ANPH 1001 Chapter 5 Tissues

B Lymphocyte

(B Cell) A lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.

Motile

(Of cells, gametes, and single-celled organisms) capable of motion.

Transitional Epithelium

(Urothelium/Uropithelium) Several layers of closely packed, flexible, easily stretched cells; cells appear flat/squamous when stretched and saw-toothed when relaxed. This type of epithelium lines the pelvis of the kidney (Renal Pelvis), the ureters, the urinary bladder, the upper part of the urethra, the gland ducts of the prostate glands.

Supports the Neuron.

Neuroglia

Synovial Membranes

Line joints and bursae. Produce synovial fluid, which lubricates joints and nourishes cartilage.

Conducting Cell

Neuron

Striations

Bands

Vascular Connective Tissue

1. A tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system. Transports water and nutrients throughout a plant. Two types by which water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant. Xylem: Transports Water. Phloem: Transports Nutrients. 2. The tissue responsible for transport in the body of an animal. There are several types of connective tissue, such as adipose tissue, the lymphatic system, Osseous tissue and bone marrow. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is non-vascular, because it doesn't transport anything.

Name the main types of Specialized Connective Tissue.

1. Cartilage 2. Bone 3. Dentin 4. Blood 5. Hematopoietic 6. Lymphoid The Reticuloendothelial (RE) System consists of those specialized connective tissue cells that do Phagocytosis. Three types of cells fit in this category: 7. RE cells (Kupffer's Cells) 8. Neuroglia 9. Microglia 10 Synovial Membranes are also classified as specialized connective tissue.

List the functions of epithelial tissue.

1. It protects underlying tissues: Our skin is epithelial tissue. Protects us from harmful sun rays, and certain chemicals. The lining of the digestive tract is made of epithelial tissue, protects underlying tissue from abrasion as food moves through the tract. 2. It absorbs: In lining of the small intestine nutrients from our digested food enter blood capillaries and get carried to the cells of our body. 3. It secretes: All glands are made of epithelial tissue; Endocrine glands secrete hormones, mucous glands secrete mucus, intestinal tract contains cells that secrete digestive enzymes as well as the pancreas and liver, that secrete major portions of digestive enzymes. 4. It excretes: Sweat Glands excrete waste like urea.

Periosteum

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

List the functions of Connective Tissue.

1. Support: Bones support other tissues of the body. We also find muscle, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and skin. Cartilage supports our nose and forms most of the ear structure. 2. Nourishment: Blood carries nutrients to the cells in the body. Synovial membranes in joint capsules nourish the cartilage found on top of bones. 3. Transportation: Blood moves gases, enzymes, and hormones to cells. 4. Connection: Tendons connect muscles to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone. 5. Movement: Muscles through tendons pull on bones, bones move our bodies through our environment. 6. Protection: Bones protect vital organs, like the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord. Blood cells, especially white blood cells protect us from foreign microorganisms and tissue injury. 7. Insulation: Adipose tissue (fat) insulates us from excessive heat loss, and excessive temperature rises. 8: Storage: Bone stores the mineral salts calcium and phosphorous. Adipose tissue stores high-energy molecules of fat to be used and converted to adenosine triphosphate when necessary. 9. Attachment and Separation: Connective tissue attaches skin to underlying muscle, it also forms layers around and between organs.

Exocrine Glands

A Multicellular gland. Has excretory ducts that lead secreted material from the gland to the surface of a lumen (passageway) on the skin. Two types of Exocrine glands: Simple Exocrine Glands, and Compound Exocrine Glands.

Describe the anatomy of a neuron and the function of nervous tissue.

A Neuron is composed of a Cell Body that contains the Nucleus. Dentins extend from the Cell body, as well as a long Axon encased in a Myalin Sheath which acts as insulation. At the end of the Axon are Axon Terminal Branches. Nervous tissue controls and coordinates The activities of the body.

Cartilage

A Specialized Connective Tissue. Provides firm yet flexible support for the embryonic skeleton, and part of the adult skeleton. Three types found in the body are Hyaline, Fibrous, and Elastic. depending on the type, various amounts of collagen and elastin fibers are embedded in the matrix, causing it to be either very flexible or very strong and resistant.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

Myosin

A fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.

Plasma Cells

A fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody.

Synapse

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

Monocyte

A large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm.

Joint Capsule

A ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane—called also articular capsule, capsular ligament.

Interstitial Material

A material that separates, or packs cells together (Intercellular Material).

