin
Which of the following represents the independent variable? Choose the best answer. Heart rate 25 female subjects Standing on the treadmill Varying walking speeds
Varying walking speeds
Drag the labels onto the diagram to label the steps of the response loop.
Very top- Stimulus Left side top to bottom- Sensor, Input signal, Integrating center Wire to heater- Output Sensor Heater- Target Right side (Water temp. increases)- Response
Why is the thick mucus in Daniel's lungs a sign that he might have cystic fibrosis?
Without the CFTR, mucus cannot be thinned.
Which term is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? plasma membrane a cell membrane plasmalemma a cell wall All of the answers are correct.
a cell wall
In comparing a solution to a fluid in a cell, a hypertonic solution always has ____________.
a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than that in the cell
Which of the following conditions would lead to the fastest rate of oxygen diffusion into a cell?
a large concentration gradient and a thin membrane
Which of the following is NOT produced by meiosis? a liver cell a sperm cell an egg, or ovum All of the given choices are produced by meiosis.
a liver cell
What is similar between facilitated diffusion and primary/secondary active transport? In both forms of transport __________.
a membrane transport protein is involved
When two atoms of the same element are bound together by a covalent bond they form __________.
a molecule
The functions of epithelial cells include __________.
acting as a physical barrier to the movement of molecules
Because only complementary bases pair with each other, a nucleotide containing the base thymine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base __________.
adenine
A positive feedback mechanism is prevented from spiraling out of control by __________.
all answers are correct
Cells that secrete large amounts of protein would most likely possess large numbers of or an extensive network of __________. ribosomes all answers are correct Golgi complexes rough endoplasmic reticulum
all answers are correct
Functions of connective tissue include __________. providing protection for delicate organs storing energy reserves establishing a structural framework for the body transporting fluids and dissolved materials all answers are correct
all answers are correct
Phospholipids __________. contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail form micelles in aqueous solutions form bilayers in cell membranes all answers are correct
all answers are correct
Plasma is __________. found within the circulatory system a subdivision of the ECF all answers are correct sometimes donated instead of blood the fluid portion of blood
all answers are correct
The increased blood glucose concentrations that occur with diabetes can be detected or monitored by measuring __________.
all answers are correct
Molecules that can move across the cell membrane using a carrier protein include __________. ions amino acids, proteins, water, and ions proteins amino acids water
amino acids
You decide to further analyze the nature of the proteins found within the membrane of the skeletal muscle cell that you extracted. You find that this cell lacks transmembrane proteins. Which loss of function would you expect to observe in this cell based on this observation?
an inability to transport ions, nutrients, and other substances across the membrane
In order for water to be absorbed by epithelial cells, __________.
aquaporins must be present in the cell membranes and the concentration of impermeable solutes must be higher on the inside of the cell
The smallest functional unit of an element is a(n) __________.
atom
An osteocyte is a main cell type in which tissue? loose connective tissue bone adipose cartilage blood
bone
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?
both the electrical and chemical gradients
A molecule whose chemical formula is C5H10O5 is most likely to be a __________.
carbohydrate
The difference between carrier and channel proteins is that ________.
channel proteins create a continuous passage between intra- and extracellular compartments
Each amino acid differs from others in the __________.
characteristics of the R group
Unsaturated fatty acids __________. all answers are correct contain double bonds between carbon atoms contain only single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms may form plaques in arteries, leading to strokes or heart attacks
contain double bonds between carbon atoms
Plasma is to blood as __________ is to cytoplasm. cytosol serum protein inclusion organelle
cytosol
The stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas are all part of the __________ system.
digestive
Which of the following phrases best defines something that is hydrophobic? A substance that __________.
does not mix with water
hen does the total number of chromosomes get reduced from 46 pairs to 23 individual chromosomes?
during meiosis I
The inside of a resting cell is slightly negative relative to the outside. This is an example of
electrical disequilibrium.
Polar molecules are __________.
electrically neutral covalently bonded molecules with uneven charge distribution within the molecule
Ions of a particular element differ in the number of __________.
electrons in the outer shell
Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are __________ glands. mixed exocrine all answers are correct endocrine unicellular
endocrine
In the process of __________, membrane-bound receptors will recognize and bind to specific structures on a bacterium, which will result in the cell taking that bacteria into a vesicle.
endocytosis
The movement of molecules into a cell in an indentation of the cell membrane and formation of a small vesicle is called __________.
endocytosis
The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called basolateral epithelium. endothelium. luteal cells. the vasa recta. None of the answers are correct.
endothelium.