Specialized Connective Tissue

A number of types of connective tissue that have specialized functions. Some of them are Cartilage, Bone, Dentin, Blood, Hematopoietic, and Lymphoid. Reticuloendothelial (RE) System consists of those specialized connective tissue cells that do phagocytosis. Three types of cells fit in this category: RE cells (Kupffer's Cells), Neuroglia, Microglia. Synovial Membranes are also classified as specialized connective tissue.

Kupffer's Cells

A phagocytic cell that forms the lining of the sinusoids of the liver and is involved in the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver.

Dendrites

A short branched extension of the nerve cell body. Receptive areas of the neuron along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

Blood Platelets

A small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.

Globule

A small round particle of a substance; a drop.

Blood

A specialized connective tissue that can be considered a liquid tissue. Made of two major parts. A fluid portion called plasma and the formed elements of blood: The Erythrocytes (red blood cells) and Leukocytes (white blood cells that aid in the body's defense). A third cellular component that is really a cell fragment are called platelets (thrombocytes). Also contains cells that function in blood clotting. Blood cells (corpuscles) are made in red bone marrow, and some white blood cells are formed in lymphoid organs. Marrow and lymphoid organs are referred to as hematopoietic tissue. Blood circulates within the heart and through the blood vessels: Arteries, Veins, and capillaries. It transports nutrient and oxygen molecules to cells. As well as hormones, and enzymes. It also transports metabolic waste products like carbon dioxide gas and urea away from cells. It also protects the body through white blood cells and helps regulate body temperature. A bunch of types of blood cells: Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Thrombocyte (platelets), Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Basophil, Eosinophil

Fibrocartilage

A strong, flexible, supportive substance found between bones, and wherever flexible strength with a degree of rigidity is needed. Has a majority of tough collagenous fibers embedded in the matrix. These fibers make this cartilage dense and resistant to stretching, while still allowing flexibility. The intervertebral disks that surround the spinal cord and act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae are made of it. It connects the two pelvic bones at the pubic symphysis, between the pubic bones. So we can flex and bend the vertebral column within a particular range of movement. During delivery, a minimal range of expansion of the birth canal can happen at the pubic symphysis due to this cartilage.

Reticuloendothelial (RE) Sytem

A system involved in phagocytosis in connective tissue. Kupffer's Cells line the liver; RE cells also line the spleen and bone marrow. Macrophage is a term for any phagocytic cell of the RE system. Microglia cells do phagocytosis in the nervous system; other neruoglia cells do support.

Collagen

A tough fiber. The main structural protein found in the matrix of animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin when boiled. Sometimes the fibers are very apparent under the microscope, (In a tendon) where other times it is not very apparent, (In certain cartilage).

Serous Tissue

A type of Epithelial tissue based on function. Lines the cavities of the body that have no opening to the outside; also called Mesothelium.

Mesothelium

A type of epithelial tissue based on function, also called serous tissue, that lines the great cavities of the body that have no openings to the outside. These membranes consist of a simple squamous cell layer overlying a sheet of connective tissue. Specific names are associated with this type of epithelial tissue. They are Pleura (lines the thoracic cavity), Pericardium (covers the hears), Peritoneum. (lines the abdominal cavity).

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that allows movement via bones, supports other types of tissue, provides nourishment (blood carries nutrients), transports (blood transports enzymes and hormones), connects and binds various tissues to one another. It protects vital organs (bones of skull and thorax), provides immunity (lymphoid tissue and white blood cells), insulates and maintains temperature (adipose tissue). It provides storage areas (bones store calcium and phosphorous, adipose tissue stores fat), seperates other tissues of the body. In this tissue unlike epethelial, there is a lot of intercellular material called Matrix. There are also fibers of Collagen and Elastin embedded in this Matrix. Can be classified into three subgroups: Loose __________ Tissue, Dense ___________ Tissue, Speicalized __________ Tissue.

Enamel

A white bone-like substance that covers the crown of the tooth. It is secreted onto the Dentin of a tooth by special epithelial cells that make up the ________ organ. This secretion happens just before the teeth break their way through the gums.

__________ tissue is loose connective tissue with fat-containing cells.

Adipose

Another name for Fat cells.

Adipose Cells.

Name the functions of connective tissue.

Allows movement, and provides support for other types of tissue.

Reticular Fibers

Also called Reticulin. A type of fiber in connective tissue composed of type III collagen secreted by reticular cells. They crosslink to form a fine meshwork (reticulin).

Enamel Organ

Also known as dental organ, is a cellular aggregation seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies above a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called the dental papilla.

Elastin

An elastic, fibrous glycoprotein that takes the form of flexible fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue. Sometimes the fibers are very apparent under the mircoscope, (In a tendon) where other times it is not very apparent, (In certain cartilage)

Histamine

An inflammatory substance produced and released by cells in response to injury, allergies. Causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

Smooth Muscle

An involuntary Muscle Tissue controlled by the autonomic nervous system, that has spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus. It is nonstriated because it lacks the obvious striations like skeletal muscles.. The cells are arranged in layers around hollow organs: an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. We find it in the walls of hollow organs like the digestive, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts, as well as the arteries, veins blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Simultaneous contraction of the two layers pushes materials inside the hollow organs in one direction. Food is pushed down the esophagus by contraction of the smooth muscles along the digestive tract. Blood is pushed along the arteries and veins. Urine is pushed down the ureters from the kidneys. This involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles is called Peristalsis. It also controls the diameter of blood vessels and the pupils in the eyes.

Basement Membrane

Anchors epithelial cells to each other and to underlying tissues. Acts like an adhesive on a tile floor, the tiles being the epithelial cells. Provides protection for other underlying tissue like connective tissue.

Heparin

Anticoagulant manufactured by the liver and mast cells. Inhibits blood coagulation. Sulfur-containing polysaccharide. Used as anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis.

Adipose Cells

Any of various connective tissue cells found in adipose tissue, specialized for the storage of fat, and distended with one or more fat globules, the cytoplasm usually being compressed into a thin envelope against the cell membrane, with the nucleus at one point in the periphery. In a histologic section, they look like soap bubbles under a microscope. Adipose cells act as a filler tissue, cushions, supports and is a firm protective packing around and between organs, bundles of muscle fibers, and nerves. It supports blood vessels. They are found through the body in the subcutaneous skin layer, within the padding around joints, and in the marrow of long bones.The kidneys have a surrounding layer of it to protect them from blows or jolts. It surrounds the lobules of mammary glands. The amount of adipose tissue determines a woman's breast size. Because fat is a bad conductor of heat, the tissue acts as insulation for the body, protecting us from excessive heat losses, or increases from temperature. Blubber is made of this tissue.

Three types of loose connective tissue.

Areolar (2nd R is silent), Adipose, Reticular

Three types of loose connective tissue are _________, __________, and __________.

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

Muscle Fibers

Because a muscle cell's length is much greater than its width, muscle cells are frequently referred to as Muscle ________.

Bone

Bone Tissue (Osseous Tissue). Very firm specialized connective tissue. Forms the Skeleton which supports and protects underlying soft tissue parts and organs. Is the major structural and supportive connective tissue. Also serves as attachments for skeletal muscles. If a bone is sectioned you see that it is made of two types of bone tissue: Compact (Dense) Bone and Cancellous (Spongy) Bone. Bone cells (Osteocytes) found in cavities, or lacunae like cartilage cells are. The matrix of bone that the cells are embedded in is impregnated with mineral salts, particularly calcium and phosphorous, which give bone its firm hard appearance. Connective tissue's intercellular matrix is calcified by the deposition of mineral salts (like calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate). Calcification of bone imparts great strength. The entire skeleton is composed of bone tissue.

Vascular Blood

Blood vascular system. The tissues and organs of an animal that transport blood through the body. In vertebrates it consists of the heart and blood vessels.

Involute

Curl up, curled spirally.

Epithelial Tissue

Can be classified according to shape, arrangement, or function. Type of tissue that protects underlying tissue, absorbs nutrients, secretes hormones mucus and enzymes, or excretes waste like urea in sweat. Can be one, or several layers thick. The basement membrane acts as an anchor and adhesive for the cells. When it has a protective or absorbing function, it is found in sheets covering a surface, like the skin or intestinal lining. When it has a secreting function the cells involute from the surface into the underlying tissues to form glandular structures. Only minimal to no amount of intercellular material is found in epithelial tissue. The cells are very tightly packed together so this tissue is not as easily penetrated as the other tissues.

Chondrocyte

Cartilage cells. Large round cells with spherical nuclei. They are found in cavities called Lacunae.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Cells that have a layered appearance but actually extend from the basement membrane to the outer free surface. This can be caused due to nuclei that are all positioned differently. It's usually seen with Columnar cells. This tissue is found in the throat, trachea, and bronchi of the lungs.

Cells of cartilage

Chondrocytes

The two types of protein fibers that can be found in the matrix of connective tissue are ________ and _________.

Collagen, Elastin

The two common types of bone tissue are ________, and _________.