Which tissue has extensive extracellular matrix? muscle connective neural epithelial epithelial, neural, and muscle
epithelial, neural, and muscle
The drop in blood pressure that can occur when a person stands up too quickly is a(n) __________.
error signal
The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as
extracellular fluid
The watery medium that surrounds any cell is known as __________. cytosol plasma protoplasm cytoplasm extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
Which is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? cell membrane red blood cells intracellular fluid extracellular fluid All of the answers are correct.
extracellular fluid
Water toxicity occurs when __________.
extracellular fluids become hypotonic, causing brain cells to swell
Which of the following is a likely result of meiosis?
four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes
The simplest cell-cell junction is called a(n) neuromuscular junction. gap junction. tight junction. desmosome. anchoring junction.
gap junction.
Which of the following search combinations would render in the most accurate results if you wanted to know if there was a link between the consumption of high fructose corn syrup and the incidence of type II diabetes? incidence of type II diabetes corn syrup AND diabetes high fructose corn syrup AND the incidence of type II diabetes high fructose corn syrup
high fructose corn syrup AND the incidence of type II diabetes
The study of tissue structure and function is called __________. histology cytology microbiology cell biology
histology
Substances that readily dissolve in water and do not readily dissolve in lipids are
hydrophilic and lipophobic.
In people with diabetes mellitus, glucose is not being transported into cells at the normal rate. This buildup of glucose in the plasma causes the extracellular fluid to become __________.
hypertonic and hyperosmotic
A cell placed in a solution of unknown composition soon swelled up and burst, so the solution must have been __________ to the cell when it was originally placed in the solution.
hypotonic and of an undetermined relative osmolarity
Water will always move from ________ areas to ________ areas, if the membrane is permeable to water.
hypotonic, hypertonic
Passive transport refers to a process that requires no
input of energy.
Attraction between a cation and an anion forms a(n) __________ bond.
ionic
The mechanistic approach to physiology __________.
is the "how" of a system or event
A cell containing 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes per liter is placed in a solution containing 200 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes per liter and 100 mOsm of the penetrating solute urea per liter. The solution can be said to be __________ with respect to the cell.
iso-osmotic and hypotonic
Based on the scenario in Part H, the added solution was __________ osmotic compared to the original 300 mOsM concentration of the body.
isoosmotic
If you are a cytologist screening for cancerous cells in a pap smear sample, what would you be looking for? large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm shrunken cells with large nuclei cells with very little nuclei and a large amount of cytoplasm cells that have become discolored and misshapen
large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm
Macrophages are cells that destroy invading bacteria or viruses by phagocytosis, a process similar to endocytosis. These types of cells would have a large number of __________. centrioles lysosomes mitochondria peroxisomes
lysosomes
Megan goes in to see her oncologist (a doctor that specializes in cancer). He tells her that the cancer is no longer isolated to her ovaries but has moved to her lungs, digestive organs, and lymph nodes. What is this condition defined as? benign isolated cancer metastasis systemic cancer
metastasis
Membranous organelles include __________.
mitochondria and the Golgi complex
Negative feedback __________.
moves a physiological variable that has deviated from the set point back toward the set point
Blood calcium levels are very closely regulated due to calcium's importance in neurotransmission, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. When blood calcium levels decrease, the parathyroid glands will sense a decline in calcium concentrations and release parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone is responsible for targeting bone, the small intestine, and the kidneys in order to increase blood calcium levels. This is an example of ___________.
negative feedback
Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as __________. all answers are correct cells organelles molecules organs
organs
Which is NOT a primary tissue type? connective tissue muscle tissue epithelial tissue neural tissue osseous tissue
osseous tissue
Let's consider a scenario in which the resting membrane potential changes from −−70 mVmV to +70 mVmV, but the concentrations of all ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids are unchanged. Predict how this change in membrane potential affects the movement of Na+Na+. The electrical gradient for Na+Na+ would tend to move Na+Na+ __________ while the chemical gradient for Na+Na+ would tend to move Na+Na+ __________.
out; in
Which of the following types of molecules would be most likely to pass through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?
oxygen - non polar
Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. paracellular cisendothelial transcellular metacellular transendothelial
paracellular
Movement of material between cells is known as the __________ pathway. paracellular cisendothelial transendothelial transcellular metacellular
paracellular
Match the type of transport with its description. A. secretion B. paracellular transport C. transcellular transport D. absorption between adjacent cells
paracellular transport
Match the transport process to its description. A. active transport B. passive transport tends to create an equilibrium state
passive transport
The study of body function in a disease state is physiology. pathophysiology. histology. necrology. microbiology.
pathophysiology.