Compact (Dense) and Cancellous (Spongy)

Dense Connective Tissue

Composed of tightly packed protein fibers. Further divided into two subgroups based on how the fibers are arranged, and the proportions of the though collagen and flexible elastin fibers. Some connective tissue with a REGULAR arrangement of fibers: Tendons are white glistening bands attaching skeletal muscles to bones. Ligaments: strong flexible bands or cords that hold bones firmly together at the joints. Aponeuroses are flat wide bands of tissue holding one muscle to another or to the periostenum (bone covering). Examples of dense connective tissue having an IRREULAR arrangement of these fibers are muscle sheaths, the dermis layer of the skin, and outer coverings of body tubes like arteries. Capsules that are part of a joint structure also have dense irregular connective tissue as do Fasciae: Fibrous connective tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles to hold them in place. It is also called Dense Fibrous Tissue. Or White Fibrous Tissue, because it is made from closely packed white collagen fibers. It is flexible but not elastic. The tissue has a poor blood supply and heals slowly.

Ligaments

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Dense Regular

Dense connective tissue in which the collagen bundles are arranged according to a definite pattern. The collagen fibres of this tissue are aligned with the linear orientation of fibroblasts (skin cells) in response to stresses exerted in the same direction; they consequently offer great resistance to traction forces. Tendons are the most common example of dense regular connective tissue.

Dense Irregular

Dense connective tissue in which the collagen fibres are arranged in bundles without a definite orientation. The collagen fibres form a third dimensional network in dense irregular tissue and provide resistance to stress from all directions. This type of tissue is encountered in such areas as the dermis (skin).

Tendons

Dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

A tooth is made up of ________; the crown of the tooth is covered by ________, the hardest substance in the body.

Dentin, Enamel

Examples of dense connective tissue having an irregular arrangement of fibers are ________, ________, _________, and ________ sheaths.

Dermis, Outer Coverings of Body Tubes, Joint Capsules, Fascia, Muscle Sheaths

Involuntary

Done without will or conscious control. Example, Involuntary Muscle.

Voluntary

Done, given, or acting of one's own free will.

Hardest Substance in the body.

Enamel

Macrophages (Plural)

Engulf and digest antigens; monocytes A large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection. Engulfs and digests antigens; monocytes. When a Histiocyte is motile in tissue they are called this.

Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial cells that are flat and slightly irregular in shape and serve as a protective layer. Line the mouth, blood, lymph vessels, parts of kidney tubules, throat, esophagus, anus, and skin. If other epithelial tissues are exposed to repeated irritation (like the lining of ducts in glands) they may become squamous in appearance.

Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial cells that are tall and rectangular; Function in secretion and absorption. Found lining the ducts of certain glands (mammary), the bile duct of the liver, and in mucous-secreting tissues (mucosa (mucous membrane) of stomach, villi of small intestine, uterine tubes, upper respiratory tract) many of them are ciliated.

Endothelium

Epithelial cells that line the circulatory system. Lines the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The circulatory system is lined with a single layer of these squamous-type cells. If it lines the heart it is called Endocardium.

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial cells that look like small cubes; their function is secretion, protection, and absorption (in areas of the kidney tubules). Found in glands and the lining tissue of gland ducts (sweat, salivary), the germinal coverings of ovaries, the pigmented layer of the eye retina.

Another name for White Blood Cells.

Leukocytes, WBCs

The four basic types of tissue.

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Another name for Red Blood Cells.

Erythrocytes

Compound Exocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands made of several branching lobules (A small lobe) each with ducts that join other ducts (branching ducts). Examples, mammary glands, large salivary glands.

Simple Exocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands with single unbranching ducts. Some examples are sweat glands, most glands in digestive tract, the sebaceous glands.

Name the types of glands in the body and give examples.

Exocrine Glands: Simple Exocrine: (have single duct (sweat glands, most glands of digestive tract, sebaceous glands) Compound Exocrine: (Made of several component lobules with ducts that join other ducts (branching) Examples: Mammary glands, Large Salivary Glands) Endocrine Glands: (Ductless, secrete hormones) Thyroid, Pituitary Goblet Cells: (Unicellular glands, secrete mucus) Interspaced among the epithelial cells that make up mucous membranes.

Fascia

Fasciae (Singular) Fibrous connective tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles to hold them in place.

_____________ are cells that form fibrils and are active in the repair of injury.

Fibroblasts

Cancellous Bone

Form the inner spongy-looking tissue underneath the Compact Bone. Bone Marrow.

Glandular Epithelium

Forms glands.

Compact Bone

Forms the very dense outer layer of bone, looks solid.

Neuron

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Is a conducting cell, whereas other cells in the Nervous Tissue are neuroglia, (supporting cells). Neurons are very long so like long muscle cells they are called nerve fibers. It is extremely difficult (impossible) to view an entire neuron even under low power of the microscope due to their length. However we can view the parts of a neuron as we scan a microscope slide. The cell body contains the nucleus. It also has rootlike extensions called dendrites that receive and react to stimuli and conduct them to the cell body. Axons are long thin extensions of the cell body that transit the impulse towards the axon endings, the Myelin Sheath is the insulating cover for the Axon. They have Three main functions. 1. To react to stimuli in the environment to let the body know what's going on. 2. Irritability. Ability of nerve tissue to respond to environmental changes. 3. Conductivity. Ability to carry a nerve impulse (message). Has branches that connects to different body parts, and coordinates activities. Three basic types: Bipolar (interneuron), Unipolar (Sensory Neuron), Multipolar, (Motoneuron)

Tissue

Groups of cells similar in size, shape, structure and function. Are classified based on how the cells are arranged, and on what kind of material is found between them as well as how much material is found between the cells.

Calcify

Harden by deposition of or conversion into calcium carbonate or some other insoluble calcium compounds.

Viscous

Having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid; having a high viscosity. Synonym: Gelatinous, Mucus.

Ciliated

Having cilia.

Anticoagulant

Having the effect of retarding or inhibiting the coagulation of the blood (prevents blood clots). Example Heparin.

____________ are phagocytic cells that operate outside the vascular system. They are often fixed and are found in areolar tissue.

Histiocytes

Three types of cartilage are _______, _______, and _______.

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic

Endocardium

Innermost layer of the heart wall, including epithelial cells that line the heart. A blood capillary consists of one layer of Endothelium. If Endothelium is in the heart it is called Endocardium. Through this single layer of cells oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste are transported by the blood cells to the various cells in our body.

Matrix

Intercellular material in connective tissue. In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the site of oxidation of organic molecules. The internal structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix.

Compare epithelial tissue with connective tissue in terms of cell arrangement and interstitial materials.

Intersitial Materials: Epithelial tissue is made of cells closely packed together with very little intercellular material. Connective tissue's cells have lots of intercellular material called matrix between them. This matrix is fluid containing reticular fibers, collagen fibers, fiboblast cells, and elastic fibers. The amounts of each thing depends on the type of connective tissue. Arrangement: Epithelial cells are anchored to the basement membrane and have four arrangements. Simple is one cell layer thick. Stratified is several layers of cells thick. Pseudostratified looks like it is several layers thick, but all cells extend from the basement membrane to the outer surface. Transitional is several layers of closely packed, easily stretched cells. When stretch they look flat, when relaxed they look saw-toothed. Connective tissue cells differ on arrangement depending on what connective tissue it is.

Glands

Involutions of epithelial cells specialized for synthesizing special compounds. Two main types of multicellular ones: Exocrine and Endocrine. Goblet Cells are unicellular glands that secrete mucus.

Nervous Tissue

It composed of two types of nerve cells. Neurons and Neuroglia. The basic unit of nervous tissue is the Neuron. Neuroglia perform support and protection. Neurons are conducting cells that are able to react to stimuli, respond to environmental changes, carry nerve impulses (messages) all around the body. A neuron is made of a Cell Body that holds the Nucleus. The cell body has extensions called Dendrites. A long Axon extends from the cell body encased in a Myelin Sheath which is for insulation. The axon has Axon Endings that make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells. Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and various nerves of the body. It is the most highly organized tissue of the body. It controls and coordinates body activities. It allows us to perceive our environment and to adapt to changing conditions. It coordinates our skeletal muscles. Its special senses include sight, taste, smell, and hearing. It controls our emotions and our reasoning capabilities. It allows us to learn through the memory process. It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Mucous Membrane

It protects, absorbs nutrients, secretes mucus, enzymes, and bile salts. Lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts. Lines all body cavities that open to the outside. Usually ciliated. Most obviously produces mucus, also concentrates bile in gallbladder. In Intestines it secretes enzymes for digesting food and nutrients before absorption.

Lacunae

Lacuna (singular) Tiny cavities. If they store Cartilage Cells they are in a firm matrix composed of protein and polysaccharides. If they contain Bone Cells (Osteocytes) they are between the lamellae or rings of compact bone. They are connected to one another by small canals called canaliculi. A lacuna never contains more than one osteocyte.

Histiocytes

Large, stationary/fixed in tissue. phagocytic (phago = to eat) cells that eat up debris and microorganisms outside the blood circulatory system. Originally monocytes in the circulating blood. When motile in tissue they are called macrophages. A macrophage of loose connective tissue is specifically called a histiocyte.

Three subgroups of connective tissue.

Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Connective Tissue, Specialized Connective Tissue.

Name the three major types of connective tissue and give examples.

Loose Connective Tissue: It fills spaces between and penetrates into organs. There are three types: Areolar (the most widely distributed, easily stretched, resists tearing.), Adipose (fat stored in it's cells), Reticular (forms frameworks). Dense Connective Tissue: Two Types: Regular (the fibers lined in a specific direction) which is found in Ligaments, Tendons, and Aponeuroses. As well as Irregular (No specific alignment of fibers) which is found in muscle sheaths, the dermis layer of skin, and outer coverings of body tubes like arteries. Joint Capsules and Fascia also have Dense irregular connective tissue . Specialized Connective Tissue: A connective tissue that has a specialized function. Cartilage, Bone, Dentin, Blood, Lymphoid Tissue, RE System, Synovial Membranes.

Adipose Tissue

Loose connective tissue, composed of sac-like adipose cells (fat cells). The cells are specialized for fat storage, They are distended with one or more fat globules, the cytoplasm usually being compressed into a thin envelope against the cell membrane, with the nucleus at one point in the periphery. In a histologic section under a microscope, they look like soap bubbles. Adipose cells act as a filler tissue, cushions, supports and is a firm protective packing around and between organs, bundles of muscle fibers, and nerves. It supports blood vessels. They are found through the body in the subcutaneous skin layer, within the padding around joints, and in the marrow of long bones.The kidneys have a surrounding layer of it to protect them from blows or jolts. It surrounds the lobules of mammary glands. The amount of adipose tissue determines a woman's breast size. Because fat is a bad conductor of heat, the tissue acts as insulation for the body, protecting us from excessive heat losses, or increases from temperature. Blubber is made of this tissue.

Blood-forming tissue

Marrow

___________ cells function in the production of heparin and histamine.

Mast Cells

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells. Found in cavities/lacunae in the matrix of the bone like cartilage cells.

Histologist

Medical professionals specializing in the study of the structure and function of tissues.

Intercalated Discs

Microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) Intercalated discs connect the branches of cardiac muscle cells so they work as a single functional organ or syncytium.

Areolar

Most widely distributed Loose Connective Tissue. The basic support tissue for nerve cells, muscles, and blood vessels. Also surrounds various organs. Is easily stretched yet resists tearing. Forms delicate membranes around spinal cord and brain. Temporarily stores glucose, salts, water. Composed of a large, semifluid matrix with lots of types of cells and fibers embedded in it. Has three main types of cells distributed among it's delicate fibers: Fibroblasts (make fibrils for repair), Histiocytes (or Macrophages (Motile Histiocytes) which do phagocytosis), and Mast Cells (produce the anticoagulant heparin and histamine (an inflammitory substance)), also contains Plasma Cells and various White Blood Cells. These fibers are bundles of strong flexible white fibrous protein called collagen and elastic single fibers of elastin. Found in the epidermis of the skin an in the subcutaneous layer with adipose cells. Attatches skin to its underlying tissues.

Four main classifications of epithelial tissue based on function.

Mucous Membrane, Glandular, Endothelium, Mesothelium

What's the difference between Mucus and Mucous?

Mucus is a noun referring to the viscous, slippery substance secreted as a protective lubricant coating cells and glands of the mucous membranes. Mucous is an adjective meaning (1) containing, producing, or secreting mucus; or (2) relating to, consisting of, or resembling mucus.

Multinucleated

Multinucleate cells (also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.

What happens to collagen, elastic fibers, muscle cells, and neurons as we age?

Muscle cells and functional neurons decrease with age. Memory and brain capacity decline significantly. Collagen fibers become structurally irregular, resulting in ligaments and tendons being more fragile and less flexible. Elastic fibers become less elastic. Due to these connective tissue fiber changes wrinkling of the skin happens.

Hyaline Cartilage

Name means clear, because when viewed under a microscope it has a matrix with no visible fibers in it. The skeletal system of a forming fetus is made of it and is visible after 3 months. Over the next six months the early skeletal system is gradually replaced by bone through a process called ossification. Some of this cartilage remains as a covering on the surfaces of the bones at joints. The costal cartilages that attach the anterior ends of our upper seven pair of ribs to the sternum and the septum and tip of the nose are made of it. The walls of the bronchi (bronchial tubes) are made of it. The trachea and bronchi are kept open by incomplete rings of it. It is also found in the larynx.

Neuroglia

Nerve cells that perform support and protection

Costal

Of or relating to the ribs.

Simple Epithelium

One cell-layer thick arrangement. Found in lining of blood capillaries, alveoli of lungs, in the loop of henle in kindey tubules.

Cardiac Muscle

Only found in the heart, makes up the walls of the heart. Like skeletal muscle it is striated and like smooth muscle it is uninucleated and involuntary. The cells of cardiac muscle are cylindrical in shape with branches that connect to other cardiac cells. These branches connect with one another through special areas called Intercalated Discs. The cells are much shorter than either skeletal or smooth muscle cells. This is the muscle that causes contraction of beating of the heart. Thus it pumps the blood in and out of the heart, through our body. The interconnected branches of cardiac muscle cells guarantee coordination of the pumping action of the heart.

What is the process of forming bone called?

Ossification

Involution(s)

PHYSIOLOGY the shrinkage of an organ in old age or when inactive, e.g., of the uterus after childbirth.

Microglia

Phagocytic cell found in the central nervous system; also called neuroglia.

Phagocytic/Phagocyte

Phato = To Eat. Describing the process by which a cell eats debris and microorganisms. A cell, such as a white blood cell, that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues. Macrophage is a term for any phagocytic cell of the Reticuloendothelial System.

Cartilate

Possibly another word for Cartilage or a name for a piece of the skull.

Actin

Protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Visceral

Refers to the covering of an organ.

Parietal

Refers to the walls of a cavity.

Two subgroups of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular: Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses Irregular: Fascia, Muscle Sheaths, Dermis Layer of Skin, Outer Coverings of Body Tubes (like Arteries), Capsules that are part of joint structure.

Inflammatory

Relating to or causing inflammation of a part of the body. Example: Allergic Reaction.

Mast Cells

Roundish or polygonal-shaped cells found close to small blood vessels that produce heparin (an anticoagulant) and histamine (an inflammatory substance made as an allergy response)

Endocrine Glands

Second multicellular gland in the body. Ductless, secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples, thyroid, pituitary.

Stratified Epithelium

Several layers of cells thick arrangement. Stratified Cuboidal epithelium is found lining our sweat and salivary gland ducts. Stratified Columnar Epithelium is found as the lining of the ducts of mammary glands and in parts of the male urethra.

Classify epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement and give examples.

Shape Squamous: Cells are flat and slightly irregular in shape, serve as a protective layer. Cuboidal: Cells look like small cubes. Function can be secretion, protection, or absorption. Columnar: Tall and Rectangular looking, often have the nucleus towards the bottom of the cell. Many are ciliated. Arrangement Simple: One cell layer thick. Stratified: Several Cell layers thick. Pseudostratified: Appears to consist of several layers due to nuclei variously positioned in the cell, but really all cells extend from the basement membrane to the outer/free surface of the cells. Usually seen with Columnar cells. Transitional Epithelium: Consists of several layers of closely packed, flexible, easily stretched cells. When surfaces of cells are stretched the cells appear Squamous. When tissue is relaxed the layers of cells look ragged like saw teeth.

Four classifications of epithelial tissue based on arrangement of cells.

Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified, Transitional

Subcutaneous

Situated or applied under the skin.

Striated

Skeletal or voluntary muscle in which transverse cross-striations run down the length of the fibers as a result of regular overlapping of thick and thin myofilaments; contrast with smooth muscle. Although cardiac muscle (which is not voluntary muscle) also looks striated, with alternating dark and light bands when viewed under a microscope, the term striated muscle is incorrectly used as a synonym for voluntary skeletal muscle. The dark and light bands are caused by light, thin protein filaments of actin, and dark, thick protein filaments of myosin.

Fibroblasts (Blast meaning germinal or embryonic)

Small flattened cells with large nuclei and reduced cytoplasm; also somewhat irregular in shape. Name refers to the ability of these cells to form fibrils (small fibers) They are active in injury repair.

List the three types of muscle and describe each based on structure and function.

Smooth Muscle: Structure: Cells are spindle shaped, unstriated, and uninucleated. They are arranged in layers around hollow organs with an outer longitudinal layer, and an inner circular layer. Function: It is Involuntary.They are inside the walls of hollow organs, and contract to push materials inside the hollow organs in one direction. Striated/Skeletal Muscle: Cells are long, thin, multinucleated, and striated. Attatched to parts of the skeleton by tendons. Function: It is Voluntary. Causes movement of our body by pulling on bones. Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, under control of autonomic nervous system. Cells are striated, uninucleated, much shorter than Skeletal or Smooth muscle cells, cylindrical in shape with branches that connect to other cardiac cells. These branches are connected by Intercalated Discs. Function: Causes the contraction and beating of the heart, thus pumping the blood through the body. The interconnected branches guarantee coordination of the pumping action.

Forensic Scientists

Specialize in analyzing tissue samples, looking for clues that help solve crimes.

Lymphoid (Lymph) Tissue

Specialized connective tissue found in the lymph glands or nodes: the thymus gland, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. it manufactures plasma cells (B lymphocytes) that produce antibodies. This tissue's main role is antibody production, which protects us from disease and foreign microorganisms. Lymph is a fluid made of water, glucose, protein, fats, and salt. The cellular components are lympocytes, and granulocytes. They flow in tubes called lymphatic vessels, which closely parallel the veins, and bathe the tissue spaces between the cells. It transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats, and other materials from the tissues to the circulatory system. This occurs through the lymphatic vessels as well.

Hematopoietic Tissue

Specialized connective tissue that produces blood cells. Red bone marrow and lymphoid organs.

Three classifications of epithelial cells based on shape.

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Distended

Swollen due to pressure from inside; bloated.

________ membranes line the cavities of the freely moving joints and bursae.

Synovial

Examples of dense connective tissue having a regular arrangement of fibers are ________, ________ , and ______.

Tendons, Ligaments, and Aponeuroses

Dentin

The Specialized Connective Tissue that forms our teeth. Dentin is closely related to Bone in structure but is harder and denser. Light brown in appearance. What is above the gums is covered in a layer of white enamel which is secreted onto the dentin by special epithelial cells that make up the enamel organ. The secretion happens just before the teeth break their way through the gums.

Loose Connective Tissue

The fibers of this connective tissue are not tightly woven among themselves. It fills spaces between and penetrates into organs. There are three types: Areolar (the most widely distributed), Adipose (fat stored in it's cells), Reticular (forms frameworks).

Myelin Sheath

The insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layers of myelin, that is discontinuous at the nodes of Ranvier, and that increases the speed at which a nerve impulse can travel along an axon. Also called medullary sheath.

Goblet Cells

Unicellular glands that secrete mucus. Interspersed among the epithelial cells that make up mucous membranes.

Peristalsis

The involuntary physical movement of constriction and relaxation of the muscles in the intestine, the digestive tract, or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Axon

The long threadlike extension of a nerve cell body along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. A neuron has only one axon

Skeletal Muscle

The most common muscle also called Striated Muscle. When cooked it becomes meat. This muscle is voluntary. It is attached to the movable parts of the skeleton, and by pulling on the bones it causes the movement of our body. They are capable of rapid, powerful contractions and long states of partially sustained contractions.The long thin cells of skeletal muscle are multinucleated and striated. This muscle makes up about 40% of our total wight and mass. This muscle is voluntary and is under the control of the central nervous system.

Cell body

The nucleus-containing central part of a neuron exclusive of its axons and dendrites that is the major structural element of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, the ganglia, and the retina—called also perikaryon, soma.

Periphery

The outer limits or edge of an area or object.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane or Mesothelium lining the abdominal cavity. This tissue protects, reduces friction between organs, and secretes fluid. Membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

Pericardium

The serous membrane or Mesothelium that covers the heart. Pericardial Sac.

Pleura

The serous membrane, or mesothelial tissue that lines the thoracic cavity.

Histology

The study of tissue.

Axon Endings

The terminal portions of axons. Somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells (muscle or gland cells). Axon terminals contain neurotransmitters of various kinds, sometimes more than one. Also called Axon Terminal Branches, End-Feet Neuropodia, Terminal Boutons.

Elastic Cartilage

This has a predominance of elastin fibers in the matrix. These fibers allow this cartilage to easily stretch, and flex while being firm and able to return to its original shape. These fibers have to be specially stained to see with a microscope. This cartilage is located at the external ear (auricle), inside the ear canals (auditory ear tubes), the epiglottis, and the larynx.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue with the basic ability to shorten, thicken, and contract due to interaction of two proteins called actin and myosin. Three main types: Smooth, Striated/Skeletal, Cardiac.

Blood Vessels

Transport nutrient material to cells and transport waste material away from cells.

Reticular Tissue

Type of loose connective tissue that forms the framework of the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes Type of loose connective tissue. Consists of fine network of fibers that form framework of the liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes.

Leukocytes

White blood cells (WBCs).

Aponeuroses

Wide and flat tendon.