White blood cells engulf bacteria in a process known as __________.
phagocytosis
Questions 15 through 18 are based on the following situation: You have been invited to take part in an exercise study measuring the effect of a new sports drink on athletic performance compared with a sports drink already available. Both sports drinks are marketed as increasing aerobic capacity if consumed just before exercise, so that the same exercise causes a smaller increase in heart rate and respiration. After consuming either the new beverage or the control beverage, you will run 20 minutes on a treadmill at a set pace. The study is being performed by a graduate student. You tell the graduate student that the control beverage, a popular drink among the athletes on campus, is readily recognizable, whereas the test beverage is a nasty greenish-brown color. You warn the experimenter that the results might be affected by a __________ effect. hypothetical nocebo placebo feedforward
placebo
Extracellular fluid is equal to __________.
plasma + ISF
Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. This causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger? positive feedback nociceptive feedback negative feedback local control
positive feedback
The plasma membrane is __________. composed of only carbohydrate molecules primarily composed of a lipid bilayer composed of a protein bilayer a complex combination of carbohydrates and proteins
primarily composed of a lipid bilayer
Transport processes that require an energy source include __________.
primary active transport and secondary active transport
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? act as transport molecules for various solutes respond to extracellular molecules creating junctions between cells anchor or stabilize the cell membrane produce energy
produce energy
Chromosomes can exchange genetic information during a process called "crossing over." This occurs when homologous chromosomes are lined up in pairs. When does this happen?
prophase I
The more metabolically active a membrane is, the more __________ it contains. lipid protein nucleic acid carbohydrate
protein
Cells that form a tissue are held together by __________. carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
proteins
Cations will ________ each other.
repel
The organ system that provides the least contribution to maintaining organismal homeostasis is the __________ system.
reproductive
Overall, Na+ and glucose transport into epithelial cells __________.
requires energy
Cell membranes are said to be __________. selectively permeable all answers are incorrect freely permeable impermeable actively permeable
selectively permeable
The chemoreceptors in blood vessels that sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are __________.
sensors
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Which is NOT a type of mediated transport?
simple diffusion
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium is a structural epithelium type that would be expected in __________. cells of an exocrine gland skin cells of an endocrine gland capillary walls
skin
Cells that retain the ability to develop into specific cell types within a tissue are called __________. mitotic cells stem cells totipotent cells pluripotent cells
stem cells
Which is NOT a function of epithelia? providing physical protection storing energy reserves movement producing specialized secretions regulating exchange
storing energy reserves
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
Active transport of substances across membranes requires ATP because __________.
substances are moved against the concentration gradient (uphill)
A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that functions to prevent the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes __________. the basal lamina interfacial canals areolar tissue the reticular lamina endothelium
the basal lamina
The basic structural and functional unit of the human body is __________. the organ tissue the cell protein
the cell
Examples of active transport may include __________.
the movement of Na+ ions out of cells and the movement of glucose molecules into intestinal epithelial cells
The term simple diffusion can be used to describe __________, from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.
the movement of oxygen molecules across the cell membrane and the movement of oxygen molecules in air
With cystic fibrosis, breathing is difficult because __________.
the osmotic pressure of the fluid on the luminal side of the respiratory surface favors water transport out of the cells and the movement of Cl- ions is impeded due to the lack of chloride transporters
Primary protein structure is determined by __________.
the sequence of amino acids
As the solute concentration of a solution increases, __________.
the water concentration decreases and the osmotic pressure increases
The term used to describe the minimum stimulus to trigger a response in a feedback loop is __________.
threshold
In cells performing transepithelial transport, you would find __________ between neighboring cells. tight junctions gap junctions connexins desmosomes
tight junctions
What is the importance of having routine pap tests? to test for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) to screen for potentially cancerous cells to check the pH of the cervical mucus to test for signs of ovulation
to screen for potentially cancerous cells
The cell membrane is made up of many different kinds of proteins. These proteins can be classified as either peripheral, transmembrane, or lipid-anchored proteins. Regardless of their classification, these proteins all play an important role in the function and integrity of a cell. Which of the following properly describes the function of membrane proteins? Select all that apply.
to serve as a channel for the transport of molecules between extracellular and intracellular fluid to combine with a carbohydrate, providing an immune response and/or cell recognition to provide structural stability for the cell to allow for cell-cell communication
Which of the following websites would be best if you wanted to learn about the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy on reducing the symptoms associated with menopause? www.webmd.com www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus www.estroven.com www.mayoclinic.com
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus